grades 3-5 cover - where tomorrow begins 3-5. strategies that work stephanie harvey ... teachers...
TRANSCRIPT
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NON-FICTIONREADING STRATEGIES
IN A NUTSHELL
Grades 3-5
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Strategies that WorkStephanie Harvey
Chapter 9 “Determining Importance in Text: The Nonfiction Connection”
“Throughout Stephanie’s education, teachers had instructed her to highlight theimportant parts. But no one had shown her how. She assumed that if the writers ofthese massive textbooks had written it down, it must be important. So she highlightedjust about every letter of print. Highlighting is easy; determining what to highlight is thechallenge (page 117).”
Stephanie Harvey writes, “Determining Importance means picking out the mostimportant information when you read, to highlight essential ideas, to isolate supportingdetails, and to read for specific information. Teachers need to help readers sift and sortinformation, and make decisions about what information they need to remember andwhat information they can disregard (page 117).”
“Readers of nonfiction have to decide and remember what is important in the texts theyread if they are going to learn anything from them (page 118).”
Debbie Miller says, “We must teach our students what nonfiction is. Teaching ourstudents that expository text has predictable characteristics and features they can counton before they read, allows them to construct meaning more easily as they read.”
Nonfiction books are organized around specific topics and main ideas.
Nonfiction books give you information that is true.
Nonfiction books try to teach you something.
When readers read nonfiction books, they make predictions about thekinds of things they expect to learn. They activate their schema and thetopic and what they know about the type of text they are about to read.
Nonfiction books have features.
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“Catching Kids Up” www.LearningFocused.com ©Learning-Focused
Catching Kids Up
Classroom teacher’s plan:
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Introduce newvocabulary
Whole group/read story
Phonic focusthen partners re-read story
Intro.,comprehensionskill/apply to story
Test onvocabulary andcomprehension
Reading Specialist: Begins the week before reading lesson
Thursday Friday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Introduce nextweek’s vocabulary
Preview storymap/parts filledin/predict
Preview phonicskill and spellingstrategies
Previewcomprehensionstrategy/apply
Creative writingrelated to storyelements
Prior knowledge is the best predictor of whether comprehension will occur.
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Translating Information into a Condensed Form: Simply Summarizing
by Cindy Riedl
1
Rationale for summarizing: There are two fundamentals of summarizing: 1) filling in missing parts and 2)translating the important information into a condensed form. Summarizing has a strong research basethat shows up to a 47 percentile gain in learning and retaining information. Summarizing includesextracting themes, major ideas or concepts from a topic, which is a skill that is often assessed onstandardized achievement tests. The emphasis is on an economy of words. Because a summary is brief,word choice is critical. The ability to select the words that best represent a concept is a reflection of astudent's level of understanding of the topic (and their vocabulary), and is, therefore a method by whichteachers can continuously assess student knowledge before instruction and throughout a unit of study.
During Lesson: Distributed Practice and Summarizing
Activating Strategy Reflection: Revisit the organizer/activity used for the activating strategy (such as ananticipatory guide) once or twice during the lesson, so that students can examine their predictions andprevious knowledge to determine their validity. Have them write their conclusions and explain theirrationale.
Stem Sentences: Provided with a beginning stem, students complete the sentence. Sentence Stemexamples: (1) I have just learned . . . (2) If this happened, then I think . . . (3) This idea makes me feel . . .(4) I wonder ... (5) A good question I would ask is ... (6) Some details seem to dig deeper into the mainidea, such as . . .
Summary Point Writing: Pause during the lesson, and ask students to write about important informationlearned.(Summarize information up to this point.) Individual students or collaborative pairs can recordsummary answers. Writing prompts should be identified in advance of instruction.
Think/Ink/Share: Ask students to think about a key point or idea, write about it and then share with theirpartner.
Q and A: Ask a question, and have students write a sentence that answers the question usinginformation just learned. Prepare the question prompts before the lesson.
Structured Note-taking: Provide a structure, such as two-column notes, for summarizing, paraphrasingand/or questioning.
Brainstorm Writing: Small groups of students (3-4) rotate papers with different topics at the top of each(key concepts taught). Circulate papers clockwise repetitively. As a student gets a new paper, he or sheshould read what others have written and add to an idea.
Paragraph Frames: Great scaffolding tool for creating accurate responses immediately - To modelwriting expectations create a model sentence or paragraph, and then create blank lines for students tosupply the information.
Cube It: Pairs have a cube with one of the following written on each side: Ask a question. Make aprediction. Create a summary statement. Clarify or explain a key point. Connect to something you know.Provide an example of the key point or message. Each pair rolls the cube and writes down the answer tothe directive. (Modification: Use dice, and have each of the above expectations displayed with a numberthat corresponds to the number rolled.)
Word Wall/Student Learning Map: Pairs write 2-3 sentences using the words from the lesson (so far) tosummarize key points.
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Translating Information into a Condensed Form: Simply Summarizing
by Cindy Riedl
2
Quick Talk: Create 2 lists of old and new vocabulary words. Create student partners. Partner B looks atthe words and describes them, while partner A has his/her back turned away from the words and makesguesses using the clues their partner gives them. Partners switch roles for the second list.
Kinesthetic Summarizers
Inside Outside Circle: Cooperative learning structure which lends itself to reviewing factual material andrecall or comprehension questions - Each student has at least one prepared question and answer aboutthe content that has been presented. Questions are written on index cards with answers on the reverseside. Students form inner and outer circles, facing each other in pairs. Pairs take turns asking theirquestions of one another and helping each other, if necessary, in answering the questions. Oncecompleted, one of the circles is told to move three people to the right, and the new pairs exchangequestions. (Modification: teacher made cards.)
Secret Envelopes: Before instructions provide each student with an envelope containing a question oran answer to a question. Allow students to secretly examine the contents of their envelope. At the end ofthe lesson, ask students to find the question answered by their statement or the statement answeringtheir question. With their matched partner students must justify to the class why the statement answersthe question correctly.
Draw a Picture or Diagram: Use with topics which lend themselves to visual representations of whatstudents know or how they conceptualize a topic or literary element - Give individual students, pairs orgroups paper to draw or diagram the outline and the details. If used as a pairs activity, have individualsdraw and then explain their drawing with a partner.
Carousel Brainstorming: Works well with a topic that can be divided into subtopics or into a series ofquestions about the topic - Post large sheets of newsprint (each containing a different subtopic orquestion) about the room. In small groups (each group designated by a different colored marker) havestudents rotate clockwise from chart to chart, pausing for a few minutes to brainstorm what they know andcan remember about the subtopic or create a question. Groups end up where they started and then doanother circuit to review the ideas listed. For primary grades, charts can be on the floor. Studentsbrainstorm first and then draw a picture of an idea on the chart.
Relay Summary: Used when teams of students summarize an assigned reading - Students are dividedinto teams of four or five. The first student in each team starts with a blank piece of paper and writes onesummary sentence, then passes it to the next teammate. The student adds a sentence, passes it on, etc.until the whole team has added or until the number of required sentences is on the paper.
Examples:
- The 1950's were a very interesting period of time in our history. Show why, as you build your summary.- Charlotte was an amazing spider. Prove it, as you build your summary.- One thing I know about ways numbers can be written is ...
During and After Summarizing
Learning Logs: Learning log summaries enable students to activate their understanding of a topic orconcept, identify point of confusion, evaluate their work, and become aware of their own learning style.Students write in their Learning Logs during the last five minutes of each period, responding to writingprompts or questions. They may also free write about key words related to a topic, explain how theyperformed an operation, state the most important points discussed in class, or describe a place wherethey became confused. Learning Logs become a source of data for teachers!
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Translating Information into a Condensed Form: Simply Summarizing
by Cindy Riedl
3
Primary Examples:
· Write a secret about your day today.· Talk to your textbook, ruler, or computer. Tell it how you feel about it.· Tell your log what was easiest for you today ... hardest.
Elementary Examples:
· Write dialogues about a crucial point in a day's lesson: Converse with a molecule about its properties,etc.· What words in science caught your attention? (Explore their feelings about their learning.)· Respond to this question: What helped me learn in class today?
10 - 2: Allows students time to process information and concepts during large group instruction. After tenminutes of instruction, pause for two minutes. Students summarize with a partner: Think-Pair-Share orThink-Ink-Share.
3 - 2 - 1:
Examples:
Studying about a famous person or writing about a character:
3 Most important events in this person or character's life2 Questions you would ask if you could talk with him/her
1 Significant contribution or act he/she made
Demonstrate understanding of a new vocabulary word:
3 sentences using the word in context2 synonyms for this word
1 sketch/picture you can use to remember its meaning
Simply Summarizing!There is no argument concerning the value of having students summarize what they are learning. Theissue often lies in scheduling the time for it during the lesson as distributed summarizing and at the end ofthe lesson. It takes practice and pacing. Many teachers set a timer until pacing becomes a natural event.With all the interruptions that can occur during a lesson, it is no wonder that it is difficult to follow throughwith good intentions. When summarizing is disrupted, turn what you were planning to do into an activatorfor the next lesson into a review. Don't give up! Summarizing is a powerful tool in raising studentachievement!
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A Six-Step Process for Teaching New Terms
Part One:
Introduce new term and develop initial understanding
Step 1: Provide a description, explanation, or example
Step 2: Ask student to restate term in own words
Step 3: Ask student to construct a picture, symbol or graphic for term
Part Two:
Provide multiple experiences that have students shape and sharpenpersonal understanding
Step 4: Engage periodically in activities adding to their knowledge
Step 5: Periodically have students discuss terms with each other
Step 6: Use terms in games to allow students to play with terms
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Compare and Contrast
HoweverLike
UnlikeLikewise
Both As well asOn the other handNot only…but alsoEither…or while
AlthoughUnless
SimilarlyYet
NeverthelessIn Contrast
TooAs opposed to
Cause and Effect
BecauseSince
ThereforeConsequently
As a resultThis led to So that
NeverthelessAccordingly
If…ThenThus
One reason forThat
For this reasonThen, soDue to
Description
Sensory Details:What we see,
hear,taste,smell,
and feel
FirstSecondThirdBefore
On(date)Not long after
After thatNext
At the same timeFinallyThen
FollowingAfterward
DuringPreceding
MeanwhileUntil
Meanwhile
One reasonfor that
A solutionA problemPuzzle is
Have solvedthis problem
by,
HowWhenWhatWhereWhyWho
How ManyThe best esti-
mateIt could be
thatOne may con-
clude
ListProblem and Solutions Question and Answer
To begin withFirst
SecondNextThen
FinallyLast
Most impor-tantAlso
In factFor instanceFor example
WithIn frontBesideNear
In AdditionSpecifically
Such AsTo illustrate
Sequence
Question Answer
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Compare and
Contrast
To compare two or more things, see how they arealike. To contrast two or more things, see how theyare different.
However
Like
Unlike
Likewise
Both As well as
On the other hand
Not only…but also
Either…or while
Although
Unless
Similarly
Yet
Nevertheless
In Contrast
Too
As opposed to
Whereas
Graphic Organizers—Double Bubble - Venn Diagram
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Cause and Effect
When one thing causes another thing to happen, it is calledcause and effect. The cause is the reason why somethinghappens, and the effect is what happens.
Because
Since
Therefore
Consequently
As a result
This led to So that
Nevertheless
Accordingly
If…Then
Thus
One reason for
That
For this reason
Then, so
Due to
Cause
Effect
Graphic Organizer—Multi Flow
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Royse/Zinn 2009
Description
All the facts and details make up the description part ofnonfiction writing and reading. There aren't any specifictext clues/signal words. Strong description depends on sen-sory details.
Sensory Details:
What we see,
hear,
taste,
smell,
and feel
Graphic Organizer—Bubble Map
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Royse/Zinn 2009
Sequence or
Time Order
All the facts and details make up the description part of non-fiction writing and reading. There aren't any specific textclues/signal words. Strong description depends on sensory de-tails.
First
Second
Third
Before
On(date)
Not long after
After that
Next
At the same time
Finally
Then
Following
Afterward
During
Preceding
Meanwhile
Until
Graphic Organizer—Flow Map
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Royse/Zinn 2009
Problem and
Solution
The author's purpose is towrite about a problem anda solution.
Graphic Organizer
One reason for that
A solution
A problem
Puzzle is
Have solved thisproblem by,
Problem
Attempt to Solve the problem
Solution
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List
A series of names or other items written or printedtogether in a meaningful grouping or sequence so as toconstitute a record: a list of members.
To begin withFirst
SecondNextThenFinallyLast
Most importantAlso
In factFor instanceFor example
WithIn frontBesideNear
In AdditionSpecificallySuch As
Graphic Organizer—Circle Map—Brainstorming
Zinn/Royse—2009
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Question and
Answer
The author asks a question and then gives an answer.
How
When
What
Where
Why
Who
How Many
The best esti-mate
It could be that
One may conclude
I wonder about… (T Chart)
Question Answer
Zinn/Royse 2009
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Non-Fiction in a Nutshell
Royse©2008
K 1 2 3 4 5
Text Features
“Text featuresmake the text
more accessibleto the reader and
often provideadditional
information tohelp students
comprehend thecontent.”
Text features inbold should betaught at thatgrade level asnew learning.
Features arenot limited to
your gradelevel.
Parts of a book:TitleTable of contents
Pictures
Parts of a book:TitleTable of contentsChapters
PicturesBold printListsMaps
Parts of a book:TitleTable of contentsChapterGlossaryIndex
Bold printListsMaps + keysPicturesCaptionsChartsDiagramsGraphsHeadingsItalicsPhotographsPrint - Color, Size
and ShapeTablesTimelines
Parts of a book:TitleTable of contentsChapterGlossaryIndex
Bold printCaptionsChartsDiagramsGraphsHeadingsItalicsListsMaps + keysPhotographsPicturesPrintTablesTimelinesBulletsCross-SectionsFramed TextGraphic OrganizersLinksParenthesesSignal WordsSub - HeadingsWord bubbles
Parts of a book:TitleTable of contentsChapterGlossaryIndex
Bold printBulletsCaptionsChartsCross-SectionsDiagramsFramed TextGraphic OrganizersGraphsHeadingsItalicsLinksListsMaps + keys + insetParenthesesPhotographsPicturesPrintSignal WordsSub-HeadingsTablesTimelinesWord Bubbles
Parts of a book:TitleTable of contentsChapterGlossaryIndex
Bold printBulletsCaptionsChartsCross-SectionsDiagramsFramed TextGraphic OrganizersGraphsHeadingsItalicsLinksListsMaps + keys + insetParenthesesPhotographsPicturesPrintSignal WordsSub-HeadingsTablesTimelinesWord BubblesSidebars
TextStructure
“The way theauthor
organizes thetext in order tocommunicate
Compare & ContrastSequence
Compare & ContrastSequenceProblem/SolutionQuestion/Answer
Compare & ContrastSequenceProblem/SolutionQuestion/AnswerDescription
Compare & ContrastSequenceProblem/SolutionQuestion/AnswerDescriptionCause and EffectFact and Opinion
Compare & ContrastSequenceProblem/SolutionQuestion/AnswerDescriptionCause and EffectFact and Opinion
Compare & ContrastSequenceProblem/SolutionQuestion/AnswerDescriptionCause and EffectFact and Opinion
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Non-Fiction in a Nutshell
Royse©2008
K 1 2 3 4 5the content.”
Strategies
More strategiesin Goal 3.
Strategies arenot limited to
your gradelevel.
Author’s PurposeMaking ConnectionsPredictingPreviewingQuestioningRetellingSequencing Events
Author’s PurposeMaking ConnectionsPredictingPreviewingQuestioningRetellingSequencing Events
GAT-PMain Idea/DetailsSummarizing
Author’s PurposeGAT-PMain Idea/DetailsMaking ConnectionsPredictingPreviewingQuestioningRetellingSequencing EventsSummarizing
DrawingConclusionsFact and OpinionMaking inferences
Author’s PurposeDrawing ConclusionsFact and OpinionGAT-PMain Idea/DetailsMaking ConnectionsMaking InferencesPredictingPreviewingQuestioningRetellingSequencing EventsSummarizing
Cause and Effect
Author’s PurposeCause and EffectDrawing ConclusionsFact and OpinionGAT-PMain Idea/DetailsMaking ConnectionsMaking InferencesPredictingPreviewingQuestioningRetellingSequencing EventsSummarizing
Personification
Author’s PurposeCause and EffectDrawingConclusionsFact and OpinionGAT-PMain Idea/DetailsMaking ConnectionsMaking InferencesPersonificationPredictingPreviewingQuestioningRetellingSequencing EventsSummarizing
Non-FictionGenres
Short InformationalTexts
NewspapersTelephone BooksSigns/labels
NewspapersTelephone BooksSigns/labels
ArticlesBiographiesChartsLettersProcedures/instructions
AutobiographiesDiariesInformation BooksJournals
MagazinesNewspapersSchedulesTrue Experiences
WritingProducts
(See Goal 4 forspecific
strategies)
Caption Books Journal entriesLetters
Journal EntriesLettersPersonalNarratives
DirectionsInstructionsLearning LogsShort ReportsSimple Narratives
Diaries/Logs/JournalsInstructionsLettersPersonal NarrativesResearch ReportsRules
ArticlesEssaysLettersNewsResearch Reports
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Non-Fiction in a Nutshell
Royse©2008
K 1 2 3 4 5
ScottForesmanResources
All skillscorrelated to
target skills andstrategies inGuide on the
Side,Instructional
Routines,utilizing all Scott
Foresmanresources.
Guide on the Side:
Compare andContrast(48 - 49)Cause and Effect(44 – 45)Drawing Conclusions(50 - 51)Main Idea & Details(52 – 53)Sequence(58 – 59)Predict(66 – 67)Classify / Categorize(42 – 43)Recall / Retell(68 -69)Skills Across theGrades(62- 65)
Guide on the Side:
Author’s Purpose(54 – 55)Cause and Effect(56 – 57)Compare andContrast(60 - 61)DrawingConclusions(62 - 63)Main Idea & Details(64 – 65)Sequence(70 – 71)AnsweringQuestions(82 -83)Asking Questions(84 – 85)Graphic Organizers(86 – 87)Monitor and Fix Up(88 – 89)Predict / Confirm(90 – 91)Preview(92 – 93)Prior Knowledge(94 – 95)
Summarize(96 – 97)Text Structure(98 – 99)Visualize(100 – 101)Skills Across theGrades(76- 79)
Guide on the Side:
Author’s Purpose(54 – 55)Cause and Effect(56 – 57)Compare andContrast(60 - 61)DrawingConclusions(62 - 63)Fact and Opinion(64 - 65)Main Idea & Details(66 – 67)Sequence(72 – 73)AnsweringQuestions(84 -85)Asking Questions(86 – 87)Graphic Organizers(88 – 89)Monitor and Fix Up(90 – 91)Predict / Confirm(92 – 93)Preview(94 – 95)Prior Knowledge(96 – 97)
Summarize(98 – 99)Text Structure(100 –101)Visualize(102 – 103)
Guide on the Side:
Author’s Purpose(34 – 35)Cause and Effect(36 – 37)Compare and Contrast(38 - 39)Drawing Conclusions(30 - 41)Fact and Opinion(42 - 43)Generalize(44 - 45)Main Idea & Details(48 – 49)Sequence(52 – 53)Answering Questions(60 -61)Asking Questions(62 – 63)Graphic Organizers(64 – 65)Monitor and Fix Up(66 – 67)Predict / Confirm(68 – 69)Preview(70 – 71)Prior Knowledge(72 – 73)Summarize(74 – 75)Text Structure(76 – 77)Visualize(78 – 79)
Skills Across the Grades
Guide on the Side:
Author’s Purpose(26 – 27)Cause and Effect(28 – 29)Compare andContrast(30 - 31)Drawing Conclusions(32 - 33)Fact and Opinion(34 - 35)Generalize(36 - 37)Main Idea & Details(42 – 43)Sequence(44 – 45)Answering Questions(52 -53)Asking Questions(54 – 55)Graphic Organizers(56 – 57)Monitor and Fix Up(58 – 59)Predict / Confirm(60 – 61)Preview(62 – 63)Prior Knowledge(64 – 65)Summarize(66 – 67)Text Structure(68 – 69)Visualize(70 – 71)
Guide on the Side:
Author’s Purpose(26 – 27)Cause and Effect(28 – 29)Compare andContrast(30 - 31)DrawingConclusions(32 - 33)Fact and Opinion(34 - 35)Generalize(36 - 37)Main Idea & Details(42 – 43)Sequence(44 – 45)AnsweringQuestions(52 - 53)Asking Questions(54 – 55)Graphic Organizers(56 – 57)Monitor and Fix Up(58 – 59)Predict / Confirm(60 – 61)Preview(62 – 63)Prior Knowledge(64 – 65)Summarize(66 – 67)Text Structure(68 – 69)Visualize
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Non-Fiction in a Nutshell
Royse©2008
K 1 2 3 4 5
*ClassroomQuestioning(80)
Skills Across theGrades(78- 82)
*ClassroomQuestioning(83)
(54- 57)
*Classroom Questioning(58 – 59)
Skills Across theGrades(46- 49)
*ClassroomQuestioning(50 – 51)
(70 – 71)
Skills Across theGrades(46- 49)
*ClassroomQuestioning(50 – 51)
ThinkingSkills
See LEAPlanningGuide for
Stemsand Guide on
theSide
“ClassroomQuestioning.”
Classifying/Categorizing(sorting, ordering)Comparing/Contrasting
(alike, different)
ConstructingSupport(support for anopinion)Abstracting
(elaborating,patterns,
associating)
InductiveReasoning(main idea,conclusions,summarize)
Error Analysis(fact/opinion,assumptions)
Deductive Reasoning(predicting, cause/effect,categorical)Analyzing Perspectives
(personal viewpoints)
Refine and Extend theThinking Skills from K-
3
Refine and Extendthe Thinking Skills
from K-3
Soc. StudiesResources
(See attached and inT-Drive under Social
Studies/ReadingIntegration)
(See attached and inT-Drive under Social
Studies/ReadingIntegration)
(See attached andin T-Drive underSocial Studies/
Reading Integration)
(See attached and in T-Drive under SocialStudies/Reading
Integration)
(See attached and inT-Drive under Social
Studies/ReadingIntegration)
(See attached and inT-Drive under Social
Studies/ReadingIntegration)
Vocab./Summarizers/DistributedGuidedPractice
Non-Fiction in aNutshell Foldable
Non-Fiction in aNutshell AccordionBook
Non-Fiction in aNutshell Flap Book
Non-Fiction in a NutshellBook
Non-Fiction in aNutshell “Go Nuts”
Non-Fiction in aNutshell
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http://www.scholastic.com
From Teaching Students to Read Nonfiction
Prereading Organizer
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Search and Find
How many examples of these text features can you find in your text? Keep a tallyeach time you find one. Write the page number beside the first example you find.After that, only one tally each time you see another example.
Team Members:
Title
Sub Titles
Information in boxes
Label pictures or diagrams
Cut-away diagram
Photographs
Captions
Table or Chart
Bold Print
Flow Chart
Maps
Graphs
Table of Content
Index
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Royse.2009
Read with your partner to identify thenonfiction text features the authorchooses to use and predict why.
Text Feature PurposeWhat? Why ?
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Conventions of Nonfiction BooksBrowse through your book. See if you can find the following:
Illustrations with captions extending information by providing avisual
Maps, charts and diagrams providing visuals
Boldface type calling your attention to what is important
A bibliography for further reading sending you to other places to findyour information
A list of Web sites sending you to information online
Author/illustrator information
Timelines
Arrangement and sequence of print and illustrations (how they areplaced on a page)
Location of page numbers on the page
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Nonfiction Text
ByDaneen Dearn
Linda [email protected]
Information & materials copied and borrowed from:
Boynton, Alice. Teaching Students to Read Nonfiction. Scholastic: NewYork. 2003.Dyck, Norm. Reading Comprehension Lessons: Using Text Structures toImprove Expository Text Comprehension. Curriculum Solutions:Lawrence, KS 2000.Harvey, Stephanie. Nonfiction Matters. Stenhouse: Maine. 1998.Harvey, Stephanie. Strategies That Work. Stenhouse: Main. 2000.Hoyt, Linda. Snapshots. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. 2000.Keene, Ellin and Susan Zimmermann. Mosaic of Thought. Heinemann:NH. 1977.Literacy Academy. USD 475.
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Search and Find
How many examples of these text features can you find in your text? Keep a tallyeach time you find one. Write the page number beside the first example you find.After that, only one tally each time you see another example.
Team Members:
Title
Sub Titles
Information in boxes
Label pictures or diagrams
Cut-away diagram
Photographs
Captions
Table or Chart
Bold Print
Flow Chart
Maps
Graphs
Table of Content
Index
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Vocabulary Strategy – Connect Two
*WHO Students of all ages and reading abilities may benefit from this lesson.*WHY This lessons exposes students to new vocabulary words or phrases before
reading a selection. Students aren’t given definitions, but are encouragedto use their prior knowledge in order to predict which words could beconnected and to give reasons for their predictions. This helps to set apurpose for reading because it arouses student curiosity and at the sametime, it stimulates any background knowledge they may have.
*WHAT You will need to choose vocabulary words from a selection, a chapter, aunit, etc. The text may be narrative or expository. The number of wordsis up to a teacher’s discretion.
*HOW List the words on chart paper. Ask students if they can predict which ofthese terms might be connected to each other to tell why. Accept allresponses, reminding students that these are merely predictions. Wordsmight be used more than once. Keep the chart up and public and in use sothat the children can adjust their thinking on the chart. If an additionalconnection is found during the reading of the text, it can be added to thechart.
Writing in Response to ReadingHave the students write their initial responses in a journal or literature log usingthe same format:
Have the student share their ideas with a partner, small group or whole group.
After readingAn important point to discuss when debriefing this strategy is how the initialvocabulary words were selected. Sharing the thinking behind how a teacherdetermines challenging vocabulary that is vital to comprehending a text helps toelevate this strategy to a level of independent use for students.
www.u46teachers.org/mosaic/tools/tools.htm
I would connect ___________ and________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ProcedureThis procedure is based on short non-fiction text. The Life of the Butterfly.
Teacher Action Pupil Action
Teacher displays and reads the title of thebook, asking questions such as: What kind ofbook or article would have a title like this?What information would you expect to find init?
Children cue into the form of the text (e.g.,report, description, instructions, orprocedure). They listen to one another andalso ask questions or make comments.
Teacher displays the key words as a list andreads through them, not giving any meanings atthis stage.
Children follow the listed words as theteacher reads.
A teacher says, “These are key words takenfrom The Life of the Butterfly. Use them towrite sentences that provide information youmight find in the book. You must use all the keywords.” Teacher points out that more than onekey word may be used in a single sentence andthat the sentences need not be connected.
Children write their possible sentences.They predict possible meanings of anywords they do not know and include thosewords in their sentences.
Key words: eggs caterpillar
butterfly feelers proboscis
Pupa hatch
Teacher asks volunteers to read their possiblesentences to the class.
Children receive the volunteers’ sentencesuncritically.
Teacher distributes a copy of the book to eachchild.
Children read text silently or watch andlisten as teacher reads it aloud, accordingto the match between the text and thechildren’s reading ability.
Teacher asks children to work in pairs & to:(a) Read their sentence to each other; and(b) Find sentences that are confirmed by the
text.
Children read the text, then confirm,modify or reject their sentence. Theydiscuss any additional information.
Teacher asks pairs to volunteer to share. Children explain why sentences wereconfirmed, rejected, or modified.
Teacher leads general group discussions.
www.u46teachers.org/mosaic/tools/tools.htm
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5 Expository Text StructuresText Type Tells . . . Clue Words Graphic Organizer
Descriptive
. . . aboutsomething
About, is a, has a,does, for example,characteristicsare
Web
Sequence
. . . series or steps;items or events innumerical orchronologicalorder
First, second,third, next, then,finally
1.________________
2.________________
3.________________
4.________________
Problem/solution
. . . problem,attemptedsolutions, results;question andanswer format
Problem is,solution is, havesolved thisproblem by,puzzle is
Problem
Attempt
Solution
Compare/contrast
. . . similarities anddifferencesbetween 2 or morethings
Different from,same as, alike,similar to,resemble, on theother hand
Venn diagram (2)
Matrix (More than 2)dog cat bird
Cover fur fur feather# legs 4 4 2Sound bark meow chirp
Cause and effect
. . . reasons whysomethinghappens or exists
So that, becauseof, as a result of,since, so in orderto, reasons why, if. . . then, as aresult, therefore,because
Cause/Effect Mapfinal result
because
preliminary resultbecause because because
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Determining Importance in Nonfiction
Anchor Chart of Tips for Reading NonfictionBy Stephanie Harvey
Think of facts, questions and responses. Write these down as you read.
Reading nonfiction takes time. You may have to reread to make sure you understand.
Reread so you don’t forget what you are reading.
Reading fiction is like watching a movie. Nonfiction is more like a newscast orwatching a slide show.
Stop often and ask yourself if what you are reading makes sense.
Important to abbreviate when you take notes.
Think before you write.
Nonfiction reading is reading to learn something.
Reading with MeaningDebbie Miller
Determining Importance at a Glance
What’s Key for Kids
Readers distinguish the difference between fiction and nonfiction.
Readers distinguish important from unimportant information in order to identify keyideas or themes as they read.
Readers use their knowledge of narrative and expository text features to makepredictions about text organization and content.
Readers utilize text features to help them distinguish important from unimportantinformation.
Readers use their knowledge of important and relevant parts of text to answerquestions and synthesize text for themselves and others.
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Strategies that WorkStephanie Harvey
Chapter 9 “Determining Importance in Text: The Nonfiction Connection”
“Throughout Stephanie’s education, teachers had instructed her to highlight theimportant parts. But no one had shown her how. She assumed that if the writers ofthese massive textbooks had written it down, it must be important. So she highlightedjust about every letter of print. Highlighting is easy; determining what to highlight is thechallenge (page 117).”
Stephanie Harvey writes, “Determining Importance means picking out the mostimportant information when you read, to highlight essential ideas, to isolate supportingdetails, and to read for specific information. Teachers need to help readers sift and sortinformation, and make decisions about what information they need to remember andwhat information they can disregard (page 117).”
“Readers of nonfiction have to decide and remember what is important in the texts theyread if they are going to learn anything from them (page 118).”
Debbie Miller says, “We must teach our students what nonfiction is. Teaching ourstudents that expository text has predictable characteristics and features they can counton before they read, allows them to construct meaning more easily as they read.”
Nonfiction books are organized around specific topics and main ideas.
Nonfiction books give you information that is true.
Nonfiction books try to teach you something.
When readers read nonfiction books, they make predictions about thekinds of things they expect to learn. They activate their schema and thetopic and what they know about the type of text they are about to read.
Nonfiction books have features.
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FQR ChartFacts-Question-Response Chart
The strategy emphasis supports students to ask questions, determine importance in thetext, and respond, voicing their own opinions and thoughts. Eventually the children willbe able to use this response method independently to read for information in text theyhave chosen at their own reading level. The children record factual information, askquestions, and respond to merge their thinking with the content.
When students have the opportunity to share and explain their own thinking about text,they learn and remember important information.
Example: “The Comeback of Humpbacks” National Geographic for Kids (Sept. 2000)
Facts Question Response
Leaping out of the water iscalled breaching.
Is all jumping calledbreaching?
30x more than in 1965. WOW! That is a lot. That was a goodcomeback.
Humpbacks were almostgone until a law was createdto protect humpbacks.
I don’t like the hunters using only onepart of the whale. Reminds me of thewhite men wasting the buffalo.
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Facts Questions Responses
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Reading with Meaning, pages 149-150
Identify what the conventions of nonfiction text are and how they help us as readers.Debbie Miller suggests spending one day on each convention. The teacher should bringin examples of at least five places in nonfiction texts that support that convention. Thenthe children look for the convention and share them with a partner, small group, wholegroup. It is not enough to identify the convention and purpose, we must also identifyhow they help us as readers.
Conventions Purpose How they help us as readers
Labels Help the reader identify a picture orphotograph and/or its parts.
Photographs Help the reader understand exactlywhat something looks like.
Captions Help the reader better understand apicture or photograph.
ComparisonsHelp the reader understand the sizeof one thing by comparing it to thesize of something familiar.
CutawaysHelp the reader understandsomething by looking at it from theinside.
Maps Help the reader understand wherethings are in the world.
Types of print Help the reader by signaling, “Look atme! I’m important!”
Close-Ups Help the reader see details insomething small.
Table of ContentsHelp the reader identify key topics inthe book in the order they arepresented.
IndexAn alphabetical list of almosteverything covered in the text, withpage numbers.
Glossary Helps the reader define wordscontained in the text.
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List of mini lessons for nonfiction texts:
ScanningSkimmingAccessing the text through the indexUsing headings and signposts to the information we wantStrolling through the pictures in order to orient ourselves to the textNot reading the text in orderAccessing the text through the table of contentsReading the picture captionsActivating prior knowledge or schemaNoting characteristics of text length and structureNoting what type of organizational pattern the text is usingDetermining what to read in what orderDetermining what to pay careful attention toDetermining what to ignoreDeciding to quit because the text contains no relevant informationDeciding if text is worth careful reading or just skimmingPay attention to surprising information. It might mean you are learning something
new.
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Guided Reading the Four Bocks Way, pages 58-62
“What’s for Reading?”
“You want the children in your classroom to know that they will read something everyday during Guided Reading, and as Guided Reading time approaches, you want themto begin asking themselves: “What’s for reading?” Then you want them to know theycan take a quick peek at the text and see the kinds of reading they can anticipate.“What’s for reading?” is a previewing technique where the children decide what kind oftext they are going to read and what special features that text has.”
Reading with Meaning, page 146
Have the students look at nonfiction and fiction texts and determine what are thecharacteristics of both types of text.
Make a Venn Diagram reflecting what they learned.
Fiction Both Nonfiction
Beginning middle endSettingCharactersProblemEventsResolution
Stories
Themes
Pictures
Read from front to back
Title
Illustrations
They help you learn
They are fun to read
Words
Bold printIndex
Table of Contents
Photographs
CaptionsHeadingsCutaways
InformationIdeas
Amazing factsRead in any order
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Reading with MeaningDebbie MillerPages 150-151
Wonder Boxes
Throughout the study of questioning and nonfiction, ask the children to place a wondercard or two in a basket. Two or three days a week, draw one out and search for theanswer. Another option is to generate wonder questions and have the students chooseone, then do research for the answer.
Debbie Miller shows them how to think aloud about certain questions:
What do I already know about the topic?What type of book or other source will help me best?Where will I find the information?How is the information organized in the source? How will I go about locating what I
need?
Wonder Question
What I learned . . .
Source:
After looking through the source of information, ask yourself, “What did I learn? Howcan I synthesize my learning for myself and others?”
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Strategies that Work, pages 134-137
Sifting the Topic from the Details
Topic and details form is effective in allowing for the students to list essentialinformation, but lacked a place for their responses. The third column for responseallows kids to interact with text personally and ensures that they have a place to recordtheir thoughts, feelings, and questions.
Three Column Notes
Topic Detail Personal Response
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Connections
Text to Text /Text to Self /Text to World
Connections
Text to Text /Text to Self /
Text to World
Connections
Text to Text /Text to Self /
Text to World
Connections
Text to Text /Text to Self /
Text to World
Connections
Text to Text /Text to Self /
Text to World
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
InferencesConclusions
I wonder…I figured out…
I predict
InferencesConclusions
I wonder…I figured out…
I predict
InferencesConclusions
I wonder…I figured out…
I predict
InferencesConclusions
I wonder…I figured out…
I predict
InferencesConclusions
I wonder…I figured out…
I predict
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Sequence ofInformation
Sequence ofInformation
Sequence ofInformation
Sequence ofInformation
Sequence ofInformation
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is….
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is….
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is….
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is….
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is….
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Nonfiction Finger Walk: Intermediate Adapted by Jo Royse© 2008
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Connections
This story reminds meof…
Connections
This story reminds meof…
Connections
This story reminds meof…
Connections
This story reminds meof…
Connections
This story reminds meof…
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Purpose
The author wrote thisstory to….
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Vocabulary
The new words I learnedare…
Detail 3
I also learned …
Detail 3
I also learned …
Detail 3
I also learned …
Detail 3
I also learned …
Detail 3
I also learned …
Detail 2
Another fact I learnedwas…
Detail 2
Another fact I learnedwas…
Detail 2
Another fact I learnedwas…
Detail 2
Another fact I learnedwas…
Detail 2
Another fact I learnedwas…
Detail 1
One fact I learned was…
Detail 1
One fact I learned was…
Detail 1
One fact I learned was…
Detail 1
One fact I learned was…
Detail 1
One fact I learned was…
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is…
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is…
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is…
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is…
Main Idea
The main thing the authoris telling me is…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Topic
This is a book about…
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Non-Fiction
Walk
Nonfiction Finger Walk: Primary (Royse© 2008)