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41st Statistical ReportCanadian Association for Graduate Studies

2015E. Dianne Looker

Canadian Association for Graduate Studies41st Statistical Report, 2015

Prepared by

E. Dianne Looker

D. Looker Social Survey Research and [email protected]

Canadian Association for Graduate Studies / Association canadienne pour les études supérieures

Table of Contents

1 Graduate enrolments.............................................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................1

1.2 Executive summary.......................................................................................................................................................................1

1.3 Information presented in the report...............................................................................................................................................4

1.4 Methodological notes....................................................................................................................................................................6

1.5 Portrait of graduate enrolments in Canada, 2012..........................................................................................................................8

1.6 Full-time and part-time enrolments at the Master’s and doctoral levels.....................................................................................11

1.7 Full-time enrolments by Province...............................................................................................................................................21

1.8 Full-time enrolments by Gender.................................................................................................................................................28

1.9 Full-time enrolments by Gender and Province...........................................................................................................................32

1.10 Full-time enrolments by Main field of study...........................................................................................................................36

1.11 Full-time enrolments by Detailed field of study.....................................................................................................................44

1.12 Full-time graduate enrolments by International student status...............................................................................................47

1.13 Full-time enrolments by International student status, Gender, Province and Main field of study..........................................52

1.14 Full-time enrolments by Age grouping...................................................................................................................................57

1.15 Age projections and full-time enrolments relative to population............................................................................................61

1.16 Full-time enrolments by Age and Gender...............................................................................................................................72

1.17 World region of full-time international student enrolments....................................................................................................80

iCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


1.18 Province of Permanent Residence for full-time enrolments of Canadian citizens and permanent residents..........................82

2 Degrees awarded................................................................................................................................................................................85

2.1 Portrait of graduate degrees awarded in Canada, 2012...............................................................................................................85

2.2 Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, 1992-2012...................................................................................................................88

2.3 Graduate degrees awarded by Province......................................................................................................................................92

2.4 Graduate degrees awarded by Gender........................................................................................................................................98

2.5 Graduate degrees awarded by International student status.......................................................................................................102

2.6 Graduate degrees awarded by Main field of study...................................................................................................................108

2.7 Graduate degrees awarded by age groups.................................................................................................................................111

2.8 Graduate degrees awarded by international student status.......................................................................................................115

iiCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


List of Tables

Table 1.1 – Profile of full-time and part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments in Canada, 2012.........................................................................................10

Table 1.2 – Master’s and Doctoral full-time and part-time enrolments in Canada, 1992-2012...............................................................................................12

Table 1.3 – Change in full-time Master’s enrolments, by province, 1992-2002, 2002-2012, 1992-2012; ranked by rate of growth 1992-2012.........................27

Table 1.4 - Change in full-time doctoral enrolments, by province, 1992-2002, 2002-2012, 1992-2012; ranked by rate of growth 1992-2012...........................28

Table 1.5 – Full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments by percent female, Canada, 1992-2012...........................................................................................32

Table 1.6 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by gender and province, 1992, 2002, 2012........................................................................................................... 33

Table 1.7 – Percent female, full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments by province, 1992, 2002, 2012................................................................................34

Table 1.8 – Full-time doctoral enrolments by gender and province, 1992, 2002, 2012........................................................................................................... 35

Table 1.9 – Change in full-time Master’s enrolments in main fields of study, 1992-2012 and 2002-2012, numbers and percent change, ranked by percent change: a. 1992- 2012, b. 2002-2012........................................................................................................................................................................... 41

Table 1.10 - Change in full-time doctoral enrolments in main fields of study, 1992-2012 and 2002-2012, numbers and percent change, ranked by percent change: a. 1992- 2012, b. 2002-2012........................................................................................................................................................................... 43

Table 1.11 – Full-time Master’s enrolments, 1992, 2002, 2012 by detailed field of study, Canada, ranked by percent change 1992-2012...............................45

Table 1.12 - Full-time doctoral enrolments, 1992, 2002, 2012 by detailed field of study, Canada, ranked by percent change 1992-2012................................46

Table 1.13 – Number and percent of Master’s and doctoral full-time enrolments which are international students, Canada, 1992-2012...............................48

Table 1.14 - Full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by gender, 1992, 2002, 2012.........................52

Table 1.15 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by province, 1992, 2002, 2012, ranked by percent international, 2012..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53

Table 1.16 - Full-time doctoral enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by province, 1992, 2002, 2012,ranked by percent international, 2012..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54

iiiCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


Table 1.17 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by main field of study, 1992, 2002, 2012, ranked by percentage international in 2012................................................................................................................................................................................ 55

Table 1.18 – Full-time doctoral enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by main field of study, 1992, 2002, 2012, ranked by percentage international in 2012................................................................................................................................................................................ 56

Table 1.19 – Full time Master’s enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012.................................................................................................................................. 58

Table 1.20– Full time doctoral enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012................................................................................................................................... 60

Table 1.21 – Assumptions for growth projections, Canada.................................................................................................................................................... 61

Table 1.22 – Percent female, full time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012....................................................................................72

Table 1.23 - Number of full-time international Master’s enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012...........................................................................................73

Table 1.24 - Number of full-time international doctoral enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012............................................................................................77

Table 1.25 – World region of full-time international Master’s enrolments, percent distribution, 1992-2012..........................................................................81

Table 1.26 - World region of full-time international doctoral enrolments , percent distribution, 1999-2012..........................................................................82

Table 1.27 – Full-time enrolments, Canadian citizens and permanent residents, by province of study, ranked by percent from the same province, 2012......84

Table 2.1 – Profile of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, Canada, 2012....................................................................................................................... 85

Table 2.2 – Profile of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, Canada, 2012, continued – Main field of study......................................................................87

Table 2.3 – Number of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, change and percent change per year, Canada, 1992-2012...................................................88

Table 2.4 - Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded percent female, Canada, 1992-2012....................................................................................................102

Table 2.5 - Number of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded by gender and age groups, 1999-2012................................................................................114

Table 2.6 – Percent female, Master’s and Doctoral degrees awarded, by age groups, 1999-2012........................................................................................115

Table 2.7 – Number of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded to International students, by age groups, 1999-2012.........................................................116

Table 2.8 – Percent international students, Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, by age groups, 1999-2012.................................................................119

Table 2.9 –World region of degrees awarded to international students, percent distribution, 2007-2012............................................................................120

ivCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


List of FiguresFigure 1.1 - Full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada, 1992-2012........................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 1.2 - Percent change in full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada 1992-2012.............................................................................................14

Figure 1.3 - Part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada, 1992-2012....................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 1.4 - Percent change in part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada, 1992-2012...........................................................................................17

Figure 1.5 – Master’s enrolments, full-time, part-time and total, 1992-2012......................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 1.6 – Doctoral enrolments, full-time, part-time and total, 1992-2012......................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 1.7 - Full-time Master’s enrolments, by province, 1992-2012..................................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 1.8 - Full-time Master’s enrolments, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012....................................................................................................23

Figure 1.9 – Full-time doctoral enrolments, by province, 1992-2012..................................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 1.10 – Full-time doctoral enrolments, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012..................................................................................................26

Figure 1.11 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by gender, Canada, 1992-2012......................................................................................................................... 29

Figure 1.12 - Full-time doctoral enrolments by gender, Canada, 1992-2012........................................................................................................................... 31

Figure 1.13 – Numbers of full-time Master’s enrolments by main field of study.................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 1.14 - Numbers of full-time doctoral enrolments by main field of study..................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 1.15 – Full-time Master’s enrolments, by international student status, Canada, 1992-2012........................................................................................49

Figure 1.16 – Full-time doctoral enrolments, by international student status, Canada, 1992-2012.........................................................................................51

Figure 1.17 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012................................................................................................................................ 57

Figure 1.18 – Full-time doctoral enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012................................................................................................................................ 59

Figure 1.19 – Projection of level of population in specific age groups, Canada, 2013-2037.....................................................................................................62

Figure 1.20 – Number of full-time Master’s enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, Canada, 1992-2012................................................................64

vCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


Figure 1.21 - Number of full-time Master’s enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, by province, 1992-2012...........................................................66

Figure 1.22 - Number of full-time doctoral enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, Canada, 1992-2012..................................................................69

Figure 1.23 - Number of full-time doctoral enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, by province, 1992-2012...........................................................69

Figure 1.24 – Number of full-time international Master’s enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012..........................................................................................74

Figure 1.25 – Percentage distribution of full-time international Master’s enrolments across age groups, 1992-2012.............................................................76

Figure 1.26 - Number of full-time international doctoral enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012...........................................................................................78

Figure 1.27 –Percentage distribution of full-time international doctoral enrolments across age groups, 1992-2012...............................................................79

Figure 2.1 – Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, Canada, 1992-2012............................................................................................................................. 89

Figure 2.2 - Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, percent change by year, Canada, 1992-2012........................................................................................91

Figure 2.3 – Master’s degrees awarded, by province, 1992-2012.......................................................................................................................................... 93

Figure 2.4 - Master’s degrees awarded, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012......................................................................................................... 95

Figure 2.5 – Doctoral degrees awarded, by province, 1992-2012........................................................................................................................................... 96

Figure 2.6 - Doctoral degrees awarded, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012.......................................................................................................... 97

Figure 2.7 – Master’s degrees awarded, by gender, 1992-2012............................................................................................................................................. 99

Figure 2.8 –Doctoral degrees awarded, by gender, 1992-2012............................................................................................................................................ 101

Figure 2.9 – Master’s degrees awarded by international student status, 2001-2012............................................................................................................103

Figure 2.10 – Doctoral degrees awarded by international student status, 2001-2012..........................................................................................................104

Figure 2.11 – Percent annual change in Master’s degrees granted by international student status, 2001-2012....................................................................106

Figure 2.12– Percent annual change in doctoral degrees granted by international student status, 2001-2012.....................................................................107

Figure 2.13 - Master’s degrees awarded by main field of study, 1992-2012......................................................................................................................... 109

Figure 2.14 - Doctoral degrees awarded by main field of study, 1992-2012......................................................................................................................... 110

viCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


Figure 2.15 – Master’s degrees awarded by age groups, 1999-2012.................................................................................................................................... 111

Figure 2.16 - Doctoral degrees awarded, by age groups, 1999-2012.................................................................................................................................... 112

Figure 2.17 – Master’s degrees awarded to international students, by age groups, 1999-2012............................................................................................117

Figure 2.18 - Doctoral degrees awarded to international students, by age groups, 1999-2012.............................................................................................118

viiCanadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


1 Graduate enrolments

1.1 Introduction

The objective of this report is to document the structure and trends in post-graduate enrolments and graduate degrees awarded in Canada. Specifically, information is presented on number enrolled and number of degrees granted for Master’s and doctoral programs in Canada, in most cases for the years 1992 to 2012.

Where appropriate, these numbers are broken down by: province, gender, field of study, age, and international student status. Details of Master’s and doctoral enrolments and degrees granted, by university, are presented in the Appendix which accompanies this report.

All data in this report are based on tables provided to the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies by Universities Canada (formerly the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada) under an agreement signed by the two organizations. The Canadian Association of Graduate Studies would like to express its appreciation to Universities Canada and their staff for making these data available.

1.2 Executive summary

Graduate enrolments:o In 2012, there were 85, 674 students enrolled full-time in Master’s programs in Canada, 34,476 part-time Master’s students.

These numbers are up from 40,989 full-time and 27,873 part-time in 1992.o In 2012, there were 48,006 students enrolled full-time in doctoral programs in Canada; 2,595 part-time doctoral students.

These numbers are up from 20,910 full-time and 4,203 part-time in 1992.o In 2012, 54% of full-time Master’s, 60% of part-time Master’s, 47% of full-time doctoral and 50% of part-time doctoral

students were female.o Full-time Master’s enrolments have been more than 50% female in Canada since 1997. Full-time doctoral enrolments have

been more than 50% male continuously since 1992.o In 2012, 23% of full-time and 6% of part-time Master’s enrolments were international students; 29% of full-time and 7% of

part-time doctoral enrolments were international students.

1Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 41st Statistical Report, 2015. Prepared by D. Looker Social Survey Research and Analysis


o There have consistently been more international enrolments among males than females, from 1992 to 2012, in both Master’s and doctoral enrolments in Canada.

o In 2012, the main fields of study with the largest enrolments in full-time Master’s programs were: Business, Management and Public Administration (16,686; 20%), Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (13,683; 16%), Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law (12,561; 15%), and Health and Related Fields (12,018; 14%). These four fields have been increasing in number since the early 2000s.

o In 2012, the main fields of study with the largest enrolments in full-time doctoral programs were: Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies (10,128; 21%); Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law (9,864; 21%) and Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (8,883; 19%). These three fields have been increasing since the late 1990s or the early 2000s.

o Enrolments in both Master’s and doctoral programs are concentrated in Ontario and Quebec, the two most populous provinces. In 2012, 39% of full-time Master’s enrolments were in universities in Ontario, 29% were in Quebec. In 2012, 39% of full-time Master’s enrolments were in Ontario and 30% of full-time doctoral enrolments were in Quebec.

o Ontario has a low percent of international Master’s enrolments (20% of full-time Master’s in 2012, compared to 23% for Canada as a whole). Newfoundland and Labrador’s rate of international students in 2012 is the highest (39%).

o Ontario also has the lowest percentage of international enrolments among full-time doctoral enrolments – 21% in 2012, compared to 29% for Canada. Newfoundland and Labrador has the highest rate of international enrollments among full-time doctoral enrolments in 2012 (45%).

o In 2012, the fields of study with the highest rate of international enrolments for full-time Master’s programs were: Mathematics Computer and Information Sciences (44%), Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (43%) and Business, Management and Public Administration (27%)

o In 2012, the fields of study with the highest rate of international enrolments for full-time doctoral programs were: Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (47%), Mathematics Computer and Information Sciences (43%) and Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation (43%).

o The highest number of full-time Master’s enrolments in 2012 is in the 25-29 year old age group. The age group that has been increasing the most in full-time Master’s enrolments, from 1992 through 2012, is the 22-24 year old age group.

o The highest number of full-time doctoral enrolments in 2012 is in the 25-29 year old age group. It is also the age group that has increased the most in full-time doctoral enrolments from 1992 through 2012.

o There is important variation in the numbers and rates of change from 1992 to 2012 in age groups in the different provinces.



o Among full-time Master’s enrolments, the percent which are international students is highest in the two youngest age groups (less than 25 years of age and 25-29 years of age).

o Among full-time doctoral enrolments, there are more international students in the two middle age groups (25-29 year olds and 30-34 year olds).

o There has been a change in the world regions from which international students are drawn for full-time Master’s programs in Canada. There has been a decline in enrolments from Europe (16% of international enrolments in 1992, up to 24% in 1999; down to 13% in 2012). There has been an increase in full-time Master’s enrolments from Asia (45% of international enrolments in 1992; down to 33% in 2000; up to 53% in 2012).

o There was less change in the world regions from which international students were drawn for full-time doctoral programs in Canada. Enrolments from Europe made up 14% of international enrolments in 1992; this increased to 26% in 2000; and decreased to 18% in 2012. Enrolments from Asia made up 45% of international enrolments in full-time doctoral programs in 1992; they made up 33% in 2000 and 53% in 2012.

o The majority (77% at the Canada level) of Canadian citizens and permanent residents report their “province of permanent residence” as the same one in which they are enrolled for graduate programs.

o The percent of full-time Maser’s enrolments that are from the same province is highest for Quebec (85%), Saskatchewan (83%) and Ontario (79%). Only 47% of those enrolled in full-time Master’s programs in Nova Scotia list that province as their permanent residence; i.e. 53% are from elsewhere in Canada.

o The majority (70%) of Canadian citizens and permanent residents enrolled in doctoral programs in Canada report their “province of permanent residence” as the same one in which they are enrolled for graduate programs. The provinces with the highest percent reporting their permanent residence as the one in which they are enrolled are: Prince Edward Island (88%, but very low numbers), Saskatchewan (79%) and Ontario (76%). Those provinces with low percentages from the same province (i.e. more from other areas of Canada) are: Nova Scotia (51% same province), Alberta (47% same province), and Newfoundland and Labrador (47% same province).

Graduate degrees grantedo In 2012, there were 44,154 Master’s degrees granted (up from 19,434 in 1992). In 2012, there were 6,393 doctoral degrees

granted (up from 3,125 in 1992).o In 2012, 55% of the Master’s degrees and 46% of the doctoral degrees were granted to females. o In 2012, 19% of Master’s degrees and 16% of doctoral degrees in Canada were granted to international students.



1.3 Information presented in the report

As indicated, above, the information presented in this report is based on Statistics Canada data, provided to the Canadian Association for Graduate Studies by Universities Canada. This information is based on reports submitted by universities to Statistics Canada. No attempt has been made to verify the data sent by Universities Canada nor to compare the data from this report with earlier CAGS reports.

This report differs from the 40th CAGS Statistical Report in a number of ways:

1. Full-time and part-time enrolments are kept separate throughout this report whereas they are combined in much of the 40th report. Most of the information in the current report includes details only on full-time enrolments.

2. Throughout the current report, Master’s and doctoral enrolments are kept separate. They are often combined in the earlier report.

3. The current report includes a number of sections not included in earlier reports, including population projections and enrolment rates per 1,000 population.

4. There are more details by university reported in the Appendix to the current report.5. There is more analysis, and more discussion of patterns and trends in the current report.

Much but not all of the information provided in the current report may also be accessed directly from Statistics Canada’s socio-economic data base, CANSIM. Information on graduate enrolments can be found in CANSIM tables 477-0019, 477-0029, and 477-0033; that on degrees awarded are in CANSIM tables 477-0020 and 477-0034. (Some of the data on degrees awarded obtained from Universities Canada for this report were supplemented with data from CANSIM table 477-0020 to extend the time frame to match other tables.)

If graduate programs were added or dropped, or changed in some way that affects either enrolment rates or degrees granted, these changes can have a major, unexplained, impact on numbers for the affected institution(s), and provincial totals.

All the data provided are subject to Statistics Canada random rounding procedure (see below). This rounding can have a dramatic effect on those institutions with relative small numbers with respect to the measure being reported. For this reason, caution should be exercized in interpreting shifts over time when relatively small numbers are involved.



The information in the report takes various forms. One involves tables showing numbers, often over a time period. These numbers provide information on the volume of enrolments or degrees granted. So, if one wants to know what the trend in numbers is over time, or how many are enrolled in Master’s or doctoral programs, or how many degrees were awarded at any given time, these tables provide the relevant detail.

The tables by field of study can give an indication of how these graduate enrolments are clustered. However, it is important to keep in mind that identifying, for example, which “field of study” has the most enrolments to a large extent reflects how the fields are organized and collapsed. For example, combining “Humanities” and “Social and Behavioural Sciences and Law” would increase the number in that “field”. Information about the Classification of Instructional Programs, that forms the basis of the analyses of field of study, can be found at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-590-x/12-590-x2012001-eng.pdf

Another type of analysis involves looking specifically at the extent of change over time. This procedure sometimes involves looking at the absolute increase over time (how many more or fewer students/graduates); other times the rate of growth (percentage change) over time is examined. Obviously the percentage change reflects the size of the change relative to the level at the starting point. An increase of 100 individuals is a larger percentage increase if one started at 500 than if the original number were 2,000.

An important limitation to the data over time derives from the fact that there are sometimes missing or inconsistent data for particular institutions . For example, the University of Regina did not provide any data from 2005-2008, affecting both provincial and, sometimes, overall totals. There is an unexplained drop in degrees granted from the University of Saskatchewan from 2011 to 2012. Also, there was an apparent change in the definition of “full-time” versus “part-time” at the University of Montreal in 1998, and at Concordia University in 2005, evident in the decrease in part-time enrolments and an equivalent increase in full-time enrolments. The latter is somewhat less obvious because of the large number of full-time enrolments, so changes at one institution have less of an effect. However, these shifts affect who is included in all of the “full-time enrolments” tables over time.

Charts which complement (or sometimes replace) the detailed tables are used to visually illustrate the relevant changes over time.

So, there are four key pieces of information presented in this report that will be of interest to readers:

1. The absolute number of enrolments or degrees granted in 2012, the most recent year for which data are available. When these numbers are broken down by province, or gender, or immigration status, they give a portrait of graduate enrolments in Canada.

2. The number of enrolments or degrees granted over time. For most measures we have data from 1992 to 2012; for some just for 1999-2012. In those sections where one is examining a detailed breakdown (e.g. by province or by field of study), presenting



all the data would make a table prohibitively large and complex. In order to clarify the relevant patterns, data are sometimes presented for 1992, 2002 and 2012. However, as noted above, in most cases, more detail can be obtained from the CANSIM tables, listed above.

3. The change in enrolments or degrees granted over time. Again, for ease of presentation, in most instances these are presented for the years 1992 to 2012 (and sometimes also for changes 1992-2002 and 2002-2012). One or both of the absolute and percentage changes are presented.

4. The calculation of enrolments per 1,000 population by province compares the annual data on enrolments by age as a percent of the annual estimates of the total population, by age, as published by Statistics Canada. This allows a comparison of the intensity of enrolments on a per capita basis across provinces. Also included in this section are some Canada wide projections of the age groups in Canada showing the likely demographic shifts in these age groups over the next several years.1

1.4 Methodological notes

Notes from Statistics Canada:

Fall snapshot: Enrolments are based on students enrolled in the postsecondary institutions at the time of the fall snapshot date, that is, a single date chosen by the institution which falls from September 30th to December 1st . Therefore students who are not enrolled during this time period are excluded and enrolment totals do not represent a full academic year.

Program counts: It should also be noted, enrolments are based on program counts and not student counts. If a student is enrolled in more than one program as of the snapshot date, then all of their programs are included in the count.

Random rounding: All counts are randomly rounded to a multiple of 3 using the following procedure: counts which are already a multiple of 3 are not adjusted; counts one greater than a multiple of 3 are adjusted to the next lowest multiple of 3 with a probability of two-thirds and to the next highest multiple of 3 with a probability of one-third. The probabilities are reversed for counts that are one less than a multiple of 3.

Notes from Universities Canada:

Use of estimates (Imputed institutions): Enrolment and graduate counts for certain institutions are preliminary or based on estimates.

1 The author is grateful to Ray D. Bollman for his contributions to this section using census data and projections. The data on population projections by age can be accessed in CANSIM Table 052-0005 at http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/home-accueil?lang=eng. (See http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/91-520-x2014001-eng.htm for details of the methodology.)


http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/91-520-x2014001-eng.htm

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/91-520-x2014001-eng.htm


o University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2008.

o University of Victoria 2004-2007.

Institutions no longer surveyed: Due to a revision of the institutions in the survey, the following are not included as of 2008/2009 for enrolments and 2008 for graduates: in New Brunswick, Bethany Bible College; in Ontario, Institut de pastorale des Dominicains, Tyndale University College and Seminary, Redeemer University College, Royal Military College of Canada; in Alberta, Newman Theological College; in British Columbia, Regent College, Vancouver School of Theology, Trinity Western University, and Seminary of Christ the King.

Changes in institutional status: The following institutions, previously colleges, changed to university status.

o As of 2002/2003 reporting year: Ontario College of Art and Design (Ontario);

o as of 2004/2005 reporting year: Alberta College of Art and Design (Alberta);

o as of 2005/2006 reporting year: University College of the Cariboo and Open Learning Agency (British Columbia);

o as of 2008/2009 reporting year: Capilano College, Malaspina University College, Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design, Kwantlen University College and University College of the Fraser Valley (British Columbia);

o as of 2009/2010 reporting year: Grant McEwan University and Mount Royal University (Alberta).

Changes in registration status: Users of the enrolment data should be aware that many reporting anomalies exist in the institutional time-series. Some institutions have changed the course load requirements to classify students into the full- and part-time categories, causing significant breaks in at least their own institutional time series data

o University of Manitoba - 1993 to 1994, where to qualify for full-time study the course load requirement fell to 60% in 1994 from 80% in 1993;

o Université de Montreal, changes as of 1997;

o For University of Saskatchewan, the definition of full-time and part-time has changed. The registration status for enrolments in 2008/2009 refers to the September to December period. In the previous years, it referred to the September to April period.

o University of British Columbia, changes as of 2009.



Home province (province of residence) : Under counting is likely due to incomplete reporting of permanent address. Use with caution.

Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Coding: The first Canadian version of this classification (listed in this report as “field of study” appeared in the year 2000. CIP coding in earlier years – 1992 to1999 - should be interpreted with caution.

University of Regina : From 2005 to 2008 enrolments and graduates counts for the University of Regina are not available.

University of Saskatchewan: residency counts in the health-related programs are not included as of 2008/2009 for enrolments and 2008 for graduates.

Quebec institutions : The graduate counts for the Quebec institutions up to and including 2008 do not include micro programs and attestations however, as of 2009, these are included.

University of Winnipeg: A large portion of the graduate programs, (program type = 59) for University of Winnipeg for 2011/12 and 2012/13 are not reported. These are the Theology and Marriage and Family programs. Due to a constraint in their student information system they cannot extract information on these programs.

1.5 Portrait of graduate enrolments in Canada, 2012

Table 1.1 gives an overview of the full-time and part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments in Canada, as of 2012, the last date for which data are currently available. Enrolments totals are 85,674 full-time and 34,476 part-time Master’s, 48,006 full-time and 2,595 part-time doctoral enrolments.

More than half (54%) of all full-time Master’s enrolments are female. That pattern changes when one looks at full time doctoral enrolments; 47% of them are female. Females dominate part-time Master’s enrolments (60% versus 40% for males). Part-time doctoral enrolments, which are a fraction of the full-time ones, are 50/50 male and female.

Looking at the next several rows of Table 1.1, there is a concentration of graduate enrolments, (full-time and part-time, Master’s and doctoral), in Ontario (with 39% of full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments) and Quebec (with 28% of full-time Master’s and 30% of full-time doctoral enrolments). Next are British Columbia (13% of full-time Master’s; 12% of full-time doctoral) and Alberta (9% of full-time Master’s and 10% of full-time doctoral enrolments). Graduate enrolments in the Atlantic provinces and in the Prairie provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan make up a much lower percentages of the Canadian totals.

As of 2012, 23% of full-time Master’s and 29% of full-time doctoral enrolments were international students. Less than 10% of the part-time enrolments were international ones.



Looking at age groups, not surprisingly the age concentrations of doctoral enrolments are in the older age categories. Only 5% of full-time doctoral students are under 25 years of age, compared to 36% of full-time Master’s enrolments. On the other hand, 26% of full-time doctoral enrolments are 35 and over; only 15% of full-time Master’s enrolments are in this age category.

The last section of Table 1.1gives the breakdown by main field of study. As indicated above, the size of any one field of study reflects how the classification was created – how many sub-fields were combined to create a main field of study. Given that, the most interesting aspect of this section of the table may be the comparison of which fields have more Master’s level enrolments and which more doctoral. There is a larger percentage of enrolments at the Master’s than the doctoral level for Business, Management and Public Administration (20% versus 4%) and for Health and Related Fields (14% Master’s, 8% doctoral). The reverse is true (a higher percentage of doctoral than Master’s level enrolments) for: Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies (21% doctoral versus 10% Master’s); Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law (21% versus 15%); and Humanities (10% doctoral versus 6% Master’s).



Table 1.1 – Profile of full-time and part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments in Canada, 2012Full-time Master’s

Percent in 2012

Full-time Doctoral

Percent in 2012

Part-time Master’s

Percent in 2012

Part-time Doctoral

Percent in 2012

Total Enrolments Canada 85,674 100% 48,006 100% 34,476 100% 2,595 100%GenderMale 39,084 45.6 25,329 52.8 13,932 40.4 1,299 50.1Female 46,572 54.4 22,671 47.2 20,529 59.5 1,293 49.8

Province of study 85,674Newfoundland and Labrador 1,347 1.6 501 1.0 1,176 3.4 78 3.0Prince Edward Island 231 0.3 48 0.1 12 0.0 3 0.1Nova Scotia 2,889 3.4 753 1.6 2,364 6.9 48 1.8New Brunswick 942 1.1 462 1.0 1,005 2.9 84 3.2Quebec 23,718 27.7 14,577 30.4 11,808 34.2 606 23.4Ontario 33,393 39.0 18,861 39.3 9,861 28.6 1,470 56.6Manitoba 1,971 2.3 963 2.0 936 2.7 42 1.6Saskatchewan 2,523 2.9 1,128 2.3 837 2.4 9 0.3Alberta 7,281 8.5 4,854 10.1 3,780 11.0 162 6.2British Columbia 11,379 13.3 5,859 12.2 1,176 3.4 96 3.7International enrolments 19,599 22.9 13,767 28.7 1,944 5.6 189 7.3Age groups

<25 years 30,552 35.7 2,514 5.2 2,082 6.0 9 0.325-29 years 31,026 36.2 19,593 40.8 8,892 25.8 273 10.5

30-34 years 10,965 12.8 13,278 27.7 7,734 22.4 663 25.535 years and over 13,122 15.3 12,621 26.3 15,744 45.7 1,641 63.2

Main field of studyAgriculture, Natural Resources & Conservation 3,180 3.7 1,545 3.2 654 1.9 69 2.7Architecture, Engineering &Related Technologies 13,683 16.0 8,883 18.5 2,937 8.5 405 15.6Business, Management & Public Administration 16,686 19.5 1,767 3.7 11,058 32.1 138 5.3Education 5,136 6.0 2,694 5.6 8,733 25.3 309 11.9Health & Related Fields 12,018 14.0 3,696 7.7 3,699 10.7 228 8.8Humanities 5,079 5.9 4,848 10.1 987 2.9 294 11.3Mathematics, Computer & Information Sciences 5,064 5.9 2,817 5.9 1,233 3.6 120 4.6Personal, Protective & Transportation Services 117 0.1 15 0.0 105 0.3 0 0.0Physical and Life Sciences, & Technologies 8,844 10.3 10,128 21.1 606 1.8 216 8.3Social and Behavioural Sciences, & Law 12,561 14.7 9,864 20.5 3,834 11.1 696 26.8Visual and Performing Arts, & Communications Technologies 2,685 3.1 1,224 2.5 321 0.9 39 1.5Other 624 0.7 525 1.1 309 0.9 75 2.9Source: Statistics Canada



1.6 Full-time and part-time enrolments at the Master’s and doctoral levels

The next stage is to examine the trends over time in full-time and part-time graduate enrolments in Master’s and doctoral programs. As is evident from Table 1.2 and from Figure 1.1 full-time enrolments have increased over time, for both Master’s and doctoral programs. The number of Master’s enrolments has increased more than doctoral. In 1992 there were 40,989 students enrolled full-time in Master’s programs; by 2012 this had increased to 85,674. During the same time period, full-time doctoral enrolments increased from 20,901 in 1992 to 48,006 in 2012. Looking at the percentage increase over time – for Master’s enrolments the increase from 1992 to 2102 is 109%. For doctoral enrolments, the percentage increase for the same time period is 130%.

The increases from 2002 to 2012 are somewhat larger than those prior to 2002. In the one year from 2001 to 2002 there was a 10% increase in full-time Master’s enrolments, and an 8% increase in full-time doctoral enrolments. Another increase of 12% is evident in the full-time doctoral enrolments from 2002 to 2003.



Table 1.2 – Master’s and Doctoral full-time and part-time enrolments in Canada, 1992-2012

Full-time Full-time Full-time Full-time Full-time Full-time Part-time Part-time Part-time Part-time Part-time Part-time

YearMaster's degree - number

Master’s degree – annual change

Master’s degree - % annual change

Doctoral degree - number

Doctoral degree - annual change

Doctoral degree - % annual change

Master's degree- number

Master’s degree - annual change

Master’s degree - % annual change

Doctoral degree - number

Doctoral degree - annual change

Doctoral degree - % annual change

1992 40,989 20,910 27,873 4,2031993 42,156 1,167 2.85 22,122 1,212 5.8 27,786 -87 -0.31 4,350 147 3.501994 41,700 -456 -1.08 22,665 543 2.5 28,083 297 1.07 4,479 129 2.971995 41,223 -477 -1.14 22,764 99 0.4 28,074 -9 -0.03 4,539 60 1.341996 41,583 360 0.87 22,758 -6 -0.0 27,510 -564 -2.01 4,437 -102 -2.251997 42,189 606 1.46 22,722 -36 -0.2 27,660 150 0.55 4,278 -159 -3.581998 44,796 2,607 6.18 23,724 1,002 4.4 26,499 -1,161 -4.20 2,781 -1,497 -34.991999 46,935 2,139 4.77 23,676 -48 -0.2 27,480 981 3.70 2,805 24 0.862000 47,760 825 1.76 23,727 51 0.2 28,080 600 2.18 2,880 75 2.672001 50,574 2,814 5.89 24,621 894 3.8 29,775 1,695 6.04 2,856 -24 -0.832002 55,638 5,064 10.01 26,595 1,974 8.0 31,080 1,305 4.38 2,871 15 0.532003 60,297 4,659 8.37 29,874 3,279 12.3 30,207 -873 -2.81 2,280 -591 -20.592004 63,591 3,294 5.46 32,511 2,637 8.8 31,200 993 3.29 2,340 60 2.632005 64,875 1,284 2.02 34,455 1,944 6.0 30,144 -1,056 -3.38 2,430 90 3.852006 66,966 2,091 3.22 36,723 2,268 6.6 29,925 -219 -0.73 2,331 -99 -4.072007 71,034 4,068 6.07 38,601 1,878 5.1 30,981 1,056 3.53 2,577 246 10.552008 73,494 2,460 3.46 40,260 1,659 4.3 29,931 -1,050 -3.39 2,658 81 3.142009 77,484 3,990 5.43 43,158 2,898 7.2 32,394 2,463 8.23 2,373 -285 -10.722010 80,715 3,231 4.17 45,102 1,944 4.5 33,378 984 3.04 2,430 57 2.402011 83,313 2,598 3.22 46,782 1,680 3.7 34,143 765 2.29 2,481 51 2.102012 85,674 2,361 2.83 48,006 1,224 2.6 34,476 333 0.98 2,595 114 4.59

Source: Statistics Canada



Figure 1.1 - Full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada, 1992-2012

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Master's

Doctoral

Number of full-time enrolments

Source: Statistics Canada.

Full-time Master’s enrolments have been increasing since 1996. Full-time doctoral enrolments, on the other hand, started increasing in 2001. Recall the earlier note on the inclusion of graduate students for seven new universities in 2008-2009, mentioned in the methodological notes.



While the numbers of full-time Master’s students increased more than the numbers of doctoral students, as Figure 1.2 shows, the rate of change for doctoral enrolments has been greater than that for Master’s enrolments since 2002-2003 in all years except 2006-2007.

Figure 1.2 - Percent change in full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada 1992-2012

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Master's Doctoral


Year-to-year percent changein full-time enrolments



Turning next to part-time enrolments, enrolment in doctoral programs has not increased since 1992. Indeed, they decreased in 1998 and have stayed low. See Figure 1.3. This decline is almost totally due to changes in the classification of part-time/full-time at the University of Montreal. 2

2 Note the Statistics Canada caution that some institutions have changed the course load requirements to classify students into the full- and part-time categories, causing significant breaks in the institutional time series data, and thus in the overall number of part-time students. (e.g for the University of Manitoba the course load requirement to qualify as a full-time student went from 80% to 60% in 1993. Université de Montreal made a similar change in 1997, and the University of British Columbia in 2009).



Figure 1.3 - Part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Master's

Doctoral

Number of part-time enrolments


Part-time Master’s enrolments, on the other hand, have gradually increased over time, to a high of over 30,000 in 2012.



Figure 1.4 shows that the rate of change for part-time doctoral enrolments is higher than for part-time Master’s enrolments, with some dramatic decreases in the data series for doctoral enrolments from 1997 to 1998 (due to changes at the University of Montreal), from 2002 to 2003, and from 2008 to 2009.

Figure 1.4 - Percent change in part-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, Canada, 1992-2012

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

12

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Master's Doctoral


Year-to-year percent changein part-time enrolments



For the next sections of the report, dealing with enrolments (by province, by gender and by field of study), only details of full-time enrolments will be presented and discussed. (Some details on part-time enrolments are found in the Appendix to this Report- see Tables A3 and A4.)

Full-time and part-time enrolments are not combined into a total for a number of reasons. One is that the definition of “part-time” can vary across institutions and over time at a particular institution. Secondly, there is variation in how one would translate part-time enrolments into “full-time equivalents”, if one needs that information. Also, while it probably is rare, an individual student could be enrolled in more than one program, and even more than one institution part-time (or full-time at one and part-time at another), so adding the two sets of numbers does not give an accurate measure of number of individuals enrolled.

Further, as Figure 1.5 and Figure 1.6 show, the changes in the number of enrolments over time almost totally reflects changes in full-time enrolments. Not only are part-time enrolments low relative to full-time ones, but they change little over time. In other words, detailed analyses of part-time enrolments will add little, especially given the problematic nature of the part-time data, outlined above.



Figure 1.5 – Master’s enrolments, full-time, part-time and total, 1992-2012

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Total enrolments

Full-time

Part-time

Number of Master's enrolments




Figure 1.6 – Doctoral enrolments, full-time, part-time and total, 1992-2012

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Total enrolments

Full-time

Part-time

Number of Doctoral enrolments




1.7 Full-time enrolments by Province

One question that arises is whether the changes over time are present in all provinces across the country or whether some provinces (particularly the larger ones) are driving the increases at the Canada level. Figure 1.7 shows that the latter is the case for the increase in Master’s enrolments. Indeed, most of the upward trend in the plot line is driven by increases in Master’s enrolments in Ontario, from 14,448 in 1992 to 33,393 in 2012. There is a lesser absolute increase in Quebec, from 12,372 in 1992 to 23,718 in 2012, still a substantial change. British Columbia and Alberta have lower levels of enrolments and lower levels of increase, while the other provinces show fairly stable numbers over the twenty year time period.

When one examines provincial level data throughout this report, it is important to keep the following cautions in mind. In several provinces, only one or two universities have graduate programs. In others, one or more universities contain the lion’s share of these programs. This means that changes to a program or programs in one university can have sometimes dramatic effects on “provincial totals”. If a program is added or dropped; if changes occur to regulations driving enrolments or the timing of degrees, these changes will affect the patterns in the province as a whole.



Figure 1.7 - Full-time Master’s enrolments, by province, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,00019

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

1120

12

Ontario

Quebec

British Columbia

Alberta

Nova Scotia

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Newfoundland &Labrador

New Brunswick

Prince EdwardIsland

Note: Saskatchewan data are not shown for 2005 to 2008 due to the lack of data from the University of Regina.Source: Statistics Canada.

Number of full-timeMaster's enrolments

Figure 1.8 expands the scale to display the variation that does exist in the level of enrolments in the six smaller provinces. Numbers of full-time Master’s enrolments have increased in Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador, with some increase in recent years in Manitoba and Prince Edward Island. Those in New Brunswick show little change, with a recent downturn in numbers.



(The gap from 2005-2008 for Saskatchewan reflects the fact that the University of Regina did not submit information for those years, so the Saskatchewan totals cannot accurately be calculated.)

Figure 1.8 - Full-time Master’s enrolments, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

2,400

2,800

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Nova Scotia

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Newfoundland &Labrador

New Brunswick

Prince EdwardIsland


Number of full-timeMaster's enrolments6 smaller provinces

Note that for all provinces except British Columbia (Figure 1.7), and New Brunswick (Figure 1.8) there has been a numeric increase in full-time Master’s enrolments since 2008.



There is a similar pattern for full-time doctoral enrolments. As was evident in Figure 1.1 the numbers in doctoral enrolments are, understandably, much lower than the numbers in Master’s programs, since not all Master’s graduates will pursue a doctoral degree. The same figure shows that the numerical increase from 1992-2012 was less pronounced for doctoral enrolments. Figure 1.9 documents that full-time doctoral enrolments and the increase in full-time doctoral enrolments are concentrated in Ontario, Quebec, and to a lesser extent, British Columbia and Alberta. These four large provinces show an increase in full-time doctoral enrolments since the beginning of the 2000s.



Figure 1.9 – Full-time doctoral enrolments, by province, 1992-2012

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Ontario

Quebec

BritishColumbia

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Nova Scotia

Newfoundland& Labrador

NewBrunswick

Prince EdwardIsland

Number of full-timedoctoral enrolments




Figure 1.10 – Full-time doctoral enrolments, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Nova Scotia


NewBrunswick

Prince EdwardIsland



For full-time doctoral enrolment among the six smaller provinces, all except Prince Edward Island show an increase since about the year 2000. This increase is most pronounced in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. (The gap from 2005 to 2008 in Saskatchewan reflects the missing information from the University of Regina in those years.)



Table 1.3 – Change in full-time Master’s enrolments, by province, 1992-2002, 2002-2012, 1992-2012; ranked by rate of growth 1992-2012

Provinces, ranked by rate of growth, 1992-2012

Number 1992

Number 2002

Number 2012

Numeric change

1992-2002

Numeric change

2002-2012

Numeric change

1992-2012

Percentage change

1992-2012

Total Canada 40,989 55,638 85,674 14,649 30,036 44,685 109.0

Prince Edward Island 24 39 231 15 192 207 862.5

Newfoundland and Labrador 519 771 1,347 252 576 828 159.5

Alberta 3,045 4,362 7,281 1,317 2919 4,236 139.1

Ontario 14,448 19,839 33,393 5,391 13,554 18,945 131.1

Saskatchewan 1,164 1,326 2,523 162 1,197 1,359 116.8

British Columbia 5,631 7,893 11,379 2,262 3,486 5,748 102.1

Quebec 12,372 17,199 23,718 4,827 6,519 11,346 91.7

Nova Scotia 1,563 2,046 2,889 483 843 1,326 84.8

Manitoba 1,449 1,215 1,971 -234 756 522 36.0

New Brunswick 777 948 942 171 -6 165 21.2


While Figure 1.7 showed visually that Master’s enrolments increased numerically the most from 1992 to 2012 in Ontario, Quebec, and in British Columbia and Alberta, Table 1.3 shows that the rate of change is much higher in other provinces, particularly those who started with low numbers. Master’s enrolments in Prince Edward Island increased by almost 900%, from only 24 enrolments in 1992 to 231in 2012. The lowest rate of increase in Master’s enrolments was in New Brunswick – only 21% (going from 777 enrolments in 1992 to 941 in 2012).



Table 1.4 - Change in full-time doctoral enrolments, by province, 1992-2002, 2002-2012, 1992-2012; ranked by rate of growth 1992-2012

Provinces, ranked by rate of growth, 1992-2012

Number 1992 Number 2002 Number 2012 Numeric change

1992-2002

Numeric change

2002-2012

Numeric change

1992-2012

Percentage change

1992-2012

Total Canada 20,910 26,595 48,006 5,685 21,411 27,096 129.6

Newfoundland and Labrador 147 249 501 102 252 354 240.8

Saskatchewan 387 453 1,128 66 675 741 191.5

Quebec 5,505 8,193 14,577 2,688 6,384 9,072 164.8

Alberta 1,887 2,490 4,854 603 2,364 2,967 157.2

Ontario 8,820 10,716 18,861 1,896 8,145 10,041 113.8

British Columbia 2,922 3,288 5,859 366 2,571 2,937 100.5

New Brunswick 237 261 462 24 201 225 94.9

Nova Scotia 420 456 753 36 297 333 79.3

Manitoba 588 474 963 -114 489 375 63.8

Prince Edward Island 0 21 48 21 27 48 --*Source: Statistics Canada*Prince Edward Island had no doctoral enrolments in 1992 so % change cannot be calculated

Table 1.4 shows the parallel figures for doctoral enrolments. Here we see that the largest rates of increase are in Newfoundland and Labrador (241% increase, from 147 to 501) and Saskatchewan, a 191% increase (from 387 doctoral enrolments in 1992 to 1,128 in 2012). The rate for Prince Edward Island cannot be calculated since there were no doctoral enrolments in 1992. However, the two other Maritime provinces and Manitoba show rates of increase of less than 100% over the twenty year time frame.

1.8 Full-time enrolments by Gender

Figure 1.11 shows that the overall trend of increasing numbers in Master’s enrolments occurs for both males and females. The pattern of increase is very similar for both. However, since 1997, more females than males were enrolled in full-time Master’s programs. By 2012, there were 46,572 females enrolled full-time in Master’s level programs, compared to 39,084 males.



Figure 1.11 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by gender, Canada, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Female

Male

Number offull-time Master's enrolments


There is a very different picture when we look at gender differences for full-time doctoral students. While the numbers of both male and female students in full-time doctoral programs has increased from 1992 to 2012, the rate of increase in the number of females was



more than the rate of increase for males. In 1992 there were 13,605 males enrolled in doctoral programs full-time; this number has increased by 86% to 25,329 by 2012. In comparison, the number of females in these programs increased from 7,308 in 1992 to 22,671 in 2012, a larger (210%) increase than for males. Despite this increase in female participation in the number full-time doctoral studies, and despite the fact that since 1997 more females than males enrolled in full-time Master’s programs, in no year since 1992 has the number of females equaled or exceeded the number of males in full-time doctoral programs in Canada.



Figure 1.12 - Full-time doctoral enrolments by gender, Canada, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Male

Female

Number offull-time doctoral enrolments


Table 1.5 shows the percent female in both Master’s and doctoral enrolments. As was presented in Figure 1.11, the majority of Master’s enrolments were female from 1997 on. The highest percentage of females for doctoral enrolments is 47% - observed in 2008, and persisting through 2012.



Table 1.5 – Full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments by percent female, Canada, 1992-2012

Percent female 1992

1993 1994

1995

1996

1997 1998

1999

2000

2001 2002

2003 2004

2005 2006

2007 2008

2009 2010

2011

2012

Master's 46.2 47.0 48.0 49.2 49.7 50.7 51.2 51.8 51.7 51.7 51.3 51.0 51.8 52.4 53.1 54.0 54.5 53.8 53.4 53.9 54.4

Doctoral 34.9 36.5 38.1 39.3 40.5 42.4 44.1 44.4 45.4 45.9 45.7 45.5 45.6 45.6 46.0 46.2 46.7 46.6 47.0 47.3 47.2


1.9 Full-time enrolments by Gender and Province

The provincial and gender patterns hold when both are examined together. More women than men are enrolled in Master’s programs in recent years in all provinces, although the year in which the number of females exceeds the number of males varies slightly by province.

Looking at the detailed provincial numbers, the pattern in Figure 1.7 holds for both males and females. That is, for both genders the increase in the numbers enrolled in Master’s programs full-time primarily reflects trends in Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, and to a lesser extent Alberta. (See Table 1.6 for numbers by gender in 1992, 2002 and 2012.)



Table 1.6 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by gender and province, 1992, 2002, 2012Year 1992 2002 2012Total Canada Male 22,068 27,087 39,084

Female 18,921 28,551 46,572Newfoundland and Labrador Male 288 342 666

Female 234 426 678Prince Edward Island Male 15 12 81

Female 12 30 147Nova Scotia Male 801 990 1350

Female 765 1053 1542New Brunswick Male 450 507 492

Female 327 441 450Quebec Male 6,600 8,478 11,067

Female 5,775 8,721 12,651Ontario Male 7,881 9,864 15,420

Female 6,570 9,978 17,958Manitoba Male 855 576 855

Female 594 639 1,116Saskatchewan Male 726 630 1,125

Female 435 696 1,395Alberta Male 1,557 2,223 3,234

Female 1,488 2,142 4,044British Columbia Male 2,901 3,465 4,788

Female 2,730 4,428 6,591Source: Statistics Canada

The pattern of more males than females enrolled in full-time doctoral programs holds for all provinces (see Table 1.8, below). The somewhat subdued increase in the numbers of doctoral enrolments over time, found in Figure 1.1, holds for both males and females.

In addition to the absolute number of males and females, the gender distribution of enrolments across provinces may be of interest. As Table 1.7 shows, the percent of full-time Master’s students who were females went from 46% in 1992 to 51% in 2002 and 54% in 2012. Similar changes are evident in all provinces, with the largest increase in the percent female being in Prince Edward Island (from 44% in 1992 to 65% in 2012). The percent female in full-time Master’s programs in New Brunswick tends to be lower than the national average (42% in 1992, 47% in 2002, and 48% in 2012). On the other hand, the percent of females enrolled in Master’s programs in British Columbia is somewhat higher than elsewhere (49% in 1992, 56% in 2002 and 58% in 2012).



Table 1.7 – Percent female, full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments by province, 1992, 2002, 2012Master’s Doctoral

Province1992% Female

2002% Female

2012% Female Province

1992% Female

2002% Female

2012% Female

TOTAL 46.2 51.3 54.4 TOTAL 34.9 45.7 47.2Newfoundland and Labrador 44.8 55.5 50.4

Newfoundland and Labrador 24.5 44.6 43.1

Prince Edward Island 44.4 71.4 64.5Prince Edward Island 0.0* 42.9 53.3

Nova Scotia 48.9 51.5 53.3 Nova Scotia 35.7 42.8 42.9New Brunswick 42.1 46.5 47.8 New Brunswick 26.9 50.6 49.0Quebec 46.7 50.7 53.3 Quebec 33.6 45.7 48.0Ontario 45.5 50.3 53.8 Ontario 36.4 45.8 47.3Manitoba 41.0 52.6 56.6 Manitoba 32.1 41.1 48.3Saskatchewan 37.5 52.5 55.4 Saskatchewan 26.2 42.1 46.7Alberta 48.9 49.1 55.6 Alberta 34.4 45.0 45.1British Columbia 48.5 56.1 57.9 British Columbia 36.1 46.9 47.6Source: Statistics Canada*Prince Edward Island had no doctoral enrolments in 1992.

Looking at full-time doctoral enrolments, there is a steeper increase in the percent female - from 35% in 1992, 46% in 2002 and 47% in 2012. However, as Figure 1.12 showed, the number of females never exceeds the number of males, at the national level. Only in Prince Edward Island (which has 21 male and 24 female full-time doctoral students in 2012; none in 1992) is the percent female greater than 50% (see Table 1.7).

Table 1.8 gives the actual numbers of doctoral enrolments by province and gender for specific years. Here are repeated the large numbers of enrolments in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta. The Atlantic region, Manitoba and Saskatchewan have lower enrolments of both males and females in 1992, 2002 and 2012.



Table 1.8 – Full-time doctoral enrolments by gender and province, 1992, 2002, 2012Year 1992 2002 2012Total Canada Male 13,605 14,445 25,329

Female 7,308 12,150 22,671Newfoundland and Labrador Male 111 138 285

Female 36 111 216Prince Edward Island Male 0 12 21

Female 0 9 24Nova Scotia Male 270 261 432

Female 150 195 324New Brunswick Male 171 129 237

Female 63 132 228Quebec Male 3,654 4,446 7,,578

Female 1,851 3,747 6,999Ontario Male 5,610 5,802 9,939

Female 3,213 4,911 8,916Manitoba Male 399 279 498

Female 189 195 465Saskatchewan Male 288 264 600

Female 102 192 525Alberta Male 1,236 1,368 2,667

Female 648 1,119 2,187British Columbia Male 1,866 1,746 3,069

Female 1,053 1,545 2,790Source: Statistics Canada



1.10 Full-time enrolments by Main field of study

In light of the increases over time, especially in full-time enrolments, it is relevant to look at specific disciplines to see where these increases are concentrated.

We look first at full-time Master’s enrolments. As we have seen, there have been some substantial increases in full-time Master’s enrolments, especially since 1999. One would expect that this increase has not been uniform across main fields of study. This expectation is confirmed by the results in Figure 1.13.

There are notable increases in the number of full-time Master’s enrolments in five main fields of study:

1) Business, Management, and Public Administration (from 7,401 in 1992 to 16,686 in 2012),

2) Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (from 6,057 to 13,683),

3) Social and Behavioural Sciences and Law (from 6,447 to 12,561),

4) Health and Related Fields (from 3,114 to 12,018), and

5) Physical and Life Sciences and Technologies (from 4,725 to 8,844).

The largest rate of increase is in Health and Related Fields, with an almost fourfold increase over the twenty year period from 1992 to 2012. The numbers in Physical and Life Sciences and Technologies seem to taper off from 2010 to 2012.

In data not shown we find that the provinces for which there are increases overall in Master’s enrolments (Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta) are the provinces for the increase in enrolments mirror the increases by main field of study at the Canada level. That is, the increases in these fields of study are the increases that generate the provincial differences evident in Figure 1.7.



Figure 1.13 – Numbers of full-time Master’s enrolments by main field of study

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Business, Management &Public Administration

Architecture, Engineering& Related Technologies

Social & BehaviouralSciences & Law

Health & Related Fields

Physical & Life Sciences& Technologies

Education

Humanities

Mathematics, Computer& Information Sciences

Agriculture, NaturalResources, Conservation

Visual & Performing Arts& Communications Tech.

Other

Personal, Protective &Transportation Services





Next are presented the same patterns for doctoral enrolments. Earlier, Figure 1.1 showed that full-time doctoral enrolments increased over time but, predictably, the numbers are lower and the numerical increases lower than those for full-time Master’s students. Figure 1.14 documents that there are increases over time in full-time doctoral enrolments in just a few main fields of study, as was the case for full-time Master’s enrolments. For doctoral enrolments, the patterns are somewhat different than was true for Master’s, however there are numerical increases in some of the same main fields of study.

The fields with the largest increases over time in full-time doctoral enrolments are:

1) Physical and Life Sciences and Technologies (from 5,001 in 1992 to 10,128 in 2012),

2) Social and Behavioural Sciences and Law (from 3,792 to 9,864),

3) Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (from 3,273 to 8,883), and to a lesser extent

4) Humanities (from 3,306 to 4,848).

But note that Business, Management, and Public Administration, which shows the highest levels of Master’s enrolments in all years since 1995, has little presence in the doctoral enrolments. Health and Related Fields also have much lower concentrations than other fields in the doctoral than in Master’s level enrolments.



Figure 1.14 - Numbers of full-time doctoral enrolments by main field of study

0

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Physical & Life Sciences& Technologies


Architecture, Engineering& Related Technologies

Humanities


Mathematics, Computer& Information Sciences

Education


Agriculture, NaturalResources, Conservation

Visual & Performing Arts& Communications Tech.

Other






The picture changes somewhat if we look at how the main fields of study rank in terms of change, since 1992 and since 2002. The main fields of study are ranked in Table 1.9 (Master’s enrolments) and Table 1.10 (doctoral enrolments) by the percent change over the relevant time period (columns 5 and 8). Columns 4 and 7 show that those with the largest numerical increase, are not necessarily those with the largest percentage increase, reflecting the impact on percentage change of a smaller enrolment at the start of the relevant time period.



Table 1.9 – Change in full-time Master’s enrolments in main fields of study, 1992-2012 and 2002-2012, numbers and percent change, ranked by percent change: a. 1992- 2012, b. 2002-2012a. Full-time Master’s enrolments ranked by % change 1992-2012

Number 1992

Number 2002

Number 2012 Change

1992-2012% change 1992-2012

b. Full-time Master’s enrolments ranked by % change 2002-2012

Change 2002-2012

% change 2002-2012

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total Canada 40,989 55,638 85,674 44,685 109.0 Total Canada 30,036 54.0

Other 117 297 624 507 433.3 Health and Related Fields 7,251 152.1

Health and Related Fields 3,114 4,767 12,018 8,904 285.9 Other 327 110.1Personal, Protective and Transportation Services 39 57 117 78 200.0

Personal, Protective and Transportation Services 60 105.3

Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies 1,164 1,494 2,685 1,521 130.7

Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies 1,191 79.7

Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies 6,057 9,090 13,683 7,626 125.9

Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law 4,626 58.3

Business, Management and Public Administration 7,401 11,085 16,686 9,285 125.5

Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies 4,593 50.5

Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences 2,352 3,894 5,064 2,712 115.3

Business, Management and Public Administration 5,601 50.5

Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law 6,447 7,935 12,561 6,114 94.8 Education 1,713 50.0Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation 1,638 2,166 3,180 1,542 94.1

Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation 1,014 46.8

Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies 4,725 7,029 8,844 4,119 87.2

Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences 1,170 30.0

Education 3,492 3,423 5,136 1,644 47.1Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies 1,815 25.8

Humanities 4,440 4,401 5,079 639 14.4 Humanities 678 15.4Source: Statistics Canada

For Master’s enrolments the largest numerical increases were in Business, Management and Public Administration, Health and Related Fields, and Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies, regardless of whether one is looking at changes from 1992-



2012 or only those from 2002-2012. However, note the large percentage increase in Health and Related Fields (152% from 2002-2012 and 286% from 1992-2012), and Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies (131% increase from 1992-2012).3

It is also relevant to compare the percentage increase in the different fields of study with the percentage increase in full-time Master’s enrolments of Canada as a whole. See the top line of figures in Table 1.9. Canadian full-time Master’s enrolments increased 54% between 2002 and 2012, and 109% between 1992 and 2012.

The increases in Master’s level enrolments in Business, Management and Public Administration, from 1992 to 2012, hold for both females and males (detailed data not shown). For Health and Related Fields, and Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies it is primarily females driving the increase over time.

3 There is also a large percentage increase in “other” for both Master’s and doctoral enrolments but that is hard to interpret without having more detail on the fields of study included in this category.



Table 1.10 - Change in full-time doctoral enrolments in main fields of study, 1992-2012 and 2002-2012, numbers and percent change, ranked by percent change: a. 1992- 2012, b. 2002-2012a. Full-time doctoral enrolments ranked by % change 1992-2012

Number 1992

Number 2002

Number 2012

Change 1992-2012

% change 1992-2012

b. Full-time doctoral enrolments ranked by % change 2002-2012

Change 2002-2012

% change 2002-2012

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total Canada 20,910 26,595 48,006 27,096 129.6 Total Canada 21,411 80.5Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies 237 468 1,224 987 416.5 Other 351 201.7

Other 117 174 525 408 348.7Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies 756 161.5

Health and Related Fields 1,101 1,692 3,696 2,595 235.7Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies 5,253 144.7

Business, Management and Public Administration 546 1,041 1,767 1,221 223.6 Health and Related Fields 2,004 118.4Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies 3,273 3,630 8,883 5,610 171.4

Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences 1,326 88.9

Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law 3,792 5,433 9,864 6,072 160.1

Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation 711 85.3

Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences 1,146 1,491 2,817 1,671 145.8

Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law 4,431 81.6

Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies 5,001 6,210 10,128 5,127 102.5

Business, Management and Public Administration 726 69.7

Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation 768 834 1,545 777 101.2

Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies 3,918 63.1

Education 1,605 2,142 2,694 1,089 67.9 Humanities 1,395 40.4

Humanities 3,306 3,453 4,848 1,542 46.6 Education 552 25.8Personal, Protective and Transportation Services 18 30 15 -3 -16.7

Personal, Protective and Transportation Services -15 -50.0


The largest numerical increases in doctoral enrolments are in Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law, Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies, Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies, and Health and Related Fields, regardless of the time period being considered (see Table 1.10). Note that Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies had relatively large numerical increases over the time frames examined for both Master’s and doctoral enrolments.

At the doctoral level there are particularly large percentage increases for Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies (417% increase from 1992-2012; 162% increase from 2002-2012), for Health and Related Fields (236% increase from



1992-2012; 118% increase from 2002-2012) and for Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (171% increase from 1992-2012 and 145% increase from 2002-2012). These percentage increases are particularly large over the longer time period (1992-2012, column 2).

Table 1.10 also shows the comparable increases in full-time doctoral enrolments for Canada as a whole: 81% from 2002-2012, and 130% from 1992 to 2012.

In terms of gender differences, there is a major increase in the number of females, moreso than for males, in full-time doctoral programs in Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (detailed data not shown). Both males and females have increased their numbers in the full-time doctoral programs in Health and Related Fields, Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies.

Looking at more detailed provincial data (not shown), as was true for the Master’s level enrolments, the increases in those at the doctoral level by main field of study for Canada as a whole reflect increases in enrolments in these main fields of study in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta. In other words, the overall provincial differences evident in Figure 1.9 are differences driven by the increases in the main fields of study in Figure 1.14. That is, the provincial increases from 1992-2012 reflect increases over that time period in doctoral enrolments in 1) Physical and Life Sciences and Technologies, 2) Social and Behavioural Sciences and Law, 3) Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies, and to a lesser extent 4) Humanities.

1.11 Full-time enrolments by Detailed field of study

The next two tables give the number enrolled by Detailed fields of study 1992, 2002, and 2012, the changes in those time periods, and the percent change 1992-2012. The table presents the data in descending order by the size of the percent change 1992-2012. Again, it is important to keep in mind that the numbers in any category reflect the classification system used. The numbers would increase if some sub-fields were combined; they would decrease if some sub-fields were disaggregated.

With that caveat in mind, Table 1.11 shows the dramatic increase in Muti-disciplinary/inter-disciplinary studies from 1992-2012, from 105 enrolments to 1,854 in 2012, an increase of 1,666%! On the other hand, there was essentially no increase in those enrolled in a Master’s program in Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics, Philosophy and religion, or English language and literature/letters.



Table 1.11 – Full-time Master’s enrolments, 1992, 2002, 2012 by detailed field of study, Canada, ranked by percent change 1992-2012

Year

Number enrolled 1992



Change 1992 to 2002

Change 2002 to 2012

Change 1992 to 2012

% change 1992-2012

Multi/interdisciplinary studies 105 657 1,854 552 1,197 1,749 1,665.7Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities 18 27 156 9 129 138 766.7Other instructional program 36 111 237 75 126 201 558.3Health professions and related clinical sciences 1,926 3,555 10,683 1,629 7,128 8,757 454.7Communication, journalism, and related programs 381 546 1,266 165 720 885 232.3Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies 207 324 684 117 360 477 230.4Computer and information sciences and support services 1,014 2,319 2,850 1,305 531 1,836 181.1Public administration and services 1,560 1,893 3,915 333 2,022 2,355 151.0Architecture and related services 1,053 1,764 2,550 711 786 1,497 142.2Psychology 1,089 1,476 2,571 387 1,095 1,482 136.1Law, legal services, and legal studies 396 621 918 225 297 522 131.8Visual and performing arts 1,164 1,494 2,637 330 1,143 1,473 126.5Engineering 5,004 7,347 10,968 2,343 3,621 5,964 119.2Business, management, marketing, and related support services 5,838 9,231 12,771 3,393 3,540 6,933 118.8Natural resources and conservation 957 1,470 2,091 513 621 1,134 118.5Mathematics and statistics 570 759 1,152 189 393 582 102.1Biological and biomedical sciences 2,883 4,596 5,649 1,713 1,053 2,766 95.9Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies 681 747 1,308 66 561 627 92.1Agriculture, agricultural operations, and related sciences 678 672 1,089 -6 417 411 60.6Physical sciences 1,830 2,184 2,904 354 720 1,074 58.7Education 3,492 3,420 5,136 -72 1,716 1,644 47.1Social sciences 4,071 4,473 5,784 402 1,311 1,713 42.1French language and literature/letters 492 576 669 84 93 177 36.0Family and consumer sciences/human sciences 306 285 387 -21 102 81 26.5Library science 774 741 933 -33 192 159 20.5Theological studies and religious vocations 384 570 459 186 -111 75 19.5History 885 930 1,020 45 90 135 15.3Military technologies 24 39 27 15 -12 3 12.5Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics 774 726 813 -48 87 39 5.0Philosophy and religion 840 726 867 -114 141 27 3.2English language and literature/letters 1,041 876 1,002 -165 126 -39 -3.7Transportation and materials moving services 12 18 0 6 -18 -12 -100.0




Table 1.12 - Full-time doctoral enrolments, 1992, 2002, 2012 by detailed field of study, Canada, ranked by percent change 1992-2012

Year




Change 1992 to 2002

Change 2002 to 2012

Change 1992 to 2012

% change 1992-2012

Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies 33 135 414 102 279 381 1,154.5Multi/interdisciplinary studies 123 408 1,056 285 648 933 758.5Public administration and services 66 249 522 183 273 456 690.9Law, legal services, and legal studies 78 237 540 159 303 462 592.3Health professions and related clinical sciences 480 1,143 3,126 663 1,983 2,646 551.3Visual and performing arts 237 468 1,218 231 750 981 413.9Natural resources and conservation 216 432 900 216 468 684 316.7Other instructional program 18 15 75 -3 60 57 316.7Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities 36 42 147 6 105 111 308.3Communication, journalism, and related programs 93 159 366 66 207 273 293.5Theological studies and religious vocations 135 321 522 186 201 387 286.7Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies 159 246 570 87 324 411 258.5Computer and information sciences and support services 498 786 1,581 288 795 1,083 217.5Architecture and related services 81 126 246 45 120 165 203.7Psychology 1,326 2,106 3,858 780 1,752 2,532 191.0Engineering 3,195 3,516 8,562 321 5,046 5,367 168.0Business, management, marketing, and related support services 477 789 1,245 312 456 768 161.0Library science 27 63 69 36 6 42 155.6Biological and biomedical sciences 2,592 3,801 6,060 1,209 2,259 3,468 133.8Social sciences 2,175 2,610 4,278 435 1,668 2,103 96.7Mathematics and statistics 618 624 1,167 6 543 549 88.8Education 1,605 2,172 2,694 567 522 1,089 67.9Physical sciences 2,400 2,202 3,918 -198 1,716 1,518 63.3History 621 621 984 0 363 363 58.5Philosophy and religion 732 750 1,011 18 261 279 38.1French language and literature/letters 327 360 441 33 81 114 34.9Agriculture, agricultural operations, and related sciences 552 405 642 -147 237 90 16.3English language and literature/letters 750 639 870 -111 231 120 16.0Family and consumer sciences/human sciences 90 120 99 30 -21 9 10.0Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics 693 720 723 27 3 30 4.3



Military technologies 0 6 15 6 9 15 0.0Transportation and materials moving services 18 21 0 3 -21 -18 -100.0Source: Statistics Canada

Table 1.12 shows the equivalent figures for doctoral enrolments over the twenty year time period. Here we see a large percentage increase in Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies (over 1,000% increase). Again, there are large percentage increases in enrolments in Multi-disciplinary/inter-disciplinary studies, and in Public administration and services.

1.12 Full-time graduate enrolments by International student status

Of interest to many universities are patterns in the enrolment of international students. Table 1.13 gives the number of full-time enrolments from 1992 to 2012, as well as the percent that international enrolments are of the total. On the one hand, we see that there is a fairly consistent increase over time in the number of international students enrolled at the Master’s level and at the doctoral level. In 1992, 16% of Master’s enrolments were international students. This percentage decreased slightly until 1998, when it started increasing again. By 2012, 23% of full-time Master’s enrolments were international students.



Table 1.13 – Number and percent of Master’s and doctoral full-time enrolments which are international students, Canada, 1992-2012

Year

Total full-time Master’s enrolments

Full-time Canadian & permanent residents

Full-time International enrolments

Percent Master’s

InternationalTotal full-time doctoral enrolments

Full-time Canadian & permanent residents

Full-time International enrolments

Percent doctoral

International

1992 40,989 34,575 6,414 15.6 20,910 15,171 5,739 27.41993 42,156 36,222 5,934 14.1 22,122 15,978 6,144 27.81994 41,700 36,531 5,169 12.4 22,665 16,851 5,814 25.71995 41,223 36,588 4,635 11.2 22,764 17,499 5,265 23.11996 41,583 36,777 4,806 11.6 22,758 17,772 4,986 21.91997 42,189 37,308 4,881 11.6 22,722 18,165 4,557 20.11998 44,796 39,597 5,199 11.6 23,724 19,161 4,563 19.21999 46,935 40,965 5,970 12.7 23,676 19,332 4,344 18.32000 47,760 41,229 6,531 13.7 23,727 19,311 4,416 18.62001 50,574 43,368 7,206 14.2 24,621 19,905 4,716 19.22002 55,638 47,355 8,283 14.9 26,595 21,126 5,469 20.62003 60,297 50,616 9,681 16.1 29,874 23,193 6,681 22.42004 63,591 52,938 10,653 16.8 32,511 25,179 7,332 22.62005 64,875 53,646 11,229 17.3 34,455 26,730 7,725 22.42006 66,966 55,617 11,349 16.9 36,723 29,010 7,713 21.02007 71,034 59,646 11,388 16.0 38,601 30,546 8,055 20.92008 73,494 61,629 11,865 16.1 40,260 31,620 8,640 21.52009 77,484 63,795 13,689 17.7 43,158 33,057 10,101 23.42010 80,715 65,151 15,564 19.3 45,102 33,933 11,169 24.82011 83,313 65,913 17,400 20.9 46,782 34,134 12,648 27.02012 85,674 66,075 19,599 22.9 48,006 34,239 13,767 28.7Source: Statistics Canada

On the other hand, as Table 1.13 shows, the numeric increases in total Master’s enrolments are larger than those for full-time international enrolments.

Nevertheless, since 2008, the increase in total enrolments reflects an increase in all enrolments, but the increase has been greater for international (11,865 to 19,599, an increase of over 8,000) than for Canadian students and permanent residents (61,629 to 66,075, an increase of less than 5,000).



Figure 1.15 – Full-time Master’s enrolments, by international student status, Canada, 1992-2012

0

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20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

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90,000

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Total

Canadian residents (citizens plus landed immigrants)

International students



There is a similar pattern in the full-time doctoral enrolments. Note the slight decrease in the numbers and the percent international from 1992 to 1999. After that date, there is a fairly consistent increase in the number of international students among the full-time doctoral enrolments. By 2012, 29% of these enrolments were international students. (See right hand column of Table 1.13.) We saw



that the percentage of international Masters enrolments increased from 16% in 1992 to 23% in 2012. During this same time period, the percentage of international students in doctoral programs was about the same in 1992 (27%) and 2012 (29%), with some important variations across the years.

Note that, for all years, there is a higher percentage of international students among the doctoral than the Master’s level enrolments.

As Figure 1.16 shows, the numeric increase for all full-time doctoral enrolments is larger than for international enrolments, as was true for full-time Master’s enrolments. However, in both Master’s and doctoral enrolments, the increase from 2008 to 2012 in total Master’s and doctoral enrolments reflects a particular increase in enrolments of international students. The increase in Canadian enrolments levels off in the last few years.



Figure 1.16 – Full-time doctoral enrolments, by international student status, Canada, 1992-2012

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

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1992

1993

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2007

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2012

Total







1.13 Full-time enrolments by International student status, Gender, Province and Main field of study

Table 1.14 - Full-time Master’s and doctoral enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by gender, 1992, 2002, 2012

Year 1992 2002 2012

Master's degree

Total enrolments

International enrolments

Percentage international

Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Male 22,068 4,203 19.0 27,087 4,776 17.6 39,084 11,160 28.6

Female 18,921 2,208 11.7 28,551 3,507 12.3 46,572 8,433 18.1

DoctoratesTotal enrolments



Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Male 13,605 4,431 32.6 14,445 3,516 24.3 25,329 8,571 33.8

Female 7,308 1,305 17.9 12,150 1,956 16.1 22,671 5,187 22.9


Table 1.14 shows the pattern of international enrollments by gender, for the years 1992, 2002 and 2012. One thing to note is that there is a higher percentage of international enrolments for male as compared to female students in all three reported years (1992, 2002 and 2012) for both Master’s and doctoral enrolments. This pattern, in fact, holds for all years from 1992 to 2012 (detailed data not shown).

As we saw in Table 1.13, the percentage of full-time Master’s enrolments that were international students was 16% in 1992, 15% in 2002 and 23% in 2012. Table 1.15 shows how the number and percentage of international enrolments varies across the provinces in these three years, with the provinces ordered by the percent international in 2012.

In 2012, the largest number of international Master’s enrolments was in Ontario (6,516). However, the provinces with the largest percentage of international Master’s enrolments were: Newfoundland and Labrador (39%), New Brunswick (34%) and Saskatchewan (34%). Note that Ontario, despite having the largest number of full-time international Master’s enrolments, has one of the lowest percentages of their students being international students. Ontario is one of the few provinces with a lower percentage of international students among the full-time Master’s enrolments than is true for Canada as a whole. That is, the weight of Ontario’s enrolments has a dramatic effect on the percentage international for the total full-time Master’s enrolments in Canada.



Table 1.15 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by province, 1992, 2002, 2012, ranked by percent international, 2012

Year 1992 2002 2012

Province Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total Canada 40,989 6,414 15.6 55,638 8,283 14.9 85,674 19,599 22.9Newfoundland and Labrador 519 138 26.6 771 138 17.9 1,347 522 38.8New Brunswick 777 186 23.9 948 186 19.6 942 324 34.4Saskatchewan 1,164 333 28.6 1,326 294 22.2 2,523 852 33.8Nova Scotia 1,563 285 18.2 2,046 372 18.2 2,889 849 29.4British Columbia 5,631 939 16.7 7,893 1,107 14.0 11,379 3,144 27.6Alberta 3,045 477 15.7 4,362 669 15.3 7,281 1,791 24.6Manitoba 1,449 225 15.5 1,215 180 14.8 1,971 465 23.6Quebec 12,372 1,758 14.2 17,199 2,724 15.8 23,718 5,118 21.6Ontario 14,448 2,067 14.3 19,839 2,610 13.2 33,393 6,516 19.5Prince Edward Island 24 6 25.0 39 3 7.7 231 18 7.8


Table 1.16 presents the equivalent information on international enrolments by province, for full-time doctoral enrolments, with the provinces ordered by the percent international in 2012.

In 2012, Quebec has the largest number of international enrolments (4,284). The provinces with the largest percentage of doctoral enrolments which are international in 2012 are Newfoundland and Labrador (45%), Prince Edward Island (44%, based on very few enrolments), Saskatchewan (43%) and Alberta (39%).

As was true for Master’s level enrolments, Ontario has a large number of international doctoral enrolments (2,037 in 1992; 1,977 in 2002; 3,993 in 2012). Again it has some the lowest percentage of international enrolments. Only Ontario, and Nova Scotia (in 2012) have a lower percentage of international enrolments among full-time doctoral students that does Canada as a whole.



Table 1.16 - Full-time doctoral enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by province, 1992, 2002, 2012,ranked by percent international, 2012

Year 1992 2002 2012

Province Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total Canada 20,910 5,739 27.4 26,595 5,469 20.6 48,006 13,767 28.7Newfoundland and Labrador 147 63 42.9 249 78 31.3 501 225 44.9Prince Edward Island 0 0 0.0 21 9 42.8 48 21 43.8Saskatchewan 387 156 40.3 453 144 31.8 1,128 489 43.4Alberta 1,887 576 30.5 2,490 603 24.2 4,854 1,896 39.1British Columbia 2,922 906 31.0 3,288 681 20.7 5,859 2,193 37.4New Brunswick 237 114 48.1 261 66 25.3 462 162 35.1Manitoba 588 186 31.6 474 99 20.9 963 327 34.0Quebec 5,505 1,551 28.2 8,193 1,704 20.8 14,577 4,284 29.4Nova Scotia 420 153 36.4 456 105 23.0 753 174 23.1Ontario 8,820 2,037 23.1 10,716 1,977 18.4 18,861 3,993 21.2


The last aspect of international enrolments that will be examined is the concentration of international enrolments in particular fields of study. As we see in Table 1.17 the main fields of study with the highest concentration of international enrolments in 2012 (and 1992 and 2002) are Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences (44% in 2012) and Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (43% in 2012). The main fields of study with the lowest concentration of international enrolments varies by year, but in 2012 were Personal, Protective and Transportation Services (3% international in 2012) and Health and Related Fields (8% international in 2012).



Table 1.17 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by main field of study, 1992, 2002, 2012, ranked by percentage international in 2012

Year 1992 2002 2012Main field of study, ranked by percentage international in 2012

Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total - All fields of study, Canada 40,989 6,414 15.6 55,638 8,283 14.9 85,674 19,599 22.9Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences 2,352 615 26.1 3,894 759 19.5 5,064 2,229 44.0Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies 6,057 1,557 25.7 9,090 1,938 21.3 13,683 5,829 42.6Business, Management and Public Administration 7,401 747 10.1 11,085 1,695 15.3 16,686 4,467 26.8Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation 1,638 393 24.0 2,166 318 14.7 3,180 747 23.5Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies 4,725 894 18.9 7,029 957 13.6 8,844 1,779 20.1Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law 6,447 912 14.1 7,935 1,263 15.9 12,561 2,010 16.0Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies 1,164 99 8.5 1,494 165 11.0 2,685 426 15.9Other 117 6 5.1 297 24 8.1 624 90 14.4Education 3,492 324 9.3 3,423 282 8.2 5,136 555 10.8Humanities 4,440 495 11.1 4,401 489 11.1 5,079 534 10.5Health and Related Fields 3,114 375 12.0 4,767 393 8.2 12,018 924 7.7Personal, Protective & Transportation Services 39 3 7.7 57 6 10.5 117 3 2.6


Table 1.18 shows the equivalent figures for doctoral enrolments by international student status, for 1992, 2002 and 2012. Again we see high concentrations of international enrolments in Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies (47% in 2012) and Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences (43% in 2012), as well as Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation (43% international enrolments in 2012). Lower concentrations of international enrolments are found in Education (13% in 2012), Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law (17% in 2012) and “Other” (15% in 2012).



Table 1.18 – Full-time doctoral enrolments by number and percent of international enrolments, by main field of study, 1992, 2002, 2012, ranked by percentage international in 2012

Year 1992 2002 2012Main field of study, ranked by percentage international in 2012

Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total enrolments



Total - All fields of study, Canada 20,910 5,739 27.4 26,595 5,469 20.6 48,006 13,767 28.7Architecture, Engineering and Related Technologies 3,273 1,557 47.6 3,630 1,179 32.5 8,883 4,131 46.5Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences 1,146 450 39.3 1,491 495 33.2 2,817 1,215 43.1Agriculture, Natural Resources and Conservation 768 348 45.3 834 234 28.1 1,545 663 42.9Physical and Life Sciences, and Technologies 5,001 1,296 25.9 6,210 1,182 19.0 10,128 3,279 32.4Business, Management and Public Administration 546 132 24.2 1,041 261 25.1 1,767 429 24.3Visual and Performing Arts, and Communications Technologies 237 27 11.4 468 63 13.5 1,224 273 22.3Personal, Protective and Transportation Services 18 3 16.7 30 9 30.0 15 3 20.0Humanities 3,306 609 18.4 3,453 633 18.3 4,848 966 19.9Health and Related Fields 1,101 249 22.6 1,692 240 14.2 3,696 726 19.6Social and Behavioural Sciences, and Law 3,792 786 20.7 5,433 912 16.8 9,864 1,659 16.8Other 117 18 15.4 174 15 8.6 525 78 14.9Education 1,605 255 15.9 2,142 243 11.3 2,694 345 12.8




1.14 Full-time enrolments by Age grouping

We have seen that, overall, full-time graduate enrolments have been increasing since 1992. Has the age distribution changed?

Figure 1.17 – Full-time Master’s enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

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35,000

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Less than 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 and over

Number of full-time Master's enrolments




Figure 1.17 shows that students are enrolling in full-time Master’s programs at a younger age. That is, there is an greater increase in the number of enrolments for the 25-29 year old age group (from 15,099 in 1992 to 31,026 in 2012), and for the under 25 year old age group (from 11,310 in 1992 to 30,552 in 2012). See details in Table 1.19.

Table 1.19 – Full time Master’s enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012

YearTotal

numberLess than 24 years

25-29 years

30-34 years

35 years and over

1992 40,989 11,310 15,099 6,645 7,8781993 42,156 12,054 15,171 6,672 8,2051994 41,700 12,393 15,216 6,450 7,5811995 41,223 11,976 15,429 6,216 7,5121996 41,583 12,243 15,444 6,282 7,5151997 42,189 12,243 15,672 6,291 7,8181998 44,796 13,203 16,503 6,552 8,4601999 46,935 13,860 17,541 6,699 8,5922000 47,760 13,983 17,604 7,092 8,8112001 50,574 14,490 18,855 7,791 9,0512002 55,638 15,762 20,601 9,048 9,8162003 60,297 17,223 22,521 9,702 10,3742004 63,591 18,384 23,730 9,756 11,3792005 64,875 18,513 24,294 9,849 11,9132006 66,966 19,872 24,990 9,783 12,0512007 71,034 22,482 25,785 9,867 12,6752008 73,494 23,943 26,643 9,810 12,9872009 77,484 25,992 28,815 10,005 12,6602010 80,715 27,909 29,763 10,506 12,5132011 83,313 28,881 30,333 11,001 13,0352012 85,674 30,552 31,026 10,965 13,122




Figure 1.18 – Full-time doctoral enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012

0

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20,000

25,000

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1993

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2012

Less than 2525 to 2930 to 3435 and over

Number of full-time doctoral enrolments


The trend over time is less clear for full-time doctoral enrolments. Here there is an increase in all age categories, with the largest numeric increase being for the 25-29 year old age group (see Figure 1.18 and Table 1.20). In recent years (since 2003), all age groups show an increase in doctoral enrolments.



Table 1.20– Full time doctoral enrolments by age groups, 1992-2012

YearTotal

numberLess than 24 years

25-29 years

30-34 years

35 years and over

1992 20,910 837 7,764 6,096 6,2011993 22,122 906 7,791 6,765 6,6541994 22,665 888 7,755 7,047 6,9661995 22,764 882 7,830 6,891 7,1521996 22,758 882 7,887 6,795 7,1911997 22,722 855 8,022 6,414 7,4251998 23,724 1,029 8,226 6,420 8,0341999 23,676 1,077 8,484 6,318 7,7582000 23,727 1,110 8,757 6,255 7,5872001 24,621 1,119 9,225 6,426 7,8242002 26,595 1,239 10,242 6,954 8,1332003 29,874 1,410 11,706 7,869 8,8562004 32,511 1,473 13,104 8,493 9,4142005 34,455 1,464 14,091 9,099 9,7892006 36,723 1,467 14,907 9,834 10,5002007 38,601 1,584 15,627 10,359 11,0132008 40,260 1,845 16,176 10,914 11,3102009 43,158 2,283 17,349 11,658 11,8622010 45,102 2,424 18,402 12,162 12,1142011 46,782 2,538 19,047 12,696 12,4772012 48,006 2,514 19,593 13,278 12,621




1.15 Age projections and full-time enrolments relative to population

There are a number of factors that will affect enrolment in graduate programs in the future. One factor is demographic: the size of the age group from which these students are drawn. This next section addresses this demographic issue by providing two types of data. One is the projected trends into the future of the population of Canadian residents within the age groups of potential students.4 The second presents the levels and trends over the years 1992-2012, in the share of the population of graduate students at the Canada level, within these age groups.

First to consider is which of the age groups under consideration is projected to increase, which stay the same and which decrease into the future, according to various projection scenarios.

These projections are based on three different growth scenarios: low growth, medium growth and high growth. See http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/2014001/tbl/tbl1.1-eng.htm for details of assumptions and calculations.

Table 1.21 – Assumptions for growth projections, Canada

Low growth Medium growth High growth

Fertility 1.53 1.67 1.88

Immigration/ per 1,000

5 7.5 9

Life expectancy at birth - male

86 87.6 89.9

Life expectancy at birth - female

87.3 89.2 91.9

Non-permanent residents

733,800 864,600 1,144,300

Emigration/per 1,000 1.9 2.2 2.5

4 These projections can be found at: http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0520005&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid=, Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 052-0005.


http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/2014001/tbl/tbl1.1-eng.htm


Figure 1.19 – Projection of level of population in specific age groups, Canada, 2013-2037



What these graphs show is the expected growth patterns of four age groups, in Canada, under the assumptions of low, medium or high growth.

Looking at the first chart, above, for 22-24 year olds, it is clear that the numbers in this group are expected to decline in the next few years. Whether this decline starts in 2016, 2018 or 2020 depends on the growth assumptions. The projections suggest that the number in this age group will not return to 2012 levels before 2028, even assuming high growth. This recovery is not expected to occur until 2030 if medium growth assumptions are correct. If low growth projections are more accurate, this age group will not rebound to more than 95% of 2012 levels in the foreseeable future.

For the group 25-29 years of age, there is a similar pattern, although there is a projection of growth in this age cohort for the next few years. Then there will be a decline starting in about 2020 and continuing to 2030, followed by an increase. However, only under low growth assumptions is there an expectation that this age group will have fewer numbers than was true in 2012.

The projections are more positive for the next oldest age group: 30-34 years of age. In Canada, this age group is expected to increase moderately until about 2026, and then decrease for about eight years. As was true for the 25-29 year old age group, the numbers of 30-34 year olds are expected to increase, except under low growth assumptions.

The oldest age being considered here (35-49 years of age) is projected to increase under all growth assumptions. Only under low growth assumptions is a down turn expected, and that not until about 2031. Even then, the projected numbers are higher than those evident in 2012.

So, in the next ten years, the youngest age group is expected to hold its own or decline slightly, while the other age groups will increase. The youngest group (aged 22-24) will start to decline in about five years’ time.

These demographic trends will undoubtedly have repercussions for potential recruits to undergraduate programs. But, what implications might these projected demographic trends have on expected enrolments in graduate programs? In order to answer this question, one needs to consider the share of the population subgroups that tend to enroll as graduate students.. Master’s level programs are likely to be more directed affected than doctoral ones, since many if not most doctoral programs require a Master’s level degree (or equivalent) for entry.



Figure 1.20 – Number of full-time Master’s enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, Canada, 1992-2012

0

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6

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22

1992

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2011

2012

22 - 24

25 - 29

30 - 34

35 - 49

Canada:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


Figure 1.20 shows data parallel to that for Figure 1.17 (Master’s enrolments by age group), here shown as enrolment per 1,000 population for each age group. While in Figure 1.17 the highest number of Master’s enrolments were from the twenty-five to twenty-nine year old age groups, Figure 1.20 shows a somewhat different picture. Here, the 22 to 24 year olds show the highest proportion per 1,000 population. That is, a higher proportion of 22-24 year olds than the older age groups are enrolled in Master’s level programs.

Students in this and the next oldest age group (25-29 year olds) have been increasing, in absolute numbers and proportionately to

the population in their age group, over the last two decades. This increase has been more pronounced since the year 2000.

We saw, above, that the age group that is projected to decline and decline soonest when we look into the future, is exactly this 22-24 year old age group. There is also a projected decline in the 25-29 year old age group that is likely to happen after a few years of increase.

In other words, there will likely be demographic pressure working against increases in Master’s level enrolments in the next few years. The two age groups most heavily represented in current and recent Master’s level enrolments are facing likely declines. Universities may need to recruit more heavily outside these age groups and/or increase international enrolments in order to increase, or possibly even to maintain their current levels of Master’s enrolments.

The next set of tables parallel Figure 1.20 for each of the provinces. (Keep in mind the early caveat about changes at particular universities affecting provincial totals.)

Not surprisingly, the pattern of higher numbers of Master’s students per 1,000 population for the two youngest age groups holds for all provinces. With some minor variations, the 22-24 year old is the age group with the largest concentration of Master’s enrolments, followed closely by the 25-29 year old age group.

Note the figures for Ontario and Quebec. We saw earlier (Figure 1.7) that much of the increase in Master’s enrolments since 1992 has been driven by increases in these enrolments in Ontario and Quebec.

In the charts below we see that in these provinces the enrolment rate increased faster in the two youngest age groups. In Ontario,



the increase in enrolment rates is especially large in the 22-24 year old age group.

In other words, the projected declines in the population in two age groups over the next several years is likely to hit these two provinces (and perhaps Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan and British Columbia) particularly hard, assuming the Canada level projections apply to all provinces. In fact, the age projections vary considerably across the different provinces. 5

5 One can obtain province level projections, by age, from the CANSIM table listed above (052-0005).



Figure 1.21 - Number of full-time Master’s enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, by province, 1992-2012

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2011

2012

22 - 24

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35 - 49

Newfoundland and Labrador:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


0

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8

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16

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Prince Edward Island:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


0

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8

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12

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28

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32

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Nova Scotia:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population




0

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New Brunswick:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


Figure 1.21, continued

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Quebec:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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Ontario:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population




0

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Manitoba:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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Saskatchewan:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


Figure 1.21, continued

0

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Alberta:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population


0

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British Columbia:Number of full-time Master's enrolmentsper 1,000 population




Not surprisingly, doctoral enrolments are drawn from somewhat older age groups. This was evident in the absolute numbers presented in Figure 1.18. It is repeated in the graph of enrolments per 1,000 population for Canada, in Figure 1.22, below.

There has been little increase over the last two decades in the representation of those 30-34 or 35 and over among doctoral enrolments. The largest increase, numerically and proportionately, is for the 25-29 year old age group. There is also an important increase in the 30-34 year old age group.

These same two age groups (25-29 and 30-34) are the highest in all the provinces for doctoral enrolments, especially Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba and Alberta. They have also increased the most over the last two decades in all the provinces.

As we saw in the discussion, above, of the projections and of Master’s enrolments, the 25-29 year old age group is projected to increase until about 2020 and then decline. This is the age group that most highly represented in doctoral enrolments. The projection for the 30-34 year old age group is more positive. It is expected to increase and not decline until about 2030. To the extent that age demographics influence enrolments, this expected shift could have an impact on doctoral numbers in the future.



Figure 1.22 - Number of full-time doctoral enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, Canada, 1992-2012

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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22 - 24

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Canada:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


Figure 1.23 - Number of full-time doctoral enrolments per 1,000 population, by age groups, by province, 1992-2012

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Newfoundland and Labrador:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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Prince Edward Island:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population




Figure 1.23 continued

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Nova Scotia:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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New Brunswick:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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Quebec:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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Ontario:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population




Figure 1.23 continued

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Manitoba:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


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Saskatchewan:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


0

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8

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Alberta:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population


0

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8

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British Columbia:Number of full-time doctoral enrolmentsper 1,000 population




.

1.16 Full-time enrolments by Age and Gender

We saw in Table 1.7 that the percent female in graduate enrolments has increased over time. Table 1.22 shows that this increase holds for both Master’s and doctoral full-time enrolments and for all age categories. There are somewhat lower increases in the percent female for the over 35 age group; indeed the percent female dropped slightly from 54% in 1992 to 53% in 2012 among full-time Master’s enrolments in the over 35 group.

Note that for doctoral enrolments, 50% or more of those under 25 years of age are female, from 1998 on. The oldest group, 35 years of age and over, essentially is at 50% female in 2011 and 2012. The two middle age groups (those with the highest concentrations of doctoral students) never reach gender parity for doctoral enrolments.

Table 1.22 – Percent female, full time Master’s and doctoral enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012Percent female Master's Doctoral

YearLess than 25 years 25-29 years 30-34 years

35 years and over

Less than 25 years 25-29 years 30-34 years

35 years and over

1992 47.7 42.7 42.0 54.2 37.1 33.0 30.0 42.11993 49.5 44.0 42.3 52.7 42.4 35.2 31.1 42.91994 50.8 44.5 43.4 54.3 46.3 37.3 31.6 44.51995 51.5 46.3 44.9 55.2 46.3 39.2 32.8 44.71996 52.6 47.2 44.2 54.7 47.1 40.5 34.7 45.01997 54.4 48.4 46.0 53.9 44.2 43.3 36.0 46.81998 54.6 49.8 45.5 53.4 49.9 43.6 39.3 47.91999 55.7 50.3 45.9 52.6 49.7 44.3 39.7 47.92000 56.1 51.3 44.5 51.3 51.8 45.0 40.9 48.72001 56.6 51.2 44.8 51.0 54.0 45.6 41.5 48.82002 56.6 51.0 44.2 50.8 53.9 46.3 41.5 47.22003 56.5 50.6 44.2 50.5 51.4 46.1 41.5 47.42004 57.0 51.6 45.9 49.5 51.6 46.0 41.8 47.42005 57.0 53.1 46.3 49.4 55.4 45.5 42.1 47.52006 57.7 52.8 47.7 50.6 53.3 46.0 43.0 47.92007 58.6 53.6 48.8 51.1 53.2 45.7 43.0 48.72008 59.5 53.9 49.3 50.8 54.5 46.5 43.6 48.92009 57.5 53.1 49.7 51.0 53.3 46.1 44.2 48.62010 56.8 52.6 49.4 51.5 50.3 46.7 44.5 49.22011 57.0 52.8 50.8 52.6 50.5 46.8 45.0 49.92012 57.2 52.9 52.5 53.0 50.4 46.5 45.1 49.9Source: Statistics Canada



Next we consider the age distribution of the full-time international enrolments that were presented in Table 1.13. Table 1.23 shows that the number of international students in the under 25 year old age group, and 25-29 year olds age group, both increase fairly consistently from the mid 1990s. This pattern is shown in Figure 1.24.

The under 25 year old age group increases in full-time Master’s enrolments from 1,257 in 1992 to 8,127 in 2012. The equivalent numbers for the 25 to 29 year age group are: 2,742 in 1992, increasing to 8,073 in 2012.

Table 1.23 - Number of full-time international Master’s enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012Year Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 years and over1992 1,257 2,742 1,479 9271993 1,194 2,403 1,389 9361994 1,146 2,085 1,134 7951995 1,143 1,884 942 6511996 1,215 1,986 975 6151997 1,158 2,094 930 6841998 1,266 2,184 978 7651999 1,650 2,571 978 7472000 1,884 2,715 1,080 7742001 2,037 3,108 1,122 7802002 2,481 3,534 1,248 7682003 3,048 4,086 1,386 8162004 3,276 4,293 1,542 1,3322005 3,546 4,410 1,614 1,5422006 3,774 4,521 1,557 1,4042007 3,888 4,524 1,506 1,3892008 4,107 4,842 1,503 1,3502009 5,109 5,814 1,554 1,2092010 6,012 6,633 1,749 1,1672011 6,792 7,311 1,977 1,3202012 8,127 8,073 2,031 1,371




Figure 1.24 – Number of full-time international Master’s enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,00019

92

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Less than 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 and over

Number of international studentsfull-time Master's enrolments




gives a somewhat different take on these same numbers. Here we see the percentage distribution across age groups for the full-time Master’s enrolments from 1992-2012. The percentage of 25-29 year olds has not increased among full-time international Master’s enrolments over this twenty year time period, while the percentage in the under 25 year age group has increased. The percentage of those in the two older age groups (30-34 years, and 35 years and over) has decreased among full-time international Master’s enrolments from 1992 to 2012.



Figure 1.25 – Percentage distribution of full-time international Master’s enrolments across age groups, 1992-2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

6019

92

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Less than 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 and over

Percent distribution of international studentsfull-time Master's enrolments


The equivalent information for doctoral students on international full-time enrolments by age groups is presented, below, in Figure 1.26, Figure 1.27, and Table 1.24.



Table 1.24 - Number of full-time international doctoral enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012

Year Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 years and over1992 213 2,046 1,983 1,4911993 192 2,061 2,262 1,6291994 180 1,827 2,172 1,6411995 165 1,629 1,914 1,5571996 162 1,599 1,719 1,5061997 189 1,500 1,524 1,3411998 213 1,623 1,419 1,2991999 207 1,647 1,287 1,1882000 237 1,713 1,278 1,1792001 282 1,857 1,374 1,1942002 309 2,307 1,554 1,2962003 390 3,024 1,857 1,3982004 402 3,495 1,983 1,4402005 435 3,717 2,142 1,4252006 417 3,717 2,157 1,4042007 474 3,996 2,142 1,4342008 477 4,323 2,337 1,4822009 630 5,217 2,637 1,6172010 750 5,871 2,841 1,7012011 810 6,600 3,402 1,8332012 846 7,056 3,885 1,974




Figure 1.26 - Number of full-time international doctoral enrolments, by age groups, 1992-2012

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,00019

92

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Less than 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 and over

Number of international studentsfull-time doctoral enrolments




Figure 1.27 –Percentage distribution of full-time international doctoral enrolments across age groups, 1992-2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

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2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

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2012

Less than 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 and over

Percent distribution of international studentsfull-time doctoral enrolments




1.17 World region of full-time international student enrolments

Information on the world region of residence for enrolments of international students is only available for the years 1999-2012.

Table 1.25 shows the relevant pattern of enrolments from different world regions. The percentages do not total to 100% because some sub-regions are included as well as the larger region (e.g. sub-regions of Asia plus “Asia” as a whole). Also note that Statistics Canada has classified Mexico with “Central America” not “North America”.



Table 1.25 – World region of full-time international Master’s enrolments, percent distribution, 1992-2012

Year

United States

Central America

Caribbean and

Bermuda

South Americ

a

Europe Western

EuropeEastern Europe

Northern Europe .United

Kingdom

Southern Europe

Africa Asia

West Central Asia & Middle East

Eastern Asia

Southeast Asia

Southern Asia

Oceanic

1992 7.2 1.0 2.5 3.6 16.4 7.4 2.2 4.5 2.2 2.2 20.945.9 5.7 25.7 6.9 7.6 1.1

1993 7.8 1.1 2.5 3.6 17.6 8.3 2.7 4.2 2.1 2.3 19.945.2 5.5 24.7 7.1 7.9 1.2

1994 9.7 1.5 2.0 3.2 19.0 10.0 2.1 4.7 2.1 2.1 18.543.0 5.0 23.6 6.1 8.3 1.5

1995 10.7 1.7 2.3 3.3 19.9 10.6 2.3 4.7 2.0 2.3 18.540.5 4.0 22.5 6.0 8.1 1.5

1996 11.3 2.2 2.7 3.7 21.7 11.4 3.8 4.9 2.1 1.6 18.137.8 2.6 22.1 5.6 7.5 1.2

1997 10.2 2.8 2.5 4.8 23.1 14.1 3.4 4.1 1.4 1.5 17.137.1 3.3 21.2 5.7 6.9 1.4

1998 9.5 2.9 2.5 4.2 23.0 14.4 3.3 3.2 1.1 2.1 17.136.8 3.2 21.6 5.0 6.9 1.2

1999 9.5 3.2 2.6 5.2 24.3 14.2 4.6 3.1 1.4 2.5 16.135.1 3.3 21.0 4.2 6.4 0.9

2000 8.2 3.5 2.3 4.3 23.5 14.0 4.0 2.9 1.4 2.5 16.435.2 4.1 20.4 4.1 6.6 1.0

2001 7.5 3.8 2.0 4.5 21.9 13.2 3.9 2.6 1.2 2.2 15.338.5 5.2 22.0 3.7 7.6 0.9

2002 8.3 3.9 2.6 3.7 20.0 12.1 3.7 2.3 1.1 1.8 13.543.2 6.5 23.8 3.1 9.9 0.8

2003 8.4 3.1 1.8 3.9 17.8 11.2 3.1 1.8 1.0 1.7 12.947.6 7.4 25.4 2.9 11.8 0.7

2004 8.6 2.5 1.4 3.8 16.3 10.6 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.3 9.654.7 9.6 30.2 2.9 12.0 0.5

2005 9.1 2.4 1.4 3.4 15.6 10.6 2.1 1.6 0.9 1.3 9.257.0 11.3 32.0 2.5 11.2 0.5

2006 9.5 2.4 1.2 3.3 15.1 10.4 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.2 9.456.4 10.9 31.8 2.4 11.3 0.6

2007 10.0 2.4 1.4 3.1 14.8 10.1 1.8 1.7 0.9 1.1 9.655.4 10.2 30.8 2.6 11.7 0.6

2008 9.4 2.3 1.5 3.2 14.2 9.9 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.0 10.554.4 10.8 29.5 2.2 11.9 0.5

2009 9.2 2.2 1.6 3.3 14.0 10.0 1.6 1.5 0.8 1.0 9.954.4 13.4 24.7 1.8 14.5 0.4

2010 8.8 2.0 1.2 3.4 13.4 9.7 1.5 1.2 0.8 1.0 9.459.0 15.7 23.8 2.0 17.6 0.4



2011 8.1 1.8 1.3 2.9 13.8 9.8 1.7 1.2 0.7 1.1 9.860.3 16.0 25.3 1.6 17.3 0.3

2012 7.2 1.6 1.2 2.6 13.0 9.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0 10.063.0 13.8 29.2 1.5 18.6 0.3


The large changes over time are the decrease in the percentage of full-time international Master’s enrolments from Europe (down from a high of 24% in 1999 to 13% in 2012), and the increase in the percentage from Asia (up from 46% in 1992 to 63% in 2012). This later increase reflects increases in the percentages from both Southern Asia, and from West Central Asia and the Middle East.

Table 1.26 gives the equivalent percentages for world region of full-time international doctoral enrolments. Again we see a decrease in the percentage from Europe (down from a high of 26% in 2000 to 18% in 2012), as well as an increase from Asia (up from a low of 33% in 1999 to 53% in 2012). For doctoral enrolments, the increase in percentage of international students from Asia reflects an increase primarily from West Central Asia and the Middle East.



Table 1.26 - World region of full-time international doctoral enrolments , percent distribution, 1999-2012

Year

United States

Central America

Caribbean and

Bermuda

South Americ

a

Europe Western

EuropeEastern Europe

Northern Europe .United

Kingdom

Southern Europe

Africa Asia

West Central Asia & Middle East

Eastern Asia

Southeast Asia

Southern Asia

Oceanic

1992 9.6 1.7 0.8 4.4 14.1 5.7 2.0 4.1 2.2 2.2 21.844.8 8.7 22.0 4.5 9.6 2.2

1993 9.5 1.5 0.9 4.5 14.5 5.9 2.7 4.2 2.3 1.6 20.246.5 10.8 22.8 4.2 8.8 1.8

1994 10.5 1.5 0.8 4.9 15.7 6.7 3.1 4.4 2.2 1.7 19.144.9 12.8 19.7 4.4 7.9 1.9

1995 11.1 1.7 1.0 4.8 17.9 7.8 3.8 4.6 2.2 1.7 18.142.2 13.8 16.8 4.7 7.0 2.3

1996 12.0 1.9 1.1 5.2 19.7 9.0 4.1 4.6 2.0 1.9 16.340.7 12.9 17.7 4.0 6.1 2.4

1997 13.0 2.2 1.1 5.4 21.2 9.9 4.3 4.4 1.6 2.4 16.137.7 10.9 17.1 3.9 5.8 2.5

1998 12.2 2.8 1.1 5.8 23.5 12.3 4.9 3.8 1.5 2.6 16.035.4 9.1 17.4 4.0 4.9 2.1

1999 13.1 3.2 1.2 6.1 25.0 13.9 4.4 4.0 1.7 2.8 14.433.4 7.7 16.9 4.0 4.9 1.9

2000 12.0 3.6 1.4 5.9 25.6 13.8 5.2 4.1 1.8 2.5 15.133.2 7.3 16.8 3.9 5.1 1.6

2001 11.4 3.6 1.3 5.7 25.3 13.3 5.6 3.6 1.3 2.8 13.735.5 7.0 19.0 3.9 5.6 1.4

2002 10.1 3.8 0.8 5.3 24.4 12.8 5.3 3.5 1.5 2.8 12.639.1 9.0 20.0 3.7 6.4 1.1

2003 8.6 3.6 0.9 5.3 22.3 11.5 5.5 2.9 1.2 2.4 11.843.2 11.0 21.9 3.5 6.9 1.0

2004 9.0 3.4 0.8 5.0 21.8 11.9 4.9 2.6 1.3 2.4 11.044.9 12.5 21.6 3.4 7.3 0.9

2005 9.3 3.7 0.8 5.0 22.1 12.5 4.5 2.7 1.3 2.3 11.045.2 14.2 20.1 3.1 7.8 0.8

2006 10.3 3.9 0.8 4.9 21.9 13.1 4.0 2.5 1.3 2.3 11.544.1 14.4 18.9 3.2 7.5 0.9

2007 11.0 3.5 0.9 4.7 21.6 13.3 3.5 2.4 1.2 2.3 11.544.6 16.0 18.2 3.0 7.4 0.9

2008 10.7 3.3 0.8 4.6 20.2 12.8 3.0 2.2 1.3 2.2 11.044.9 18.6 16.5 2.6 7.3 0.8

2009 10.4 2.8 0.7 4.0 18.4 11.9 2.4 2.2 1.3 1.9 10.347.4 20.6 16.4 2.8 7.7 0.7

2010 10.4 2.7 0.8 4.1 18.3 12.0 2.3 2.1 1.3 1.9 9.9 50. 22.0 17.3 2.7 8.3 0.6


Canadian Association for Graduate Studies / Association canadienne pour les études supérieures3

2011 10.1 2.4 0.8 4.1 17.9 11.5 2.3 2.0 1.3 2.1 9.952.2 22.8 18.0 2.6 8.8 0.5

2012 9.8 2.2 0.7 4.4 18.3 11.6 2.4 1.9 1.2 2.4 10.452.7 22.9 18.9 2.4 8.5 0.5


1.18 Province of Permanent Residence for full-time enrolments of Canadian citizens and permanent residents

There is some limited information available on the province of permanent residence of Canadian citizens and permanent residents, to complement the information, above, on international enrolments. However, this information is very uneven across different years, and the completeness of the data varies by institution and province. In some years, and for some areas, there are a number of students for whom we do not know their permanent province of residence, often because a particular university or universities failed to provide the information. For this reason, only the data for the most recent year, 2012, is presented since comparisons over time are rendered unreliable given variations in the quality of the data from different sources shifts over time. Even here, the issue of missing data should be kept in mind (see right hand column of Table 1.27).

It is also important to keep in mind that these are numbers of graduate enrolments. Virtually all the Master’s students would have taken an undergraduate degree, many of them completing this undergraduate degree just before enrolling in graduate studies. Doctoral enrolments would have, typically, have first completed a Master’s degree. The declaration of “permanent province of residence” could, for many students, not be the province where they started their university programs (i.e. where their parents live), but the province where they moved for an earlier degree. These patterns should be interpreted with this caveat in mind.

Table 1.27 shows the total number of Canadian citizens and permanent residents enrolled in the ten provinces, the number of enrolments in each province for which the same province is listed as the “permanent province of residence”, and the percentage this latter number is of the total enrolments. Overall, 77% of Master’s level and 70% of doctoral list their “permanent province of residence" as the province in which they are pursuing the graduate degree.

For Master’s level enrolments, the percentage in the “same province” is higher for Quebec (85%) and Saskatchewan (83%) and lower for Newfoundland and Labrador (60%) and Nova Scotia (47%). What this means is that Nova Scotia attracts more than half of its Canadian Master’s level students from other provinces.

For doctoral enrolments, the percentages are higher in Prince Edward Island (88%, but note the small numbers involved, numbers heavily affected by random rounding) and Saskatchewan (79%). The percentage reporting the same province as their “permanent residence” is lower for those pursuing among doctoral programs in Newfoundland and Labrador (47%), and Alberta (47%). These two provinces attract more



than half their Canadian doctoral students from other provinces in Canada. However, note the high number of “unknowns” in Alberta, Ontario and Quebec.

Table 1.27 – Full-time enrolments, Canadian citizens and permanent residents, by province of study, ranked by percent from the same province, 2012Province of study, ranked by percentage from the same province, 2012

Total number of Canadian full-time enrolments

Total number Canadian full-time enrolments from same province

% Canadian full-time enrolments from same province

Number with residence unknown

Full-time Master’s enrolments 66,081 51,102 77.3 2,1987Quebec 18,600 15,744 84.6 867Saskatchewan 1,668 1,386 83.1 3Ontario 26,880 21,102 78.5 864Manitoba 1,506 1,152 76.5 48Prince Edward Island 213 159 74.6 0New Brunswick 624 453 72.6 0British Columbia 8,232 5,901 71.7 42Alberta 5,487 3,741 68.2 363Newfoundland and Labrador 828 495 59.8 0Nova Scotia 2,043 969 47.4 0Full-time Doctoral enrolments 34,239 23,862 69.7 2,991Prince Edward Island 24 21 87.5 0Saskatchewan 639 504 78.9 0Ontario 14,868 11,229 75.5 549Quebec 10,290 7,236 70.3 1,536Manitoba 636 444 69.8 81New Brunswick 303 207 68.3 0British Columbia 3,666 2,406 65.6 18Nova Scotia 579 297 51.3 0Alberta 2,958 1,389 47.0 807Newfoundland and Labrador 276 129 46.7 0Source: Statistics Canada



2 Degrees awarded

2.1 Portrait of graduate degrees awarded in Canada, 2012

As we did with enrolments, we will first look at the degrees awarded in 2012, the last year for which data are available. There were 44,125 Master’s degrees awarded in Canada in 2012, and 6,393 doctoral degrees.

Table 2.28 – Profile of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, Canada, 2012Master’s Percentage of total Doctora

l Percentage of total

Total Degrees Awarded, Canada 44,154 6,393Gender Male 19,755 44.7 3,471 54.3

Female 24,390 55.2 2,925 45.8Province of study Newfoundland and

Labrador 723 1.6 63 1.0

Prince Edward Island 78 0.2 6 0.1

Nova Scotia 2,007 4.5 108 1.7

New Brunswick 723 1.6 57 0.9

Quebec 11,652 26.4 1,773 27.7

Ontario 18,357 41.6 2,733 42.7

Manitoba 792 1.8 132 2.1

Saskatchewan 666 1.5 90 1.4

Alberta 3,615 8.2 657 10.3

British Columbia 5,538 12.5 777 12.2

International enrolments 8,166 18.5 1,017 15.9Age groups Less than 25 years of age 5,895 13.4 0

25-29 years 18,627 42.2 1,170 18.3

30-34 years 7,995 18.1 2,727 42.7

35 and over 11,589 26.2 2,493 39.1


Canadian Association for Graduate Studies / Association canadienne pour les études supérieuresSource: Statistics Canada

Over half (55%) of the Master’s degrees were granted to females in 2012. The gender breakdown reverses for doctoral degrees; 54% of those went to males.

As was true for enrolments, the graduate degrees awarded are concentrated in Ontario (42% of Master’s degrees and 43% of doctoral) and Quebec (26% of Master’s and 28% of doctoral degrees). Next are British Columbia (with 13% of Master’s degrees and 12% of doctoral) and Alberta (8% and 10%).

Just under a fifth (19%) of Master’s degrees went to international students. The corresponding figure for doctoral degrees is 16%.

Not surprisingly, the concentration in the four age groups is somewhat older for degrees awarded than for enrolments, reflecting the time it takes to complete these graduate degrees. Only 13% of those earning a Master’s degree in 2012 were less than twenty-five years of age. The age group with the highest concentration of Master’s degrees is the 25-29 year old age group, with 42% of all Master’s awarded in 2012. Eighteen percent of Master’s degrees fall into the next category; then 26% in the “35 years of age and older” group. This includes 10% who are 35-39 years of age, 7% who are 40-44 and 5% who are 45 – 49 (detailed data not shown).

The age groups with concentrations of doctoral degrees granted are, of course, even older. There are essentially no doctoral degrees awarded to anyone under 25 years of age. Just under a fifth (18%) of doctoral degrees awarded in 2012 went to those aged 25-29. The bulk of doctoral degrees are in the oldest age groups: 42% aged 30-34, and 39% 35 years of age and older. (That includes 20% aged 35-39, 9% who are 40-44, and 5% aged 45-49. Detailed data not shown).



Table 2.29 – Profile of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, Canada, 2012, continued – Main field of studyMaster’s Percent of total Doctoral Percent of total

Total Degrees Awarded, Canada 44,154 100.0 6,393 100.0Main field of study

Education 4,557 10.3 357 5.6Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies 1,059 2.4 117 1.8

Humanities 2,226 5.0 516 8.1

Social and behavioural sciences and law 6,087 13.8 1,155 18.1Business, management and public administration 12,174 27.6 207 3.2

Physical and life sciences and technologies 3,042 6.9 1,665 26.0Mathematics, computer and information sciences 2,250 5.1 411 6.4Architecture, engineering and related technologies 5,883 13.3 1,170 18.3Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 1,227 2.8 210 3.3

Health and related fields 5,325 12.1 528 8.3Personal, protective and transportation services 72 0.2 3 0.0

Other 249 0.6 54 0.8Source: Statistics Canada

Keeping in mind the caveat that the size of any field of study reflects how the fields are organized and combined, Table 2.29 shows the distribution, in 2012, of the Master’s and doctoral degrees granted, by main field of study. Business, management and public administration dominates the Master’s degrees granted (28%), as it did the Master’s enrolments (see Figure 1.13). In contrast, very few doctorates (only 3% of all doctoral degrees) were awarded in 2012 in this field.

Rather, Physical and life sciences and technologies dominate the doctoral degrees (26% in 2012), followed by Architecture, engineering and related technologies (18%) and Social and behavioral sciences (18%).

2.2 Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, 1992-2012

We saw earlier (in Figure 1.1), that there was an increase in both Master’s and doctoral level full-time enrolments in Canada over time. Table 2.30 and Figure 2.28 show the parallel increases in the number of degrees at these two levels which were awarded in Canada from the years 1992 to 2012. As was true for enrolments there is a larger numeric increase in Master’s than in doctoral degrees awarded.



The number of Master’s degrees awarded increased from 19,434 in 1992 to more than twice that number (44,154) in 2012. Doctoral degree numbers also doubled, from 3,135 in 1992 to 6,393 in 2012. Note the decreases in doctoral degrees awarded from 1999-2001.

Table 2.30 – Number of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, change and percent change per year, Canada, 1992-2012

Year Master's

Change Master’s - number

Change Master’s - percent Doctoral

Change doctoral - number

Change doctoral - percent

1992 19,434 3,1351993 20,817 1,383 7.1 3,357 222 7.11994 21,291 474 2.3 3,552 195 5.81995 21,357 66 0.3 3,717 165 4.61996 21,558 201 0.9 3,927 210 5.61997 21,318 -240 -1.1 3,966 39 1.01998 22,026 708 3.3 3,978 12 0.31999 23,271 1,245 5.7 3,966 -12 -0.32000 24,228 957 4.1 3,861 -105 -2.62001 24,927 699 2.9 3,705 -156 -4.02002 26,343 1,416 5.7 3,723 18 0.52003 29,031 2,688 10.2 3,858 135 3.62004 32,511 3,480 12.0 4,245 387 10.02005 32,745 234 0.7 4,185 -60 -1.42006 33,948 1,203 3.7 4,437 252 6.02007 34,821 873 2.6 4,998 561 12.62008 35,961 1,140 3.3 5,367 369 7.42009 38,364 2,403 6.7 5,673 306 5.72010 40,872 2,508 6.5 5,934 261 4.62011 42,150 1,278 3.1 6,228 294 5.02012 44,154 2,004 4.8 6,393 165 2.6Source: Statistics Canada



Figure 2.28 – Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, Canada, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,00019

92

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Master's

Doctoral

Number of degrees awarded




However as Figure 2.29 shows, we get a different perspective looking at the percent change over the years. There was a large increase in Master’s degrees in the late 1990s and again since 2009. The increase in doctoral degrees awarded occurs a few years later, in 2006 through 2008.



Figure 2.29 - Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, percent change by year, Canada, 1992-2012

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Master's Doctoral


Year-to-year percent changein degrees awarded



2.3 Graduate degrees awarded by Province

As one would expect, the pattern of degrees granted by province, over time, parallels the pattern for enrolments. Those provinces with high levels of enrolments will be those who graduate more students. In Figure 2.30 to Figure 2.33 we see this is the case.

The provinces with high levels, and with high numeric increases in degrees granted, from 1992 to 2012, are Ontario and Quebec, with British Columbia and Alberta starting from lower levels, and having lower numeric increases. The same overall pattern holds for both Master’s and doctoral degrees granted, even though the number of doctoral degrees is a fraction of the Master’s numbers.



Figure 2.30 – Master’s degrees awarded, by province, 1992-2012

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,00019

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

1120

12

Ontario

Quebec

BritishColumbia

Alberta

Nova Scotia

Manitoba


New Brunswick

Saskatchewan

Prince EdwardIsland


Number of Master'sdegrees awarded



If we expand the lower portion of this chart, we uncover the patterns in the six smaller provinces. Note that, among these smaller provinces, only Nova Scotia ever has more than 1,000 Master’s degrees granted in a given year.



Figure 2.31 - Master’s degrees awarded, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

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2000

2001

2002

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2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Nova Scotia

Manitoba


New Brunswick

Saskatchewan

Prince EdwardIsland


Number of Master'sdegrees awarded6 smaller provinces

Note the discontinuity in the line for Saskatchewan. This reflects the fact that the University of Regina did not submit any information from 2005 to 2008.



Figure 2.32 – Doctoral degrees awarded, by province, 1992-2012

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,00019

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

1120

12

Ontario

Quebec

BritishColumbia

Alberta

Manitoba

Nova Scotia

Saskatchewan


NewBrunswick

Prince EdwardIsland

Number of full-timedoctoral enrolmentsNumber of doctoraldegrees awarded

Note: Saskatchewan data are not shown for 2005 to 2008 due to the lack of data from the Universitiy of Regina.Source: Statistics Canada.

As was true for enrolments, Ontario and Quebec dominate the numbers of doctoral degrees awarded. Note the slight decrease in Quebec from 2011 to 2012. Looking at the six smaller provinces, we see considerable variation over the time frame examined. This volatility reflects the



sensitivity to error when numbers are small. Caution should be exercized before placing too much weight on specific changes in these small numbers.

Figure 2.33 - Doctoral degrees awarded, by province, six smaller provinces, 1992-2012

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

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2007

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2009

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2011

2012

Manitoba

Nova Scotia

Saskatchewan


NewBrunswick

Prince EdwardIsland

Number of full-timedoctoral enrolmentsNumber of doctoraldegrees awarded6 smaller provinces

Note: Saskatchewan data are not shown for 2005 to 2008 due to the lack of data from the Universitiy of Regina.Source: Statistics Canada.



2.4 Graduate degrees awarded by Gender

Looking next at gender, again there are no surprises, given the pattern of enrolments seen earlier. However, it is interesting that females did not make up more than 50% of Master’s level enrolments until 1997; but by 1995, they received more than 50% of Master’s degrees awarded. As was true of enrolments, the gender gap in degrees awarded has expanded, in favour of females, since 2004.



Figure 2.34 – Master’s degrees awarded, by gender, 1992-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,00019

92

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Females

Males



We see a different picture when we look at doctoral degrees awarded. Females never reach the same numbers as males in these degrees. However, while the gender gap increased for enrolments from 2001-2012 (see Figure 1.12), the gender gap in degrees awarded is narrowing



(see Figure 2.35) from about the same year (2001). This narrowing primarily reflects a decrease in the number of males receiving doctoral degrees from 1996 to 2001.



Figure 2.35 –Doctoral degrees awarded, by gender, 1992-2012

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,00019

92

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Males

Females

Number of doctoraldegrees awarded


In the last five years for which there are available data, females made up 46% to 47% of full-time doctoral enrolments (see Table 1.5, above), and 45% to 46% of doctoral degrees granted (see Table 2.31).



Table 2.31 - Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded percent female, Canada, 1992-2012Master's Doctoral

Year Percent female Percent female1992 47.8 31.91993 48.6 32.51994 48.8 30.91995 50.4 31.31996 50.9 34.01997 50.9 35.91998 52.3 36.11999 51.8 39.32000 53.0 41.02001 52.3 42.72002 52.6 42.92003 52.1 41.82004 51.8 43.62005 51.9 43.92006 53.1 43.32007 53.9 44.62008 54.7 44.22009 55.5 44.02010 55.5 44.62011 55.5 44.92012 55.2 45.7Source: Statistics Canada

2.5 Graduate degrees awarded by International student status

We have limited information on International student status by year for degrees granted. Prior to 2001, too few universities gathered this information, so the “unknowns” were much larger than the number of known international students. For this reason, data on International student status is presented only for the years 2001-2012 (see Figure 2.36 and Figure 2.10 ).



Figure 2.36 – Master’s degrees awarded by international student status, 2001-2012

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,00020

01

2002

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2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Total







Figure 2.37 – Doctoral degrees awarded by international student status, 2001-2012

0

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4,000

5,000

6,000

7,00020

01

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Total







The annual percent change in graduate degrees granted in the last few years (since 2009 for Master’s and 2010 for doctoral degrees) reflects an increase in degrees granted to International students. This pattern reflects the patterns of enrolments, presented in Figure 1.15, Figure 1.16 and Table 1.13, above.

As Figure 2.36 shows, the numeric increases in total Master’s degrees awarded are larger than those for awarded to international students. However, note the large rate of increase in the number of Master’s degrees awarded to international students in the years 2010 to 2012 (Figure2.38).



Figure 2.38 – Percent annual change in Master’s degrees granted by international student status, 2001-2012

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Canadian citizens and permanent residents



Year-to-year percent changein Master's degrees granted



Figure 2.39– Percent annual change in doctoral degrees granted by international student status, 2001-2012

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Canadian citizens and permanent residents



Year-to-year percent changein doctoral degrees granted

Figure 2.38 and Figure 2.39 show the percent change in Master’s and doctoral degrees granted to international students, compared to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Both figures show the recent increases in the percentage of degrees granted to international students.



2.6 Graduate degrees awarded by Main field of study

The next two charts show the change over time of the Master’s degrees awarded by main field of study. What stands out in Figure 2.13 is the high numbers and the dramatic increase over time in Master’s degrees granted in Business, Management and Public Administration.

For doctoral degrees, as was true for enrolments, Physical and life sciences and technologies dominate and have been increasing since 2005. Next in numbers, and in recent increases in doctoral degrees, are Social and behavioural sciences and law, and Architecture, engineering and related technologies.



Figure 2.40 - Master’s degrees awarded by main field of study, 1992-2012

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1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,00019

92

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012



Architecture, Engineering &Related Technologies


Education

Physical & Life Sciences &Technologies

Humanities

Mathematics, Computer &Information Sciences

Agriculture, NaturalResources & Conservation

Visual & Performing Arts &Communications Tech.

Other






Figure 2.41 - Doctoral degrees awarded by main field of study, 1992-2012

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Physical & Life Sciences &Technologies

Architecture, Engineering &Related Technologies


Humanities


Mathematics, Computer &Information Sciences

Education

Agriculture, NaturalResources & Conservation


Visual & Performing Arts &Communications Tech.

Other


Number of doctoral degrees awarded




2.7 Graduate degrees awarded by age groups

Figure 2.42 – Master’s degrees awarded by age groups, 1999-2012

0

2,000

4,000

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14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

1999

2000

2001

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2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012






The breakdown of Master’s degrees awarded by age groups, when compared to the age breakdown for Master’s enrolments, shows the time required to attain a degree. The youngest group (less than 25 years of age) has lower numbers than the older groups for degrees granted. The age group with a recent increase in Master’s degrees awarded is the 25-29 year old age group.

Figure 2.43 - Doctoral degrees awarded, by age groups, 1999-2012

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3,000

1999

2000

2001

2002

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2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012






There have been no doctoral degrees granted to those under 25 years of age, from 1999 to 2012. The 25-29 year group shows a recent increase in doctoral degrees since 2010. The two older age groups (30-34 and 35 and over) have been increasing in their numbers of doctoral degrees since 2005.



Table 2.32 - Number of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded by gender and age groups, 1999-2012Master's Doctoral

Year Gender Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 years & over Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 years & over1999 Male 783 3,174 1,686 2,199 0 297 633 756

Female 978 3,456 1,470 2,544 0 192 357 5372000 Male 750 3,231 1,650 2,025 0 333 606 651

Female 1,119 3,621 1,500 2,469 0 189 348 5192001 Male 885 4,347 2,454 3,288 0 360 771 807

Female 1,281 5,061 2,193 3,639 0 225 531 6872002 Male 942 4,503 2,622 3,546 0 360 786 792

Female 1,395 5,496 2,298 3,744 0 243 516 6872003 Male 966 4,983 3,054 3,996 0 429 762 864

Female 1,383 6,087 2,760 3,945 0 252 531 6842004 Male 1,047 5,685 3,741 4,578 0 414 888 963

Female 1,542 6,585 3,273 4,824 0 291 663 7922005 Male 1,134 5,718 3,447 4,764 0 393 903 870

Female 1,713 6,879 3,039 4,602 0 315 651 7022006 Male 1,143 5,811 3,462 4,881 0 426 999 939

Female 1,731 7,269 3,264 4,962 0 354 633 7892007 Male 1,281 6,063 3,249 4,860 0 486 1,098 1,005

Female 1,905 7,554 3,342 5,259 0 450 801 7982008 Male 1,518 6,267 3,126 5,019 0 561 1,233 1,050

Female 2,424 8,058 3,291 5,376 0 456 900 9092009 Male 1,905 6,462 3,213 5,034 0 582 1,299 1,131

Female 3,138 8,619 3,429 5,574 0 474 918 9602010 Male 1,878 7,377 3,411 5,517 0 522 1,455 1,311

Female 2,982 9,855 3,855 5,964 0 459 1,122 1,0742011 Male 2,145 7,986 3,579 5,025 0 567 1,584 1,281

Female 3,399 9,801 4,038 6,129 0 465 1,128 1,2092012 Male 2,289 8,379 3,795 5,268 0 606 1,521 1,335

Female 3,603 10,248 4,191 6,312 0 564 1,203 1,158



Source: Statistics Canada* There were no doctoral degrees awarded to anyone 25 and under

Table 2.32 and Table 2.33 give the breakdown of degrees granted by gender and age group. While enrolments in doctoral programs reached 50% female in 2012 for the two youngest age groups (see Table 1.22, above), that is not the case for doctoral degrees granted. In no age group are there 50% of the doctoral degrees awarded to females.

However, note the high percentage of females among the younger Master’s level degree recipients.

Table 2.33 – Percent female, Master’s and Doctoral degrees awarded, by age groups, 1999-2012Percent female Master's Doctoral

Year Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years35 years and

over Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years35 years and

over1999 55.5 52.1 46.6 53.6 -- 39.3 36.1 41.52000 59.9 52.8 47.6 54.9 -- 36.2 36.5 44.42001 59.1 53.8 47.2 52.5 -- 38.5 40.8 46.02002 59.7 55.0 46.7 51.4 -- 40.3 39.6 46.52003 58.9 55.0 47.5 49.7 -- 37.0 41.1 44.22004 59.6 53.7 46.7 51.3 -- 41.3 42.7 45.12005 60.2 54.6 46.9 49.1 -- 44.5 41.9 44.72006 60.2 55.6 48.5 50.4 -- 45.4 38.8 45.72007 59.8 55.5 50.7 52.0 -- 48.1 42.2 44.32008 61.5 56.3 51.3 51.7 -- 44.8 42.2 46.42009 62.2 57.2 51.6 52.5 -- 44.9 41.4 45.92010 61.4 57.2 53.1 51.9 -- 46.8 43.5 45.02011 61.3 55.1 53.0 54.9 -- 45.1 41.6 48.62012 61.2 55.0 52.5 54.5 -- 48.2 44.2 46.5


2.8 Graduate degrees awarded by international student status

Table 2.34, Figure 2.44and Figure 2.45 show the number of degrees granted to international students, by age group. While international students in each age group have increased their numbers of both Master’s and doctoral degree recipients over time, the percentage of those degrees which were awarded to international students varies.



Table 2.34 – Number of Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded to International students, by age groups, 1999-2012Master's Doctoral

Year Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years35 years and

over Less than 25 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years35 years and

over1999 192 696 345 261 -- 51 144 2162000 258 777 330 246 -- 54 120 1562001 366 1,164 624 693 -- 69 192 2162002 372 1,431 654 771 -- 78 195 2132003 438 1,629 795 807 -- 93 189 2072004 546 2,025 1,080 1,158 -- 96 231 2312005 597 2,091 912 1,011 -- 105 261 2132006 657 2,196 1,041 1,287 -- 111 276 2222007 804 2,277 987 1,443 -- 147 306 2132008 771 2,337 969 1,458 -- 177 294 2222009 861 2,571 933 1,308 -- 159 318 2552010 948 3,189 966 1,269 -- 162 369 2642011 1,221 3,711 1,101 1,164 -- 177 435 3062012 1,380 4,227 1,332 1,227 -- 231 471 312


Table 2.35 gives the relevant percentages. The percent international increases fairly substantially from 1999 to 2012 for Master’s degrees, for each age group. For all but the 30-34 year age group, the percent international doubles or more during this period.

The same is not true for doctoral degrees. The percent international doubles for the 25-29 year old age group from 1999 to 2012. However, it increases only from 15% to 17% international for 30-34 year olds. For the oldest group of doctoral degree recipients, the percentage that goes to international students decreases from 17% to 13% in that same time period.



Figure 2.44 – Master’s degrees awarded to international students, by age groups, 1999-2012

0

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4,50019

99

2000

2001

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2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012


Number of Master's degrees awardedto international students




Figure 2.45 - Doctoral degrees awarded to international students, by age groups, 1999-2012

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500

1999

2000

2001

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Number of doctoral degrees awardedto international students




Table 2.35 – Percent international students, Master’s and doctoral degrees awarded, by age groups, 1999-2012Master's Doctoral

YearLess than 25

years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years35 years and

overLess than 25

years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years35 years and

over1999 10.9 10.5 10.9 5.5 0 10.4 14.5 16.82000 13.8 11.3 10.5 5.5 0 10.3 12.6 13.42001 16.9 12.4 13.4 10.0 0 11.7 14.7 14.52002 15.9 14.3 13.3 10.6 0 12.9 15.0 14.52003 18.6 14.7 13.7 10.2 0 13.6 14.6 13.42004 21.1 16.5 15.4 12.3 0 13.7 14.9 13.22005 21.0 16.6 14.1 10.8 0 14.8 16.8 13.52006 22.9 16.8 15.5 13.1 0 14.3 16.9 12.82007 25.2 16.7 15.0 14.3 0 15.7 16.1 11.82008 19.6 16.3 15.1 14.0 0 17.4 13.8 11.42009 17.1 17.0 14.1 12.3 0 15.1 14.3 12.22010 19.5 18.5 13.3 11.0 0 16.6 14.3 11.12011 22.0 20.9 14.4 10.4 0 17.1 16.0 12.32012 23.4 22.7 16.7 10.6 0 19.7 17.3 12.5


Finally, we look briefly at the world region of international degree recipients. Table 2.36 shows the relevant results. The time frame for which there is information available on this topic is more truncated than was true for enrolments (Table 1.25 and Table 1.26 ).

Enrolments showed a decline from Europe and an increase from Asia. If one only looks at the years 2007 to 2012 (i.e. directly comparing that section of the earlier enrolment tables with the time from in Table 2.36) there is no decline in Master’s enrolments from Europe. There is a slight decline in Master’s degrees granted, in doctoral enrolments (Table 1.26) and doctoral degrees granted (Table 2.36) from Europe.

The increase in Master’s and doctoral enrolments from Asia, 2007-2012 is not reflected in Master’s or doctoral degrees granted (Table 2.36).



Table 2.36 –World region of degrees awarded to international students, percent distribution, 2007-2012.Master's Doctoral

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012United States 7.3 8.8 7.8 8.0 7.3 6.9 11.3 10.8 11.5 13.5 12.9 12.7..Central America 2.1 2.9 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.6 6.3 4.3 3.7 4.5 3.9 3.8..Caribbean and Bermuda 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.3 1.9 2.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6..South America 4.1 4.7 3.2 3.2 3.3 2.4 5.9 5.6 7.0 5.6 5.5 4.1Europe 16.2 15.6 13.9 13.6 13.6 13.7 26.6 28.0 25.8 24.4 23.3 25.4..Western Europe 11.5 10.7 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.7 16.2 16.8 16.4 16.9 14.9 17.7..Eastern Europe 1.9 2.4 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.7 4.3 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.1..Northern Europe 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 3.6 3.9 2.9 2.3 3.9 2.4United Kingdom 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6 2.3 2.2 1.2 1.5 2.3 1.2..Southern Europe 1.2 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.3 1.9 3.2Africa 8.7 8.6 9.9 9.6 9.1 9.3 6.3 8.2 7.4 9.4 8.4 7.4Asia 57.4 53.9 55.6 57.3 60.3 57.9 39.2 40.5 39.8 35.3 37.9 40.4..West Central Asia and the Middle East 9.6 7.9 8.8 9.8 12.1 12.6 12.2 11.6 13.5 10.9 12.3 14.2..Eastern Asia 37.3 35.5 34.4 33.3 30.0 26.3 16.2 18.1 15.6 14.3 16.5 15.9..Southeast Asia 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.5 4.5 3.4 4.1 3.8 2.9 3.5..Southern Asia 9.1 8.5 10.5 12.2 16.0 17.6 6.3 6.9 6.6 6.8 6.1 7.1Oceanic 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.9 1.5Source: Statistics Canada

The data on permanent province of Canadian citizens and permanent residents is not available for degrees granted.

Detailed information on enrolments and degrees granted by university is presented in the Appendix to this Report.


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