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Grade 9 Science

Unit 4: Space

Chapter 10: What we know about the universe has

taken us thousands of years to learn.

Student Name: __________________

Homeroom: ______

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What to Do

In each box, record words or phrases about the topic of space that begin with the letter in the box.

A B C D

E F G H

I J K L

M N O P

Q R S T

U V W XYZ

Write three questions you have about space.

1. _____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________

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4. Observing the Stars...

Celestial Bodies:

A __________________ object out in space.

Includes; __________________, moons, _________________, _________________, and

stars.

Stars: give off ______________ and ______________ but are very far away.

Example: _____________________

Planets: ______________________

Constellations:

Pattern made up of __________________.

Big and Little Dipper

______________________

Cassiopeia

Celestial Body Movement:

Celestial _______________ move in cyclic paths called ________________.

These orbits result from _____________________________ forces.

___________________, ________________, and __________________ revolve on a

central axis.

Stars generally move from ________________ to __________________.

The ________________ at which the star rotates is the _______________ Star

(_____________)

Ursa Major and Minor, and ______________________ never go _______________ the

horizon.

Early Models of the Universe:

Aristotle (383-322 B.C.E)

Visualized the _____________________ as _________________________. This means

the Earth is the ________________ of the universe and everything else _____________

around it.

He believed that the ________________ was a sphere due to the _______________

edges observed during a ___________________________________.

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Ptolemy (83-168 C.E)

Based on his model on his __________________________ on Mars.

Mars _____________________ path creates a loop or _________________ in the sky.

His model showed each ____________________ attached to a crystal sphere with its

________________ at Earth.

Each ____________________ was not attached directly to its ________________ but to

an off-center wheel. (_________________________)

Accepted for nearly _______________ years.

The astrolabe; used to _________________ and _____________________ the position

of the _______________, _________________, and ___________________.

Along with a ________________________, it could be used to describe the

____________________ of any celestial body in __________________ to the direction

____________________ and to the horizon.

Allowed for more accurate ________________________ to be made.

Copernicus (1473 – 1543)

Believed in a __________________________ universe. (Sun at the center)

The ____________________ rotated on its axis _________________ and revolved

around the ____________ once a year.

Galileo (1564 – 1642)

First person to view the “heavens” through a _________________________.

Allowed him to see objects about ___________ closer.

He observed;

- _____________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________

Now that the sun was placed at the _______________ of the our solar system, other

_______________________ could work to understand the motions of the _________________.

Improvements in the __________________ would show new and strange _________________

never imagined!

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Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)

Developed 3 laws of ____________________________________________.

1. All ___________________ move in ellipses with the _____________ at one focus.

2. Planets sweep out at ________________ areas of their ____________________

orbit in __________________ times.

3. The time a _________________ takes to revolve around the ___________ is directly

_____________________ to how far away it is ___________ the Sun.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)

Developed 3 _______________________________________________.

First to show that the _________________ of gravity affects all ____________________

bodies, causing them to stay in __________________.

Invented the ____________________ telescope which uses a __________________

mirror to focus the light to a ________________ at an eyepiece.

The Planets

Inner Planets:

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

Jovian Planets:

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

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Comprehension Questions

1. Define Star.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. Define celestial body.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. How did people thousands of years ago use the movement of celestial bodies to help

them?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. A) Define constellation.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

B) Define Asterism.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5. Where did many of the constellations get their names?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

6. Define planet.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

7. How many constellations are there according to The International Astronomical Union?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

8. How many constellations are visible in Canada?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

9. Identify the following constellations and give the description of each.

Name: ______________________

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Name: ______________________________

Name: ________________________________

Name: ________________________________

10. What do the Big Dipper’s end or “pointer” stars point toward?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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11. What is the name of this star? Is it the brightest star in the sky?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

12. In what direction of stars seem to move?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

13. Are the stars actually moving? What causes this movement?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

14. Define circumpolar constellations.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

15. Define ecliptic. What follows this type of path?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

16. Define zodiacal constellations.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

17. How long does it take the earth to circle the sun?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

18. How are the motions of asteroids and comets different?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

19. How did Aristotle visualize the universe?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

20. Define geocentric.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

21. A) Why did Aristotle believe the Earth was in a fixed position?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

B) Why did he believe the Earth was a sphere?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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22. Define heliocentric.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

23. Which Greek philosopher proposed the heliocentric concept?

________________________________________________________________________

24. Who was the first person to accurately measure the diameter of the earth?

________________________________________________________________________

25. Define retrograde motion.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

26. Define astrolabe.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

27. Who proposed that the Earth rotated on its axis as a way of explaining observations in

the heavens?

________________________________________________________________________

28. Define telescope.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

29. Who invented the telescope?

________________________________________________________________________

30. What made Galileo believe the universe was heliocentric?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

31. How did each of the following add to our understanding of the solar system;

Tycho Brahe

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Johannes Kepler

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Isaac Newton

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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Models of the Universe: How our ‘World’ view has changed!

Sketch the model of the Universe as proposed by each of the following:

Aristotle(383-322 B.C.E.)

Ptolemy(83-168 C.E.)

Copernicus(1473-1543)

Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)

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Chapter 10 Key Terms

Match each Key Term in the left column with its definition in the right column.

Key Term Definition

asterism 1. a pattern of stars

astrolabe 2. how bright a star appears to us

celestial body 3. an optical device that uses lenses to gather and focus light to provide a magnified view

circumpolar constellation 4. an object that orbits the Sun in its own orbital path

constellation 5. Earth-centred

ecliptic 6. an instrument used to help astronomers locate and predict the positions of the Sun, Moon, and stars

ellipse 7. a smaller group of stars that forms a pattern within a constellation

geocentric 8. constellations known as the signs of the zodiac, which lie on the ecliptic

heliocentric 9. a change of direction so that a planet appears to orbit in a loop or S shape in the sky

magnitude 10. the path that the Sun follows through the sky

orbit 11. the path of a celestial object in space

planet 12. a shape with two focal points. The distance from one focal point to the edge, then to the other focal point is always the same

retrograde motion 13. Sun-centred

star 14. a constellation that never goes below the horizon

telescope 15. a natural object in space such as a planet, a moon, an asteroid, a comet, or a star

zodiacal constellations 16. a spherical object in space that creates its own thermal energy

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Chapter 10 Practice Test

Goal • Check your understanding of Chapter 10.

Circle the letter of the best answer. 1. An astrophysicist is which of the following?

A. an astronomer B. a physicist C. a scientist who studies astronomy and physics D. a scientist who studies biology and chemistry

2. As a planet gets closer to the Sun in its elliptical orbit, its speed does which of the

following? A. decreases B. increases C. increases, then decreases D. stays the same

3. Which statement does not describe Kepler’s laws?

A. Planets move in ellipses. B. Planets sweep out equal areas of their elliptical orbit in equal times. C. The force of gravity extends beyond the surface of Earth. D. The time a planet takes to revolve around the Sun is directly related to how far

away it is from the Sun. 4. Which effect does gravity have on celestial bodies?

A. Gravity causes celestial bodies to remain in orbit around larger bodies. B. Gravity causes celestial bodies to remain in orbit around smaller bodies. C. Gravity causes celestial bodies to stop orbiting around larger bodies. D. Gravity does not affect celestial bodies.

5. Which of the following planets is not visible in the sky without the use of a telescope?

A. Mars B. Mercury C. Neptune D. Saturn

6. Which of the following statements does not describe inner planets?

A. They are relatively small. B. They have gaseous atmospheres. C. They have rocky crusts. D. They have solid cores.

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7. Planets orbit the Sun in which of the following paths? A. circular B. elliptical C. linear D. triangular

8. Which of the following statements best describes the Newtonian telescope?

A. a reflecting telescope that uses a curved mirror to focus the light B. a refracting telescope that uses a lens to focus the light C. a space telescope D. smaller than other telescopes

9. Which planet did astronomers discover by observing the orbit of Uranus?

A. Earth B. Jupiter C. Mars D. Neptune

Match the Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once.

Term Descriptor

_____10. asterism _____11. circumpolar

constellation _____12. ecliptic _____13. geocentric _____14. magnitude _____15. star

A. the brightness of a celestial body B. a constellation that never goes below the horizon C. Earth-centred D. an object in space with a spherical shape E. the path that the Sun follows every day F. a smaller group of stars forming a pattern with a

constellation