grade 8 - year end science review unit 1: mix and flow of matter...
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Grade 8 - Year End Science Review
Unit 1: Mix and Flow of Matter 1. Fluids are used in Technological devices and common everyday materials What does the acronym W.H.M.I.S. stand for?
W _______________ H _______________ M _______________ I _______________ S _______________
2.NamethekeyideasoftheParticleModelofMatter
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3.Namethe3statesofmatteranddescribethemotionoftheirparticlesbyfillinginthechartbelow: Solid Liquid GasDrawwhattheparticleslooklike
Whatshapeandvolumedoesithave?
Giveanexample
Describetheparticlesinthisstate
Whathappenswhentheyarepoured
Compressibleorincompressible?
4.Allmatterisclassifiedaseitherapuresubstanceormixture.Fillinthetablebelow:
PureSubstances MixturesElements
Homogeneous
ExamplesofElements
Examplesofhomogeneous
Compound
Heterogeneous
CompoundsExamples
HeterogeneousExamples
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5a.Whatmakesmaterialsdissolve?5b.Asolutionismadeupof2ormorematerialsthesoluteandsolvent.Explainwhateachofthesetermsmeanandgiveanexampleofeach.Definition ExampleSolution‐
Solute‐
Solvent‐
Soluble
Insoluble
5c.Drawadiagramthatillustrateshowsugar+water=solution6.Describehowyouwouldmakeasolutionmoreconcentrated.7.Identifythreewaysthatcanaffecttherateofdissolving:
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8.Explainthedifferencebetweensaturatedandunsaturated.SaturatedUnsaturated9.Explainhowsolventsareusedascleaningproducts.10.Supposeyoumixlemonjuice,sugar,andcoldwatertomakelemonade.Afterstirringthereisstillsomeundissolvedsugaratthebottomoftheclass.a)Whydidn’tallthesugardissolve?11.DescribethefollowingMethodsofSeparation:Distillation
Chromatography
Filtration
Evaporation
Desalination
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12.FlowRateDefineflowrate
Whatisflowratemeasuredrate?
Howdoyouincreaseflowrate?
Howdoyoudecreaseflowrate?
13.ViscosityDefineviscosity
Identifythreewaystochangeviscosity.
Whenweincreaseflowrateviscosity…
Whenwedecreaseflowrateviscosity…
14.Definethefollowingtermsandcalculatethedensityofanobject.Density
Mass
Volume
Weight
Gravity
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Densityformula
Calculation Calculatethedensityofanobjecthavingamassof10gandavolumeof2ml
15.Wearingalifejacketwhileonaboatcanhelpyoutosaveyourlifeifyougallintothewater.Whyisthisthecase?16.Explainwhyasolidpieceofwoodfloatseasilyonthesurfaceofliquidwater.17.Usingtheparticlemodelexplainwhyafluidwillalwaysflowoutofcrackorsmallholeinanopencontainer.18.DefinethefollowingPressure
Force
Area
Equationforpressure
Calculation Calculatethepressureemittedonanobjectthathasaforceof20Noveranareaof5cm2
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19.Whichstatesofmattercanbecompressed?20.ListanddescribePneumaticsandhydraulicssystemsandgive2examplesofeachpressuresystem. Define ExamplesHydraulics
1.2.
Pneumatics
1.2.
21.a)DefineValveb)DefinePump
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Unit2‐CellsandBodySystems1. Whatarethe5characteristicsoflivingthings?Listanexampleofeach
2. Completethefollowingchartbasedonthelevelsoforganizationinorganisms.
Level Definition ExampleCell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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3. Definethefollowingpartsofthecell:Organelle FunctionNucleus
Cellmembrane
Cellwall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
4. List3waysinwhichplantcellsdifferfromanimalcells
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5. Identifythedifferenttypesofcells
6.Describethefunctionofeachtypeofcell
TypeofCell FunctionMuscle
Skin
Nerve
Blood
Bone
1. Describethefollowingtypesofpermeability
Impermeable–Example‐Permeable–Example‐Semipermeable–Example‐
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2. Whatisdiffusion?Whatisosmosis?Diffusion–Example‐Osmosis–Example‐
3. Whattissuesinplantstransportthefollowing?
Transport TissueWater
Sugar
4. Explainwhatthefollowingbodysystemsandtheirfunction.Listsomeorgans
thatareapartofeachsystem
System Function OrgansDigestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Excretory
Nervous
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5. List3advantagesofbeingmulticellular
6. Howarethefollowingsystemsconnected?
Circulatoryanddigestive
Circulatoryandrespiratory
7. Howdothebloodvesselsinyourbodyrespondtothefollowing:
Blush
Sweat
Shiver
8. Identify5waystomaintainhealthyorgansandsystems
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Unit3–LightandOpticalSystems1. Whatisthebasicprincipleoflight?
2. Whatcausesashadow?
3. Listanddescribethe5sourcesoflightandgive1exampleofeach.Sourceoflight ExampleIncandescent
Chemiluminescent
Bioluminescent
Phosphorescent
Fluorescent
4. Describeandgiveanexamplefor:
Diagram ExampleTransparent
Translucent
Opaque
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5. Describeanddrawhowlighthitsconvexandconcavemirrors Diagram/Explanation ExampleConvexmirror
Convexlens
Concavemirror
Concavelens
6. Whatisreflection?Drawaraydiagramtohelpexplain.Calculatetheangleof
reflectioniftheangleofincidenceis55degrees.
a.LawofReflection–b.Raydiagramofreflection–c.Theangleofreflectionis
7. Whatisrefraction?Drawasimpleraydiagramtohelpexplain.
a.Refraction–b.Raydiagramofrefraction–
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8. Whydoeslightbendwhenitgoesfromonemediumtoanother?
9. Drawadiagramtoshowwhathappenswhenalightraygoesfromair(lessdense)towater(moredense),whatwaydoeslightbend?
10. Definethefunctionforeachstructureoftheeye:Structure FunctionCornea
Pupil
Iris
VitreousHumor
Retina
OpticNerve
Lens
11. MatchthefollowingpartsoftheeyetothecamerapartsRetina ApertureLens FilmIris LensPupil Diaphragm12. Whatisablindspot?
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13. Explainwhathappenstothepupilwhenitisbrightandwhenitisdark?Light
Dark
14. Explainnearandfarsightedvision.Ineachcase,drawadiagramtoillustratehowlightisaffectedbythelensandhoweachcanbecorrected.
Vision Diagram CorrectionNearsighted(Myopia)
Farsighted(Hyperopia)
15. Explainhowtheeyesofthefollowinganimalshavebeenadaptedfor
survival:TypeofEye DescriptionAmphibian
Mammal
Insect
Bird
16. Explainthedifferencebetweenrefractingandreflectingtelescopes
17. Labelthefollowingdiagram(**IGNORE**)
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18. Explaintherelationshipbetweenfrequencyandwavelength(**IGNORE**)
19. Describeeachofthefollowingpartsoftheelectromagneticspectrumandprovideanapplicationofeach.(**IGNORE**)
TypeofWaves
Definition Application
Radiowaves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visiblelight
Ultraviolet
X‐ray
Gamma
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Unit4–MechanicalSystems1.Identifytheadvantageofeachofthefollowingsimplemachines.Simplemachine
Functionandexample
Lever
InclinedPlane
Gear
Pulley
Wheelandaxle
2.Identifytheload,effort,andfulcrumforthelever.
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3.CompletethefollowingbasedonWORKWork
Force
Distance
Equation
Calculation Youexertedaforceof2.0Nonaleverandmoveditadistanceof0.6m.Calculatethework
4.Whatwouldyoudotomaketheefforteasiertomoveaboxof50Nfromthefloortoashelf?5.Definemachine6.Defineandcalculatemechanicaladvantage.a.Mechanicaladvantageisb.Onaseesaw,youaretryingtoliftthepersonontheotherside.Youapplyaneffortforceof600Ntotheseesawandtheotherpersonweights1800N.Calculatethemechanicaladvantage.
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6. Definethefollowing:a.Transmission
b.Linkage
c.Whichmovesthelargerload?
7. Definethefollowinggears:Geartrain
DrivingGear
DrivenGear
8. Whichdirectionwouldthegearsgointhegeartrain?
9. Calculatethespeedratioofthefollowinggeartrain.Thedrivergearis25andthedrivengearis5.
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10. IdentifyeachtypeofpulleyTypeofPulley Diagram
11. Describethedifferencebetweenpotentialandkineticenergy
12. DefineEfficiency
Howcanyouincreaseefficiency
Howcanyoudecreaseefficiency
Formula
Calculation Iftheworkoutputproducedis50Jandtheinputis20J,whatistheefficiencyofthemachine?
13. Provideanexampleofapneumaticandahydraulic
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Unit5–FreshandSaltwaterSystems
1. Waterusagecanbeindirectordirect.Completethefollowingchart.Indirect DirectDefinition
Definition
Example
Example
2. Fillinthemissinginformation.
_________%oftheearthiswaterOfthat_________%issaltwaterand_________%isfreshwaterOffreshwater_________%isinglaciersoricecapsand_________%isusablefreshwater._________%isfoundassurfacewaterand_________%isfoundasgroundwater.3.Whatisdifferencebetweenwaterqualityandquantity?
1. Definethefollowing
Term DefinitionIceCap
Glacier
ContinentalGlacier
Icefield
ValleyGlacier
Crevasse
Icefall
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Advancing
Retreating
ParkIce
Iceberg
Till
Meltwater
Millwell
Reservoir
5.Whentheamountofmeltingismorethantheamountoficeflowtheglacierisconsidered_______________________.WhentheamountofmeltingIslessthantheamountofflowitisconsidered__________________________.
6.Describetheprocessinwhichaglacierisformed7.Explainthreesituations,whichcouldcauseaniceage.
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8.Whenwatertricklesdownthroughthesoilandcollectsinspacesbetweensoilparticlesthisisknownas_____________________________________.9.Ariverflowswesttothepacificocean.Thepointatwhichtheriveremptiesoutintothelargebodyofwateriscalledthe______________________________.10.ThesameriverbeginsataglacierintheRockyMountains.Thepointatwhichtheriverstartsiscalledthe_______________________.11.Listthingsusedtodeterminewhetherabodyofwaterisalakeorpond.
12.Whatisariver?13.Whatisastream?14.Whatisstreamflow?15.Whatissediment?Provideanexample.16.Wheredoessedimentcomefrom?17.Whatisitcalledwhenthesedimentstopsmoving?
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18.Whyisitimportanttomeasurethesedimentinenvironmentalmonitoring?19.Whatarecontaminants?20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenpointandnon‐pointcontaminates?Pointsource–Nonpointsource–21.Describesalinity22.Wheredoesthesaltcomefromintheoceans?23.Drawhowtheparticlesmoveinawave.24.Listthreecharacteristicsofneapandspringtides.Neap Spring‐‐‐
‐‐‐
Whatisthedifferencebetweenhighandlowtide?
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a.Explainoceancurrents.b.Ifyouexperiencecoldcurrentswherearetheycomingfrom?c.Ifyouexperiencewarmcurrentswherearetheycomingfrom?25.Identifythethreetypesofaquatichabitatsandprovideexamplesoftheadaptationsofspeciestoliveinthosehabitats26.Whatisanalgalbloom?Howdoesitform?