gpep ii international grazing behaviourworkshop€¦ · grazing time (min) 304 b 362 a 15,2 gt...

GPEP II International Grazing

Behaviour Workshop

“The meal dynamics of grazing

herbivores: pattern and processes”

Chilibroste, P., Mattiauda, D. A. and Soca, P.

Research background: animal

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:0

010

:30

11:0

011

:30

12:0

012

:30

13:0

013

:30

14:0

0

Hora

Pro

babi

lida

d

T1 T2 T3 T4

Why this pattern ??

Research background: pasture

5.0

10.0

15.0

08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30

Hora

Altu

ra d

e p

lato

Pasture depletion dynamics

Over 70 % of the forage

disappeared… disappears during

the first half of the grazing session

Question: who drive the system ?

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:0

010

:30

11:0

011

:30

12:0

012

:30

13:0

013

:30

14:0

0

Hora

Pro

babi

lida

d

T1 T2 T3 T4

Information coming from the pasture ?

Information coming from the animal ?

3

2

1Changes in herbage allowance, sward height,

sward structure

Changes in grazing management

Changes in feed allocation

AGENDA

1 Changes in herbage allowance

2

3

AGENDA

Changes in sward height

Changes in sward structure

Set experiments to finish grazing session under different sward conditions

5.0

10.0

15.0

08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30

Hora

Altu

ra d

e p

lato

Pasture depletion dynamics

End of the grazing session



Experimental Setup

Herbage allowance30 kg DM/cow/day (High)

15 kg DM/cow/day (Medium)5 kg DM/cow/day (Low)

Supplementation4.5 kg concentrate + 2.5 kg corn silage

Rotational grazing 7 days occupation7 hours/day (8-15 h)

y = 2

0.6

9 e -0

.01

1x

R² =

0.9

38

y = 1

9.7

8 e -0

.01

7x

R² =

0.9

81

y = 1

7.9

7 e -0

.02

4x

R² =

0.9

79

0 5

10

15

20

25

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

12

34

56

7

Height - Ashgrove

Da

ys

HA

MA

LA

Ex

po

n. (H

A)

Ex

po

n. (M

A)

Ex

po

n. (L

A)

De

ple

tion

pa

ttern

Grazing probability throughout days in milk

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

57%

64%

68%

71%

prob

abili

dad

(%)

Week 3

Week 5

Week 7

Week 8

Nota: valores con distintas letras difieren estadísticamente (p<0.05)

a

b

c

d

14 28 43 50


0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Sesión1 Sesión3 Sesión5

Pro

ba

bili

dad

Probability of being grazing

T4 T3 T2

A A A

B B BB B B

Mean bite rate by treatment

a a b

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

bit

es/

min

ute

s

Days in milk

Bite rate evolution

HA

MA

LA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

bit

es/

min

ute

s

Days in milk

Bite rate evolution

HA

MA

LA

Dpp = p<0.01

Trat*Dpp = p<0.01

Fitted linear

Bite rate evolution throughout grazing sessions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Initial Middle End

bo

cad

os/

min

Grazing session

Trat. 2

Trat. 3

Trat. 4

c

bc bcbcbc b

aaa


Mean bite rate by treatment

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

bo

cad

osa

/min

a

Trat. 2

Trat. 3

Trat. 4


a a b

2 Changes in sward height

1

3

AGENDA

Changes in herbage allowance

Changes in sward structure

Swardheight

6 cm

9 cm

16 cm

22 cm

Grazingvoluntary stop

Rumen evacuation

30 cm

Length of the grazing session

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 10 20 30

Days of regrowth

min

ute

s

GT6

9

16 22 30

2000 J Dairy Sci 83:984–995

Duration of Regrowth of Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) Effects on Grazing Behavior, Intake, Rumen Fill, and Fermentation of L actating Dairy CowsP. Chilibroste,* S. Tamminga,* H. Boer,* M. J. Gibb ,† and G. den Dikken

Pastoreo y otras actividades

0 2 4 6 8 10

7cm

13cm

RumiaPastoreo

13 cm

7 cm

09:00 19:30 06:00

Carballo s/p

Comments I

• Aquí irían comentarios específicos sobre esta

área de estudio:

– Patrón de pastoreo está impreso y se mantiene

– Intake rate depende fundamentalmente de la

estructura (vertical/horizontal) de la pastura

– Meal duration: depende fundamentalmente del

animal

– Obviamente lo anterior interactúa

3Changes in sward structure

P. Soca short communication

1

2 Changes in sward height

AGENDA

Changes in herbage allowance

3

2

1Changes in herbage allowance, sward height, sward structure



AGENDA

1 One vs two grazing sessions

2

3

AGENDA

Moment and duration of the grazing session

� Animals

Holstein dairy cows

Milk=23.9 ±5.7; BW=537±56;

� Pasture

Daily strip of a mixture of legumes(50%)and grasses(30%).

Sward mass= 2750 kg

TreatmentsFactorial arrangements of treatments:

2 Forage allowances: 30 –60 kg DM/cow/d2 Allowed grazing time: 8 – 16 h

Grazing(18:00)

grazing(7:00)

milking(5:00)

milking(15:30)

GT=16

GT= 8

Milk Production

19.7c21.5b21.5b

25.3a

10

15

20

25

30

GT16 - 60 GT16 - 30 GT8 - 60 GT8 - 30

L/

dHA p<0.01

GT p<0.01

Int. p<0.1

Grazing pattern

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Pastoreo

T 8

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Rumia

Asignación 60

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

123456789

10

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Pastoreo

T 8

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

T 8

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

123456789

10

1234567

123456789

10

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

123456789

10

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Rumia

Asignación 60

Ingestive pattern: HA=60

Daily values

GTGT 16GT 8

EffectTreatments

**509333GT min

NS66.766.1TB boc/min

***10.24.4Bouts (n)

**262333GT min


NS4.84.5Bouts (n)

18:00 – 2:00 (p.m. grazing session)

Grazing pattern

18 22 02 06 10 141234567

123456

hora

8

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Rumia

123456

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

12345678

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Pastoreo

Asignación 30

18 22 02 06 10 141234567

123456

hora

8

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

18 22 02 06 10 141234567

123456

hora

8

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Rumia

123456

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

12345678

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

123456

T 8

nº

rep

etic

ión

12345678

18 22 02 06 10 14hora

T 1

6 nº

rep

etic

ión

Pastoreo

Asignación 30

Ingestive pattern: HA=30

Daily values

GTGT 16GT 8

EffectTreatments

*481378GT min


***7.64.2Bouts (n)

**261378GT min


NS3.64.5Bouts (n)

18:00 – 2:00 (p.m. grazing session)

Grazing time

509 481

332379

451 479

148101

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

GT 16 - 60 G 16 - 30 GT 8 - 60 GT 8 - 30

min

Grazing No grazing

Inclusion of pasture and total mixed rations on diets of Holstein dairy cows in early

lactation

• DTM

• P1

• P2

Hora 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3

Ordeñe

Alimentación

Encierro

Hora 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3

Encierro

Ordeñe

Alimentación

Pastoreo

Hora 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3

Encierro

Ordeñe

Alimentación

Pastoreo

PASTURE

• Cows grazed a second year perennial pasture of

Festuca arundinacea, Trifolium repens and Lotus

corniculatus.

• The paddock was 1.7 km away from the milking

parlor.

• A new grazing area was assigned weekly with a

mean herbage allowance of 15 kg DM day-1 cow-1

over 4 cm above ground level.

Milk production according to days in milk (DPP) for treatments 100% DTM (DTM), 50 %DTM one grazing session (P1) and 50 % DTM two grazing sessions (P2)

25

28

31

34

37

40

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63

Le

ch

e (

l/d

)

DPP

DTM P1 P2

Dry matter and net energy intake of treatments DTM (100 % DTM),

P1 y P2 (one or two grazing sessions + 50 % DTM)

Treatments

DTM P1 P2

Total DMI, kg/d 26,8 21 21,1

DTM, kg/d 26,8 ± 0,23a 15,1 ± 0,23b 14,1 ± 0,23c

Pasture, kg/d … 5,9 ± 0,33b 7,0 ±0,33a

Total, % PV 4,2 3,4 3,3

NEL intake (Mcal/d) 43,7 33,6 33,7

Diets actually eaten

- DTM: 100% DTM; P1: 28% PASTURA – 72% DTM; P2: 33% PASTURA – 67% DTM

WHAT ABOUT GRAZING PATTERNS ?

Effect of time at pasture on proportion of cows grazing after access

to pasture for treatments P1 (grey bars) and G2 (white bars).

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3

am pm

Pro

porc

ión

de a

nim

ales

pas

tore

ando

No. de horas en la pastura

P1 P2

P1 = 84 %

P2 = 67 %

P1 P2 EE

Grazing time (min) 304 b 362 a 15,2

GT first hour (min) 52 49 2,1

GT first 3 hours (min) 155 a 106 b 4,6

P1 P2 EE

Total bites apprehension 14.438 14.985 629

Total bites mastication 2.410 2.517 258

Bites/min 55 48 …

Control of access time

• Treatments

– T1 = free access

– T2 = enclosure 8:30-12:30

– T3 = enclosure 8:30-16:30

• Forage allowance

– 7.5 % BW

• Supplements: 3 o 6 kg

• Pasture: Mixture prairie with

dominance of perennial

ryegrass.

– 12-13 % CP

– 55 % NDF

• Results

T1 T3

Suplem. 3 6 3 6

TP (min/d) 415 374 245 235

TB (boc/min) 57 52 50 43

TC (gMS/min) 29 17 41 34

Consumo 11 6.2 10.1 7.3

(kg MS/v/d)

PL (l/v/d) 15 15 16 18

Soca, 1997

Comments II

• Comentarios específicos sobre 1 vs 2

grazing sessions

• Vacas sin suplemento y vacas con 70 %

suplementación repiten exactamente el

mismo patrón !!

• Dejo de reserva la slide el la Tesis de P. Soca

para la discusión. Me queda revisar los

valores.

2

1

3

AGENDA

One vs two grazing sessions

Moment and duration of the grazing session

Experimental setup

• 27 dairy cows– DIM 60 days

• Determinations 9 weeks (autumn)• Allowance 20 kg MS/v/d (ground level)• 3,5 kg concentrate per milking• 5,2 kg DM corn silage• Complete randomize block design

Treatments outline

7-15

7-11

11-15

5:00

5:30

7:00 11:00 15:0015:30

17:00 18:30

pastoreoordeñesensilajeencierros

3

4

5

0 2 4 6 8

8 h 4 h

Hours (0 = begining of grazing)

RP

M H

eigh

t (cm

)

y = 4.89*exp (-0.09*h)

y = 4.75*exp (-0.04*h)

Pasture disappearance pattern

Grazing pattern

Tratamientos P-valor

T7-11 T11-15

Grazing time (min.) 229 193 0.002

Rumination time (min.) 392 413 0.362

Other act. (min.) 665 701 0.160

J.M. mastication 11874 9715 0.038

J.M. total 17065 13411 0.005

Intake rate (g/minute) 28.8 36.0 0.031

95 80

Comments III

• Comentarios sobre restricción del tiempo de acceso dentro de una sesión

• Animales adaptan el comportamiento fundamentalmente el tiempo dedicado a pastoreo

– Costo: selectividad , rumia , masticación , ambiente ruminal

– Beneficio: DMI !!! and fitness

• Why ???

3

2

1Changes in herbage allowance, sward height, sward structure



AGENDA

Moment and allocation of corn

silage on dry matter intake and milk

production of grazing dairy cows

D.A. Mattiauda

S. Tamminga

M.J. Gibb

M. Carriquiry

P. Chilibroste

Moment and allocation of partial

TMR on grazing behaviour, dry

matter intake and milk production

of grazing dairy cows

In preparation

Esto lo dejaría sólo introducido ya

que no hay tiempo para

desarrollarlo

Ingestion DigestionSward

Animal characteristics•Energetic status•Rumen fill and kinetics•Concentration offermentation products•Osmotic pressure

Pasture characteristics•Sward morphology•Chemical composition•Fermentability

•Gas production

Supplements

SupplementManagement Management

Conclusiones

• Plantear modelo general

ThanksWe are always

open to

nice/nasty

questions

Finally ….

gpep ii international grazing behaviourworkshop€¦ · grazing time (min) 304 b 362 a 15,2 gt...

Documents