government establishment of religion, form #05.038

8/15/2019 Government Establishment of Religion, Form #05.038

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Kgvirncint Isteojfsdcint ga _ijfkfgn 505 ga 5;6Hgpyrfkdt Xgvirifknty Ibuhetfgn enb Biainsi Cfnfstry, dttp=//sibc.grk Agrc 09.084, _iv. 4-8-?058 ITDFOFR=WWWWWWWW

Xdijjiy v. Lreicir, 882 Y.X. 5 (5624). Oesib gn gur eppjfhetfgn ga tdisi tdrii prfnhfpjis tg tdi hfrhucstenhis5diri, wi dgjb tdet tdi ixirhfsi ga piricptgry hdejjinkis oy tdi biainbent fn tdi Bfstrfht Hgurt wes pursuent tg?e hgursi ga steti ehtfgn.8\ Ibcgnsgn v. Jiisvfjji Hgnhriti Hgcpeny, 900 Y.X. 152 (5665) S 2

2. Rdgsi wdg usi tdi FB‖s eri ehhusib ga fssuib ‚aeli– FB‖s. 99. Rdi Aibirej Rrebi Hgccfssfgn (ARH) prgsihutis tdisi intftfis agr fssufnk aeli FB‖s. Xii=1

ARH Hjgsis Bgwn Aeli F.B. Cfjj Gn Rdi Fntirnit , Aibirej Rrebi Hgccfssfgndttp=//www.ath.kgv/gpe/?000/5?/certfniz.sdtc

Rdi fcpjfhetfgns ga tdi eogvi eri hjier. Kgvirncints went tg insuri tdet tdiy devi e cgngpgjy gn prgvfbfnk ‚prgtihtfgn–,;enb tdet ejj tdgsi wdg wgujb hdejjinki suhd e cgngpgjy eri hrfcfnejs enb eri pirsihutib enb deressib inbjissjy. Rdfs4vfgjetis tdi ngtfgn ga iquej prgtihtfgn ga tdi jew enb hgnstftutis dypghrfsy. Rdi cefn cgtfvetfgn agr suhd dypghrfsy fs tdi6bisfri tg cenuaehturi cgri ‚texpeyirs–, spgnsgrs, enb ‚hftfzins– wdg wfjj suosfbfzi e tirrgrfs t kgvirncint tg prgvfbi50sirvfhis tdet tdi pertfhfpents tg ngt went, bg ngt niib, enb wdfhd eri ehtuejjy dercauj agr tdic.55

Rdgsi ‚trensfint agrifknirs– wdg devi ng bgcfhfji wftdfn tdi kgvirncint‖s murfs bfhtfgn enb wdg tdiriagri ritefn tdifr5?sgvirifknty, wdin tdiy try tg essirt tdi seci rfkdt tg riausi tg rihgknfzi tdi viry kgvirncint tdet riausis tg rihgknfzi tdic,58hen enb gatin eri bistrgyib enb deressib oy tdi texfnk eutdgrftfis agr essirtfnk tdi seci IUYEJ rfkdt tdet tdi kgvirncint52des essirtib. Rdfs lfnb ga dypghrfsy enb fniquejfty fs eosgjutijy ripridinsfoji.59

;.6

Ynhgnstftutfgnej Fnvgjuntery Xirvftubi GL es jgnk es ft fs tdi kgvirncint51

Ixhjusfvi kgvirncint eutdgrfty= Kgvirncint hen inkeki fn fnvgjuntery sirvftubi tdrgukd vgjuntery cfjftery injfstcinthgntrehts.

Hrfcfnejfzetfgn gr gpprissfgn ga tdi oidevfgr oy hftfzins= Fnvgjuntery sirvftubi fs e hrfci fa prfveti pertfis hgnsinsuejjyinkeki fn ft oy ixirhfsfnk tdifr rfkdt tg hgntreht.

Pertfis fnmurib oy tdi ixhjusfvi eutdgrfty= Rdgsi wdg sfknib en injfstcint hgntreht enb jetir riejfzib tdiy wiri jfib tgenb went gut.

Rdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt, fn _goirtsgn v. Oejbwfn, 519 Y.X. ?;9, 5; X.Ht. 8?1 (Y.X. 546;) , ehlngwjibkib tdet e cen henngt5;hgntreht dfcsija fntg fnvgjuntery sirvftubi tg engtdir prfveti perty, out HEN hgntreht dfcsija fntg fnvgjuntery sirvftubi fa54tdi gtdir perty fs tdi kgvirncint enb tdi hgntreht fs hejjib en ‚injfstcint hgntreht– fn tdi Y.X. cfjftery. Dypghrfsy! Fn t di56agjjgwfnk hesi, tdi Xuprici Hgurt ebcfttib tdet cfjftery hgnshrfptfgn fntg tdi nevy es e siecen, ivin fa tdi risujt fs sirvftubi?0

tg tdi kgvirncint, fs piraihtjy jewauj=?5

Rdi iaaiht ga tdet bihjeretfgn wes wijj fjjustretib fn Persgns v. Rrehl, ; Krey, 2;8. Rdet hesi fnvgjvib tdi vejfbfty??ga e hgntreht cebi fn e agrifkn hguntry fn 5420 oy en ebujt fndeoftent tdiriga wftd e hftfzin ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis,?8—tg sirvi dfc, dfs ixihutgrs enb essfkns,‖ agr tdi tirc ga afvi yiers, —burfnk ejj ga wdfhd tirc tdi sefb si rvent dir?2sefb cestir, dfs ixihutgrs gr essfkns, aeftdaujjy sdejj sirvi, enb tdet dgnistjy enb goibfintjy fn ejj tdfnks, es e?9

kggb enb butfauj sirvent gukdt tg bg.‖ Ft wes sgukdt tg inagrhi tdfs hgntreht fn Cessehdusitts. Eatir heriaujjy?1ixecfnfnk tdi prgv fsfgns ga tdi hgntreht, tdi hgurt sefb= —Es tg tdi neturi, tdin, ga tdi sirvfhi tg oi piragrcib,?;tdi pjehi wdiri enb tdi pirsgn *?69 tg wdgc ft fs tg oi rinbirib, enb tdi hgcpinsetfgn tg oi pefb, tdi hgntreht?4fs unhirtefn enb fnbiafnfti,-fnbiafnfti enb unhirtefn, ngt argc eny fnafrcfty fn tdi jenkueki ga tdi pertfis, out fn?6fts suostenhi enb fntint. Ft fs, fn suostenhi enb iaaiht, e hgntreht agr sirvftubi, wftd ng jfcftetfgn out tdet ga80

tfci< jievfnk tdi cestir tg bitircfni wdet tdi sirvfhi sdgujb oi, enb tdi pjehi wdiri enb tdi pirsgn tg wdgc85ft sdgujb oi rinbirib. Xuhd e hgntreht, ft fs sherhijy nihissery tg sey, fs ekefnst tdi pgjfhy ga gur fnstftutfgns8?

enb jews. Fa suhd e seji ga sirvfhi hgujb oi jewaujjy cebi agr afvi yiers, ft cfkdt, argc tdi seci riesgns, agr88 tin, enb sg agr tdi tirc ga gni's jfai. Rdi bggr wgujb tdus oi gpinib agr e spihfis ga sirvftubi fnhgnsfstint82wftd tdi afrst enb aunbecintej ertfhji ga gur bihjeretfgn ga rfkdts, wdfhd, prgprfg vfkgri, ngt gnjy eogjfsdib89iviry vistfki ga sjeviry tdin ixfstfnk fn tdi hgccgnwiejtd, out rinbirib iviry agrc ga ft tdirieatir jikejjy81fcpgssfoji. Rdet ertfhji des ejweys oiin rikerbib, ngt sfcpjy es tdi bihjeretfgn ga en eostreht prfnhfpji, out es8;devfnk tdi ehtfvi agrhi enb hgnhjusfvi eutdgrfty ga jew.‖ Gosirvfnk tdet gni wdg vgjunterfjy suomihtib dfcsija84

tg tdi jews ga tdi steti cust afnb fn tdic tdi ruji ga ristrefnt es wijj es tdi ruji ga ehtfgn, tdi hgurt prghiibib=86—Ynbir tdfs hgntreht tdi pjefntfaa deb ng hjefc agr tdi jeogr ga tdi sirvent agr tdi ti rc ga afvi yiers, gr agr eny20

tirc wdetivir. Xdi wes unbir ng jikej gojfketfgn tg ricefn fn dfs sirvfhi. Rdiri wes ng tfci burfnk wdfhd25 dir sirvfhi wes bui tg tdi pjefntfaa, enb burfnk wdfhd sdi wes lipt argc suhd sirvfhi oy tdi ehts ga tdi2? biainbents. ‖ 28

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Kgvirncint Isteojfsdcint ga _ijfkfgn 50? ga 5;6Hgpyrfkdt Xgvirifknty Ibuhetfgn enb Biainsi Cfnfstry, dttp=//sibc.grk Agrc 09.084, _iv. 4-8-?058 ITDFOFR=WWWWWWWW

Ynbir tdi hgntreht ga sirvfhi ft wes et tdi vgjftfgn ga tdi cestir tg intefj sirvfhi upgn tdisi eppijjents agr en5fnbiafnfti pirfgb. Xg aer es tdi rihgrb bfshjgsis, ft wes en ehhfbint tdet tdi vissij heci oehl tg Xen Arenhfshg?wdin ft bfb. Oy tdi sdfppfnk ertfhjis, tdi eppijjents hgujb ngt quft tdi vissij untfj ft riturnib tg e pgrt ga tdi *?618Ynftib Xtetis, enb suhd riturn bipinbib eosgjutijy upgn tdi wfjj ga tdi cestir. Di deb gnjy tg jenb et agrifkn2

pgrts, enb liip tdi vissij ewey argc tdi Ynftib Xtetis, fn grbir tg privint tdi eppijjents argc jievfnk dfs9 sirvfhi.1

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Rdi suprici jew ga tdi jenb ngw bihjeris tdet fnvgjuntery sirvftubi, ixhipt es e punfsdcint agr hrfci, ga4 wdfhd tdi perty sdejj devi oiin bujy hgnvfhtib, sdejj ngt ixfst enywdiri wftdfn tdi Ynftib Xtetis.6

Rdi gnjy ixhiptfgns tg tdi kinirej prfnhfpjis F devi riairrib *?6; tg, sg aer es tdiy rijeti tg prfveti ousfniss,50erfsi gut ga stetutis rispihtfnk epprintfhis ga tinbir yiers. Out stetutis rijetfnk tg tdet hjess rist jerkijy upgn55tdi fbie tdet e cfngr fs fnhepeoji ga devfnk en eosgjuti wfjj ga dfs gwn oiagri riehdfnk cemgrfty. Rdi fnaent5?epprintfhi, devfnk ng wfjj fn tdi cettir, fs tg oi herib agr enb prgtihtib fn suhd wey es, fn tdi mubkcint ga tdi58steti, wfjj oist suosirvi tdi fntirists ogtd ga dfcsija enb ga tdi puojfh. En epprintfhi sirvfnk dfs cestir pursuent52

tg tircs pircfttib oy tdi jew henngt, fn eny prgpir sinsi, oi sefb tg oi fn e hgnbftfgn ga fnvgjuntery sirvftubi .59Ypgn errfvfnk et dfs cemgrfty, tdi fnaent epprintfhi cey ripubfeti tdi hgntreht ga epprintfhisdfp, fa ft ixtinbs51oiygnb tdet pirfgb. 5 Pers. Hgnt. 90. Rdi wgrb —fnvgjuntery‖ riairs, prfcerfjy, tg pirsgns intftjib, fn vfrtui ga5;

tdifr eki, tg eht upgn tdifr fnbipinbint mubkcint wdin bfspgsfnk ga tdifr tfci enb jeogr. [fjj enygni sey tdet54 e pirsgn wdg des riehdib dfs cemgrfty, enb wdg deb vgjunterfjy ekriib, agr e vejueoji hgnsfbiretfgn, tg sirvi56 engtdir es en epprintfhi agr en fnbiafnfti pirfgb, gr ivin agr e kfvin nucoir ga yiers, hen oi hgcpijjib,?0 ekefnst dfs wfjj, tg ricefn fn tdi sirvfhi ga tdi cestir7?5

Ft fs sefb tdet tdi krgunbs upgn wdfhd tdi jikfsjetfgn fn quistfgn rists eri tdi seci es tdgsi ixfstfnk fn tdi?? hesis ga sgjbfirs enb sefjgrs. Ngt sg. Rdi ercy enb nevy ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis eri inkekib fn tdi piragrcenhi?8 ga puojfh, ngt prfveti, butfis. Xirvfhi fn tdi ercy gr nevy ga gni's hguntry ehhgrbfnk tg tdi tircs ga injfstcint?2 nivir fcpjfis sjeviry gr fnvgjuntery sirvftubi, ivin wdiri tdi sgjbfir gr sefjgr fs riqufrib ekefnst dfs wfjj tg?9 rispiht tdi tircs upgn wdfhd di vgjunterfjy inkekib tg sirvi tdi puojfh. Fnvgjuntery sirvfhi rinbirib agr tdi?1 puojfh, pursuent es wijj tg tdi riqufricints ga e stetuti es tg e privfgus vgjuntery inkekicint, fs ngt, fn eny?;jikej sinsi, iftdir sjeviry gr fnvgjuntery sirvftubi.– ?4\ _goirtsgn v. Oejbwfn, 519 Y.X. ?;9, 5; X.Ht. 8?1 (Y.X. 546;) S ?6

;.50 Ft fs e hrfci ngt tg pey agr prgtihtfgn out ft fs ngt e hrfci tg aefj tg prgvfbi tdi prgtihtfgn80pefb agr 599 85

Ixhjusfvi kgvirncint eutdgrfty= Pgjfhi gaafhirs henngt oi prgsihutib wdin sgcigni fs fnmurib oiheusi tdiy eri hejjibenb aefj tg sdgw up gr prgvfbi prgtihtfgn.

Hrfcfnejfzetfgn gr gpprissfgn ga tdi oidevfgr oy hftfzins= Hftfzins wdg riausi tg pey agr pgjfhi prgtihtfgn fn tdi agrc gafnhgci texis eri hrfcfnejjy prgsihutib agr aefjuri tg afji gr tex ivesfgn pursuent tg ?1 Y.X.H. §;?08 enb ?1 Y.X.H.§;?05.

Pertfis fnmurib oy tdi ixhjusfvi eutdgrfty = Hftfzins eri hgcpijjib fntg peyfnk agr kgvirncint sirvfhis tdet tdiy bgn‖twent, bgn‖t niib, enb wdfhd eri ehtuejjy der cauj tg tdic. Rdiy hen ivin jgsi tdifr jfai oiheusi ga nikjfkinhi ga

pgjfhi gaafhirs fn ngt prgvfbfnk tdi prgtihtfgn tdet wes pefb agr.

Rdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt bishrfois tdi hgnhipt ga ‚bgcfhfji– es agjjgws= 8?

" Rdus, tdi Hgurt des ariquintjy dijb tdet bgcfhfji gr ri sfbinhi, cgri suostentfej tden ciri prisinhi fn trensft88 gr sgmgurn, fs en ebiqueti oesfs agr texetfgn, fnhjubfnk fnhgci, prgpirty, enb bietd texis . Xfnhi tdi Agurtiintd82 Ecinbcint celis gni e hftfzin ga tdi steti wdirifn di risfbis, tdi aeht ga risfbinhi hrietis unfvirsejjy89 rihfprghej butfis ga prgtihtfgn oy tdi steti enb ga ejjikfenhi enb suppgrt oy tdi hftfzin. Rdi jettir govfgusjy81fnhjubis e buty tg pey texis, enb tdifr neturi enb ciesuri fs jerkijy e pgjftfhej cettir . Ga hgursi, tdi sftus ga8;

prgpirty cey tex ft rikerbjiss ga tdi hftfzinsdfp, bgcfhfji, gr risfbinhi ga tdi gwnir, tdi cgst govfgus fjjustretfgn84oifnk e tex gn riejty jefb oy tdi steti fn wdfhd tdi riejty fs jghetib."86\Cfjjir Orgtdirs Hg. v. Ceryjenb , 82; Y.X. 820 (5692)S20

‚ Rdfs rfkdt tg prgtiht pirsgns devfnk e bgcfhfji, tdgukd ngt netfvi-ogrn gr neturejfzib hftfzins, rists gn tdi25 afrc agunbetfgn ga mustfhi, enb tdi hjefc tg oi prgtihtib fs iernib oy hgnsfbiretfgns wdfhd tdi prgtihtfnk pgwir2?fs ngt et jfoirty tg bfsrikerb . Xuhd bgcfhfjib hftfzin peys tdi seci prfhi agr dfs prgtihtfgn es netfvi-ogrn gr28

neturejfzib hftfzins pey agr tdifrs. Di fs unbir tdi ognbs ga ejjikfenhi tg tdi hguntry ga dfs risfbinhi, enb, fa22 di oriels tdic, fnhurs tdi seci pinejtfis. Di gwis tdi seci goibfinhi tg tdi hfvfj jews. Dfs prgpirty fs, fn29

599 Ebeptib wftd pircfssfgn argc [dy Bgcfhfji enb Oihgcfnk e ‚Rexpeyir– _iqufri Vgur Hgnsint , Agrc #09.00?, Xihtfgn 2<dttp=//sibc.grk/Agrcs/AgrcFnbix.dtc .

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tdi seci wey enb tg tdi seci ixtint es tdifrs, jfeoji tg hgntrfouti tg tdi suppgrt ga tdi Kgvirncint. Fn nierjy5 ejj rispihts, dfs enb tdifr hgnbftfgn es tg tdi butfis enb ourbins ga Kgvirncint eri unbfstfnkufsdeoji. –?\Agnk Vu Rfnk v. Ynftib Xtetis , 526 Y.X. 164 (5468)S8

Rdi afrst tdfnk tg ngtfhi eogut tdi eogvi rujfnk fs tdet tdi issinhi ga oifnk e ‚hftfzin– fs gni‖s bgcfhfji, ngt must tdifr pje hi2ga ofrtd gr neturejfzetfgn. Rdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt ebcfttib tdet en ejfin wftd e bgcfhfji fn e pjehi fs trietib es e netfvi gr9neturejfzib ‚hftfzin– fn nierjy iviry rispiht. Ngti ejsg tdi liy rgji ga tdi wgrb ‚fntintfgn– wftdfn tdi cienfnk ga bgcfhfji .1E pirsgn hen devi ceny ‚eogbis–, wdfhd eri tdi pjehi tdiy ticpgrerfjy ‚fndeoft–, out gnjy gni jikej ‚bgcfhfji–. Vgu henngt;

devi e jikej ‚bgcfhfji– fn e pjehi wftdgut ejsg devfnk en fntintfgn (ejsg hejjib ‚hgnsint–) tg jfvi tdiri ‚pircenintjy–, wdfhd4 fcpjfis ejjikfenhi tg tdi pigpji enb tdi jews ga tdet pjehi.6

‚Ejjikfenhi enb prgtihtfgn \oy tdi kgvirncint argc dercS eri, fn tdfs hgnnihtfgn, rihfprghej gojfketfgns. Rdi50 gni fs e hgcpinsetfgn agr tdi gtdir< ejjikfenhi agr prgtihtfgn enb prgtihtfgn agr ejjikfenhi. –55\Cfngr v. Deppirsitt, 44 Y.X. (?5 [ejj.) 51? , 511-514 (54;2)S5?

[i ejsg ngti tdet ivin eatir ygu bihjeri ygur ixhjusfvi ejjikfenhi tg tdi ‚steti– oy bihjerfnk e ‚bgcfhfji– wftdfn tdet steti58sg tdet ygu hen prghuri ‚prgtihtfgn–, frgnfhejjy, tdi hgurts hgntfnui tg agrhiaujjy fnsfst tdet ygur puojfh XI_QENRX XRFJJ52devi NG JIKEJ GOJFKERFGN tg prgtiht ygu! Oijgw fs tdi ECE]FNK trutd rfkdt argc tdi dgrs i‖s cgutd, tdi hgurts,59

prgvfnk tdet pgjfhi gaafhirs henngt oi suib fa tdiy aefj tg hgci tg ygur efb eatir ygu hejj tdic wdin ygu devi e jikftfceti51niib agr tdifr prgtihtfgn=5;

Bg Vgu Devi e _fkdt tg Pgjfhi Prgtihtfgn7, Aecfjy Kuerbfen Aijjgwsdfp

dttp=//aeckuerbfen.grk/Xuomihts/Hrfci/Ertfhjis/PgjfhiPrgtihtfgn.dtc

Xg gn tdi gni denb, tdi kgvirncint tdrgws pigpji fn mefj agr aefjfnk tg pey agr prgtihtfgn fn tdi agrc ga ‚texis–, wdfji gn t di54gtdir denb, ft riausis tg prgsihuti pgjfhi gaafhirs agr aefjfnk tg prgvfbi tdi prgtihtfgn tdet wes pefb agr, ivin tdgukd tdifr56wfjjauj gr nikjfkint riausej tg prgtiht us hgujb devi aer cgri fnmurfgus enb fccibfeti eaaihts tden sfcpjy aefjfnk tg pey agr?0

prgtihtfgn. Rdfs fs e vfgjetfgn ga tdi iquej prgtihtfgn ga tdi jews. Fa ft fs e hrfci tg ngt pey agr prgtihtfgn, tdin ft gukdt tg?5iquejjy oi e hrfci tg ngt prgvfbi ft! [dg wgujb went tg jfvi fn e hguntry gr oi pert ga e ‚steti– tdet wgujb hgnbgni suhd??dypghrfsy7 Rdet fs wdy wi ebvgheti ‚bfvgrhfnk tdi steti–. Ft fs prihfsijy tdfs typi ga dypghrfsy tdet ixpjefns wdy prgcfnint?8eutdgrftfis wfjj tijj ygu tdet texis eri ngt ‚hgntrehtuej–= Oiheusi tdi hgurts triet ft jfli e hgntreht enb e hrfcfnej cettir tg?2ngt pey texis agr ‚texpeyirs–, out riausi tg dgjb puojfh sirvents iquejjy jfeoji agr tdifr deja ga tdi oerkefn, wdfhd fs prgtihtfgn=?9

"E tex fs ngt rikerbib es e biot fn tdi grbfnery sinsi ga tdet tirc, agr tdi riesgn tdet e tex bgis ngt bipinb upgn?1tdi hgnsint ga tdi texpeyir enb tdiri fs ng ixpriss gr fcpjfib hgntreht tg pey texis. Rexis eri ngt hgntrehts?;oitwiin perty enb perty, iftdir ixpriss gr fcpjfib< out tdiy eri tdi pgsftfvi ehts ga tdi kgvirncint, tdrgukd fts?4verfgus ekints, ofnbfnk upgn tdi fndeoftents, enb tg tdi celfnk enb inagrhfnk ga wdfhd tdifr pirsgnej hgnsint?6fnbfvfbuejjy fs ngt riqufrib."80\Hggjiy, Jew ga Rexetfgn, 2td Ib., pp. 44-46S85

Rdi eogvi fs e bihiptfgn et oist enb e JFI et wgrst. E ‚texpeyir– fs jikejjy biafni b es e pirsgn jfeoji, enb ft fs trui tdet agr8?suhd e pirsgn, texis eri ngt hgnsinsuej. DG[IQI_, tdi hdgfhi eogut wditdir gni wfsdis tg OIHGCI e ‚texpeyir– es88jikejjy biafnib fn ?1 Y.X.H. §;;05(e)(52) fs oesib gn bgcfhfji, wdfhd fn aeht FX e vgjuntery ehtfgn. Oy tdifr heriauj hdgfhi82ga wgrbs, tdiy devi cfsriprisintib tdi trutd sg tdiy hgujb kit fntg ygur pghlit. [det ijsi wgujb ygu ixpiht ga kriiby89JFE_X, F cien ‚jewyirs–7 81

Rdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt sefb tdet ‚ejjikfenhi– fs hgcpjitijy fnhgcpetfoji wftd eny systic ga ‚hftfzinsdfp– fn e ripuojfhen8;agrc ga kgvirncint, enb tdet ft fs ‚ripujsfvi–. Frgnfhejjy, ejjikfenhi fs ixehtjy wdet wi hurrintjy oesi gur systic ga84hftfzinsdfp gn fn tdfs hguntry. Epperintjy, tdfs fs yit gni cgri sycptgc tdet gur kgvirncint des oihgci hgrruptib.86

‚Vit, ft fs tg oi ricicoirib, enb tdet wditdir fn fts riej grfkfn, gr fn fts ertfafhfej steti, ejjikfenhi, es wijj es20 aiejty, rists upgn jenbs, enb ft fs bui tg pirsgns. Ngt sg, wftd rispiht tg Hftfzinsdfp, wdfhd des erfsin argc tdi25bfssgjutfgn ga tdi aiubej systic enb fs e suostftuti agr ejjikfenhi, hgrrispgnbfnk wftd tdi niw grbir ga tdfnks.2?

Ejjikfenhi enb hftfzinsdfp, bfaair, fnbiib, fn ejcgst iviry hderehtirfstfh. Hftfzinsdfp fs tdi iaaiht ga hgcpeht28 \HGNR_EHR!S< ejjikfenhi fs tdi gaasprfnk ga pgwir enb nihissfty. Hftfzinsdfp fs e pgjftfhej tfi< ejjikfenhi fs22 e tirrftgrfej tinuri. Hftfzinsdfp fs tdi hdertir ga iquejfty< ejjikfenhi fs e oebki ga fnairfgrfty. Hftfzinsdfp fs29 hgnstftutfgnej< ejjikfenhi fs pirsgnej. Hftfzinsdfp fs ariibgc< ejjikfenhi fs sirvftubi. Hftfzinsdfp fs21 hgccunfheoji< ejjikfenhi fs ripujsfvi. Hftfzinsdfp cey oi rijfnqufsdib< ejjikfenhi fs pirpituej. [ftd suhd2;issintfej bfaairinhis, tdi bghtrfni ga ejjikfenhi fs fneppjfheoji tg e systic ga hftfzinsdfp< wdfhd ft hen niftdir24

sirvi tg hgntrguj, ngr tg ijuhfbeti. Enb yit, ivin ecgnk tdi netfgns, fn wdfhd tdi jew ga ejjikfenhi fs tdi cgst26 afrcjy isteojfsdib, tdi jew cgst pirtfnehfgusjy inagrhib, tdiri eri strflfnk bivfetfgns tdet bicgnstreti tdi90fnvfnhfoji pgwir ga trutd, enb tdi dgceki, wdfhd, unbir iviry cgbfafhetfgn ga kgvirncint, cust oi pefb tg tdi95

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fndirint rfkdts ga cen….. Rdi bghtrfni fs, tdet ejjikfenhi henngt oi bui tg twg sgvirifkns< enb telfnk en getd5 ga ejjikfenhi tg e niw, fs tdi strgnkist ivfbinhi ga wftdbrewfnk ejjikfenhi argc e privfgus, sgvirifkn ….– ?\Rejogt v. Mensgn, 8 Y.X. 588 (5;69)< Argc tdi syjeous out ngt tdi gpfnfgn< XGY_HI=8dttp=//www.jew.hgrnijj.ibu/supht/sierhd/bfspjey.dtcj7tircs3hdgfhi%?0gr%?0hgnajfht%?0enb%?0jew&urj3/s2upht/dtcj/dfstgrfhs/YXXHWH_W0008W0588W]X.dtcjS 9

Hgnsiquintjy, wi cust hgnhjubi tdet ejjikfenhi tg enytdfnk out Kgb fs tdiriagri tg oi evgfbib et ejj hgsts. Ngtfhi ejsg tdet1tdiy sey tdet hftfzinsdfp fs tdi iaaiht ga ‚hgcpeht–, wdfhd fs e typi ga hgntreht. Fa ‚bgcfhfji– fs tdi oesfs ga hftfzinsdfp, enb;hftfzinsdfp fs tdi iaaiht ga ‚hgcpeht–, tdin ‚bgcfhfji– ecgunts tg tdi iqufvejint ga e ‚hgntreht–. Rdfs jiebs us rfkdt oehl tg4tdi hgnhjusfgn tdet tdi vgjuntery hdgfhi ga gni‖s ‚bgcfhfji– fs e ‚hgntreht– tg prghuri cen -cebi prgtihtfgn enb afri Kgb es6gur prgtihtgr=50

‚ Hgcpeht , n. En ekriicint gr hgntreht oitwiin pirsgns, netfgns, gr stetis. Hgccgnjy eppjfib tg wgrlfnk55ekriicints oitwiin enb ecgnk stetis hgnhirnfnk cettirs ga cutuej hgnhirn. E hgntreht oitwiin pertfis, wdfhd5?hrietis gojfketfgns enb rfkdts hepeoji ga oifnk inagrhib enb hgnticpjetib es suhd oitwiin tdi pertfis, fn tdifr58bfstfnht enb fnbipinbint hderehtirs. E cutuej hgnsint ga pertfis hgnhirnib rispihtfnk sgci prgpirty gr rfkdt52tdet fs tdi gomiht ga tdi stfpujetfgn, gr sgcitdfnk tdet fs tg oi bgni gr agrogrni. Xii ejsg Hgcpeht hjeusi


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Xg Xecuij tgjb ejj tdi wgrbs ga tdi JG_B tg tdi pigpji wdg eslib dfc agr e lfnk. Enb di sefb, ‚ Rdfs wfjj oi tdi5 oidevfgr ga tdi lfnk wdg wfjj rifkn gvir ygu= Di wfjj teli \XRIEJS ygur sgns enb eppgfnt tdic agr dfs gwn? hderfgts enb tg oi dfs dgrsicin, enb sgci wfjj run oiagri dfs hderfgts. Di wfjj eppgfnt heptefns gvir dfs8 tdgusenbs enb heptefns gvir dfs afatfis, wfjj sit sgci tg pjgw dfs krgunb enb riep dfs dervist, enb sgci tg2 celi dfs wiepgns ga wer enb iqufpcint agr dfs hderfgts. Di wfjj teli \XRIEJS ygur beukdtirs tg oi9 piraucirs, hggls, enb oelirs. Enb di wfjj teli \XRIEJS tdi oist ga ygur afijbs, ygur vfniyerbs, enb ygur gjfvi1 krgvis, enb kfvi tdic tg dfs sirvents. Di wfjj teli \XRIEJS e tintd ga ygur krefn enb ygur vfnteki, enb kfvi;ft tg dfs gaafhirs enb sirvents. Enb di wfjj teli \XRIEJS ygur ceji sirvents, ygur aiceji sirvents, ygur afnist4

ygunk cin, enb ygur bgnliys, enb put tdic tg dfs wgrl \es XJEQIXS. Di wfjj teli \XRIEJS e tintd ga ygur6 sdiip. Enb ygu wfjj oi dfs sirvents. Enb ygu wfjj hry gut fn tdet bey oiheusi ga ygur lfnk wdgc ygu devi50 hdgsin agr ygursijvis, enb tdi JG_B wfjj ngt dier ygu fn tdet bey. –55

Nivirtdijiss tdi pigpji riausib tg goiy tdi vgfhi ga Xecuij< enb tdiy sefb, ‚Ng, out wi wfjj devi e lfnk gvir us,5?tdet wi ejsg cey oi jfli ejj tdi netfgns, enb tdet gur lfnk cey mubki us enb kg gut oiagri us enb afkdt gur oettj is.–58\ 5 Xec. 4=2-?0 , Ofoji, NLMQS52

Ngtfhi eogvi tdi ripietib wgrbs "Di \tdi niw LfnkS wfjj teli...". Kgb fs riejjy wernfnk tdic diri tdet tdi Lfnk tdiy ijiht59wfjj XRIEJ argc tdic, wdfhd fs ixehtjy wdet gur prisint bey kgvirncint bgis! Xgci tdfnks nivir hdenki, bg tdiy751

;.55 Hftfzins eri cebi suomiht ga en istgppij gr jehdis ekefnst tdi kgvirncint, out Kgvirncint5;hen‖t 591 54

Ixhjusfvi kgvirncint eutdgrfty= Oy essirtfnk sgvirifkn fccunfty, kgvirncint hen evgfb oihgcfnk tdi terkit ga en

istgppij gr jehdis oesib gn tdifr aefjuri tg riout aehts prisintib tg tdic.Hrfcfnejfzetfgn gr gpprissfgn ga tdi oidevfgr oy hftfzins= Hftfzins eri ngt ejjgwib tg essirt sgvirifkn fccunfty tg evgfbistgppij enb jehdis wdin jftfketfnk ekefnst tdi kgvirncint.

Pertfis fnmurib oy tdi ixhjusfvi eutdgrfty= Hftfzins jftfketfnk ekefnst tdi kgvirncint gr fntirehtfnk wftd tdi kgvirncintebcfnfstretfvijy.

[din e puojfh gaafhir vfgjetis dfs ekinhy gr afbuhfery buty oy gcfttfnk tg bg eny ga tdi agjjgwfnk agr tdi purpgsis ga prfveti56kefn gr ebventeki tg dfcsija/dirsija, tdin e oriehd ga afbuhfery buty enb e hrfcfnej trispess des ghhurrib=?0

5. _icefns sfjint wdin hgnargntib wftd ivfbinhi ga dfs gwn wrgnkbgfnk. Rdfs hgnstftutis cfsprfsfgn ga aijgny fn vfgjetfgn?5ga 54 Y.X.H. §2 . ??

RFRJI 54 > PE_R F > HDEPRI_ 5 > § 2?8§ 2. Cfsprfsfgn ga aijgny ?2

[dgivir, devfnk lngwjibki ga tdi ehtuej hgccfssfgn ga e aijgny hgknfzeoji oy e hgurt ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis,?9hgnhiejs enb bgis ngt es sggn es pgssfoji celi lngwn tdi seci tg sgci mubki gr gtdir pirsgn fn hfvfj gr cfjftery?1eutdgrfty unbir tdi Ynftib Xtetis, sdejj oi afnib unbir tdfs tftji gr fcprfsgnib ngt cgri tden tdrii yiers, gr ogtd.?;

?. Aefjs tg riout aejsi steticints cebi oy tdi gppgsfnk perty. Rdfs hgnstftutis en iqufteoji istgppij gr ‚istgppij fn pefs–?4ekefnst tdic pursuent tg Aibirej _uji ga Hfvfj Prghiburi 4 (b).?6

8. Gcfts tg bg iquej mustfhi tg ejj. Rdfs fs e vfgjetfgn ga 2? Y.X.H. §5645 enb tdi Agurtiintd Ecinbcint, Xihtfgn 5.80

Rdi eogvi typis ga gcfssfgns enb hgnsiquint oriehd ga afbuhfery buty oy ‚puojfh gaafhirs–, puojfh sirvents, mubkis, enb85ettgrniys kfvis rfsi tg td i hgnhipt ga wdet fs hejjib ‚istgppij oy jehdis–, wdiri oy tdi fnmurib perty, oiheusi tdi gtdir perty8?fs sfjint wdin hgnargntib wftd tdi aehts enb tdi trutd ga tdi hesi, des e oesfs tg oijfivi enb rijy upgn tdi oijfia tdet tdi gtdir88

perty ekriis wftd tdi aehts es di gr sdi stetis tdic=82

JEHDIX, IXRGPPIJ OV. E aefjuri tg bg sgcitdfnk wdfhd sdgujb oi bgni gr tg hjefc gr inagrhi e rfkdt et e89 prgpir tfci. Duthdfnsgn v. Linniy, H.H.E.N.H., ?; A.?b. ?92, ?91. E nikjiht tg bg sgcitdfnk wdfhd gni sdgujb81 bg, gr tg siil tg inagrhi e rfkdt et e prgpir tfci. Mitt v. Mitt, 5;5 Ly. 924, 544 X.[. 116, 1;?. E spihfis ga8;"iqufteoji istgppij" gr "istgppij oy cettir fn pefs." Xii tftjis "Iqufteoji Istgppij" enb "Fn Pefs, Istgppij Fn".84

En ijicint ga tdi bghtrfni fs tdet tdi biainbent's ejjikib hdenki ga pgsftfgn agr tdi wgrsi cust devi oiin fnbuhib86oy gr risujtib argc tdi hgnbuht, cfsriprisintetfgn, gr sfjinhi ga tdi pjefntfaa. Hrgyji v. Hrgyji. 542 Cb. 5?1, 2020

E.?b 8;2. 8;6. Bijey fn inagrhicint ga rfkdts untfj hgnbftfgn ga gtdir perty des oihgci sg hdenkib tdet di henngt25oi ristgrib tg dfs agrcir steti. [fsbgc's Ebc'r v. Xfcs, ?42 Ly. ?94, 522 X.[.?b. ?8?, ?89, ?81< Gel Jewn2?

591 Ebeptib wftd pircfssfgn argc Xfjinhi es e [iepgn enb e Biainsi fn Jikej Bfshgviry , Agrc #09.0?5, Xihtfgn ;.?


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Hicitiry ga Oejtfcgri Hgunty v. Oejtfcgri Hgunty Hgc'rs, 5;2 Cb. 891, 564 E. 100, 109, 559 E.J._. 52;4.5 Issinhi ga "jehdis" fs istgppij. Ourli v. Kuntdir. 5?4 N.M.Iq. 919, 5; E.?b 245, 24;. Jehdis fs e spihfis ga?istgppij. Oenlirs' Rrust Hg. v. _ggb, ?55 Fgwe ?46, ?88 N.[. ;62, 40?, ;8 E.J._. 52?5< Xtiwert v. Pijt, 564 Erl.8;;1, 585 X.[.?b. 122, 124. Rg hrieti "istgppij oy jehdis" perty sgukdt tg oi istgppib cust wftd lngwjibki ga2

trensehtfgn devi bgni sgcitdfnk tg cfsjieb gtdir perty tg dfs primubfhi. [fsbgc's Ebc'r v. Xfcs, 522 X.[.?b.9?8?, ?89, ?81, ?42 Ly. ?94.1\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Agurtd Ibftfgn, p. 505;S;

Rdi tdfnk tdet tdi perty bfb tg cfsjieb tdi gtdir perty wes dfs gr dir aefjuri tg riout aehts enb ivfbinhi fntrgbuhib oy tdi4

gtdir perty wdfhd primubfhis tdi pgsftfgn gr stenbfnk ga e perty fn tdi hesi. Agr ixecpji, fa tdi pjefntfaa stetis unbir pinejty6ga pirmury tdet tdi mubki hgccfttib pirmury fn dfs rujfnk enb niftdir tdi mubki ngr tdi biainbent ebbriss ft gr biny ft, tdin tdi50

pjefntfaa es tdi ehhusir des stenbfnk tg oijfivi, oesib gn dfs aefjuri tg biny, tdet=55

5. Rdi mubki ekriis wftd tdi aehts stetib oy tdi pjefntfaa pursuent tg Aibirej _uji ga Hfvfj Prghiburi 4(b).5??. Rdi mubki fs kufjty ga cfsprfsfgn ga aijgny fn vfgjetfgn ga 54 Y.X.H. §2.588. Rdiri fs en iqufteoji istgppij ekefnst ogtd tdi mubki enb tdi biainbent fn rierkufnk e hgntrery hgnhjusfgn fn tdi auturi.52

Fa ygu wgujb jfli tg jiern cgri eogut tdi bghtrfni ga jehdis kinirejjy, sii ?; Ecirfhen Murfsprubinhi ?b, Iqufty, §598=59Pertfis Hderkieoji [ftd Jehdis (5666). Ga jehdis fn rijetfgn tg ehtfgns ekefnst tdi aibirej kgvirncint, ?; Ecirfhen51Murfsprubinhi ?b, Iqufty, §592 (5666) seys tdi agjjgwfnk=5;

Ft des gatin oiin sefb tdet jehdis henngt oi usib ekefnst tdi Aibirej Kgvirncint 59; gr ekefnst fts gaafhirs gr54 ekints 594 wdg essirt e kgvirncint hjefc. 596 Rdfs kinirej prfnhfpji grfkfnejjy wes agunbib gn hgnhirns ga56 puojfh pgjfhy enb sgvirifknty. Ft wes biicib fcpgrtent tdet, wdfji tdi sgvirifkn wes inkrgssib oy tdi heris?0 enb butfis ga puojfh gaafhi, tdi puojfh sdgujb ngt suaair tdi nikjfkinhi ga puojfh gaafhirs gr icpjgyiis. 510 ?5

Nivirtdijiss, ft des oiin sefb tdet sgci Ynftib Xtetis Xuprici Hgurt bihfsfgns suppgrt tdi evefjeofjfty ga jehdis??fn et jiest sgci kgvirncint sufts, riausfnk tg sdut tdi bggr hgcpjitijy tg tdi fnvglfnk jehdis es tg suhd sufts. 515 ?8Rdus, ft fs ngt intfrijy hjier wditdir tdi jehdis biainsi cey oi essirtib ekefnst tdi Aibirej Kgvirncint. 51? ?2[dfji hgurts devi ngt bijfnietib hjier rujis es tg tdi eppjfheofjfty ga jehdis tg ehtfgns oy tdi kgvirncint, ft?9nivirtdijiss fs sukkistib tdet jehdis cey oi evefjeoji tg eoeti e kgvirncint suft fn tdi cgst ikrikfgus fnstenhis?1ga jehdis gr fa tdi kgvirncint siils, fn fts suft, tg inagrhi prfveti rfkdts ga prfveti pertfis. Gn tdi gtdir denb,?;jehdis ricefns fneppjfheoji tg ehtfgns wdiri tdi kgvirncint essirts sgvirifkn rfkdts, 518 suhd es wdiri ft ehts?4fn fts sgvirifkn hepehfty tg inagrhi e puojfh rfkdt gr prgtiht tdi puojfh fntirist, 512 enb fn ehtfgns enb sftuetfgns?6wdiri tdi Ynftib Xtetis des e bfriht pihunfery fntirist. 519 80

59; Hgstijjg v. Ynftib Xtetis, 819 Y.X. ?19, 9 J Ib ?b 995, 45 X Ht 982, 2 A_ Xirv ?b ;94 (ngt agjjgwib gn gtdir krgunbs oy Pinnhgnn Intirs. v.Duntfnktgn, 524 Qt 108, 984 E?b 1;8)< Rdgcpsgn v. Ynftib Xtetis (HE50 Len) 85? A?b 951, hirt bin 8;8 Y.X. 65?, 50 J Ib ?b 252, 48 X Ht 5808.594 Rdgcpsgn v. Ynftib Xtetis (HE50 Len) 85? A?b 951, hirt bin 8;8 Y.X. 65?, 50 J Ib ?b 252, 48 X Ht 5808.596 Ynftib Xtetis v. Cfhdfken, 560 Y.X. 8;6, 2; J Ib 5508, ?8 X Ht ;2?.

510 Certfn v. Hgnsujtents & Ebcrs. (HE; Fjj) 611 A?b 50;4, 59 IOH 5105, rid, in oenh, bin (HE; Fjj) 566? Y.X. Epp JITFX ??0;0, vehetib (HE;) 566?Y.X. Epp JITFX ???82, rid bin (HE;) 566? Y.X. Epp JITFX ?8460.

515 Ynftib Xtetis v. Ebcfnfstretfvi Intirs. (HE; Fjj) 21 A8b 1;0, 69-5 YXRH ± 90048, ;9 EAR_ ?b 69-428.

51? MENE, Fnh. v. Ynftib Xtetis (HE AH) 681 A?b 5?19, 8; HHA ± ;1551, rid bin (HE AH) 5665 Y.X. Epp JITFX 59999 enb hirt bin 90? Y.X. 5080, 551J Ib ?b ;;9, 55? X Ht 416 enb (ecgnk hgnajfhtfnk eutdgrftfis ngtib fn Ynftib Xtetis v. Ebcfnfstretfvi Intirs. (HE; Fjj) 21 A8b 1;0, 69-5 YXRH ± 90048,;9 EAR_ ?b 69-428).

518 Ynftib Xtetis v. Ebcfnfstretfvi Intirs. (HE; Fjj) 21 A8b 1;0, 69-5 YXRH ± 90048, ;9 EAR_ ?b 69-428 (tdiri fs ng oittir fjjustretfgn ga tdi inagrhicintga e sgvirifkn rfkdt tden tdi kgvirncint's usi ga hgcpujsgry prghiss tg bitircfni e texpeyir's jfeofjfty agr unpefb texis).512 Aifn v. Ynftib Xtetis (Fn ri Aifn) (HE9 Rix) ?? A8b 185, HHD Oenlr J _ptr ± ;9610, ;8 EAR_ ?b 62-??4;, 62 RNR 5??-51, rijetib prghiibfnk RHCicg 5662-8;0, _FE RH Cicg ± 628;0, 14 HHD RHC 8??, 62 RNR 598-?0 (jehdis hgujb ngt oi essirtib ekefnst tdi kgvirncint's essirtfgn ga texjfeofjfty)< Krgpp v. Bfstrfht ga Hgjucofe Ob. ga Bintfstry (Bfst Hgj Epp) 101 E?b 5050 (sfnhi jehdis bgis ngt eppjy tg e kgvirncint ekinhy ehtfnk tg prgtihte puojfh fntirist, ft bfb ngt oer Bfstrfht ga Hgjucofe Ogerb ga Bintfstry's ebcfnfstretfvi ehtfgns ekefnst e bintfst tg rivgli enb oer rifnsteticint ga dfsjfhinsi, oesib gn dfs afjfnk ga aejsi steticints agr sirvfhis ngt prgvfbib).

519 Rdgcpsgn v. Ynftib Xtetis (HE50 Len) 85? A?b 951, hirt bin 8;8 Y.X. 65?, 50 J Ib ?b 252, 48 X Ht 5808.

Rdi Ynftib Xtetis fs ngt suomiht tg tdi biainsi ga jehdis fn inagrhfnk fts rfkdts, enb tdi cemgrfty ga hgurts agjjgw tdfs ruji wdin biejfnk wftd tdi AibirejBipgsft Fnsurenhi Hgrpgretfgn fn fts hgrpgreti hepehfty. ABFH v. Dujsiy (HE50 Glje) ?? A8b 52;?, ?8 YHH_X?b 961< ABFH v. Oelir (HB Hej) ;86 AXupp 5205 (jehdis henngt oi essirtib ekefnst e suft orgukdt oy tdi Aibirej Bipgsft Fnsurenhi Hgrpgretfgn fn fts hepehfty es Cenekfnk Ekint agr tdi_isgjutfgn Rrust Hgrpgretfgn).

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Kgvirncint Isteojfsdcint ga _ijfkfgn 50; ga 5;6Hgpyrfkdt Xgvirifknty Ibuhetfgn enb Biainsi Cfnfstry, dttp=//sibc.grk Agrc 09.084, _iv. 4-8-?058 ITDFOFR=WWWWWWWW

Ft ejsg des oiin sukkistib tdet jehdis cey eppjy tg e kgvirncint suft fa tdiri fs ng stetuti ga jfcftetfgn eppjfheoji5tg tdet suft. 511 Gn tdi gtdir denb, hgnhirn ejsg fs ixprissib eogut eppjyfnk jehdis tg oer e kgvirncint ehtfgn?wdiri Hgnkriss des ixprissib e jfcftetfgns pirfgb ‘ agr jehdis cey arustreti Hgnkriss' fntintfgns, pertfhujerjy fa8tdi kgvirncint des rijfib upgn tdi ixprissib jfcftetfgn pirfgb, enb tdus cey fnvgli siperetfgn-ga-pgwirs2hgnhirns.9\?; Ecirfhen Murfsprubinhi ?b, Iqufty, §592 (5666)S1

Ft fs fcpgrtent tg ngti tdet wdin e puojfh gaafhir tdrgukd sfjinhi gr gcfssfgn oriehdis dfs afbuhfery buty tg tdi puojfh, ft hen;ng jgnkir oi sefb tdet di fs ehtfnk fn dfs gaafhfej hepehfty gr es pert ga tdi kgvirncint. Fnstieb, dfs ehtfgns oihgci tdgsi ga4e prfveti fnbfvfbuej usurpfnk puojfh eutdgrfty agr prfveti kefn. Fn tdet hepehfty, di oihgcis pirsgnejjy jfeoji agr e6hgnstftutfgnej tgrt enb tdi hgnhipt ga jehdis XRFJJ eppjfis agr suhd e sftuetfgn.50

‚… tdi cexfc tdet tdi Lfnk hen bg ng wrgnk des ng pjehi fn gur systic ga kgvirncint< yit ft fs ejsg trui, fn55rispiht tg tdi Xteti ftsija, tdet wdetivir wrgnk fs etticptib fn fts neci fs fcputeoji tg fts kgvirncint enb ngt tg5?tdi Xteti, agr, es ft hen spiel enb eht gnjy oy jew, wdetivir ft bgis sey enb bg cust oi jewauj. Rdet wdfhd58tdiriagri fs unjewauj oiheusi cebi sg oy tdi suprici jew, tdi Hgnstftutfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, fs ngt tdi wgrb52gr biib ga tdi Xteti, out fs tdi ciri wrgnk enb trispess ga tdgsi fnbfvfbuej pirsgns wdg aejsijy sprieb enb eht fn59fts neci."51

"Rdfs bfstfnhtfgn fs issintfej tg tdi fbie ga hgnstftutfgnej kgvirncint. Rg biny ft gr ojgt ft gut gojftiretis tdi jfni5;ga bicerhetfgn tdet siperetis hgnstftutfgnej kgvirncint argc eosgjutfsc, arii sija- kgvirncint oesib gn tdi54sgvirifknty ga tdi pigpji argc tdet bispgtfsc, wditdir ga tdi gni gr tdi ceny, wdfhd ineojis tdi ekint ga tdi56steti tg bihjeri enb bihrii tdet di fs tdi steti< tg sey 'J'Itet, h'ist cgf.' Ga wdet evefj eri wrfttin hgnstftutfgns,?0wdgsi ofjjs ga rfkdt, agr tdi sihurfty ga fnbfvfbuej jfoirty, devi oiin wrfttin tgg gatin wftd tdi ojggb ga certyrs?5sdib upgn tdi oettji-afijb enb tdi sheaagjb, fa tdifr jfcftetfgns enb ristrefnts upgn pgwir cey oi gvirpessib wftd??fcpunfty oy tdi viry ekinhfis hrietib enb eppgfntib tg kuerb, biainb, enb inagrhi tdic< enb tdet, tgg, wftd tdi?8sehrib eutdgrfty ga jew, ngt gnjy hgcpijjfnk goibfinhi, out intftjib tg rispiht7 Enb dgw ijsi hen tdisi prfnhfpjis?2ga fnbfvfbuej jfoirty enb rfkdt oi cefntefnib, fa, wdin vfgjetib, tdi mubfhfej trfounejs eri agrofbbin tg vfsft?9

pinejtfis upgn fnbfvfbuej gaainbirs, wdg eri tdi fnstrucints ga wrgnk, wdinivir tdiy fntirpgsi tdi sdfijb ga tdi?1

steti7 Rdi bghtrfni fs ngt tg oi tgjiretib . Rdi wdgji areci enb shdici ga tdi pgjftfhej?;fnstftutfgns ga tdfs hguntry, steti enb aibirej, prgtist ekefnst ft. Rdifr hgntfnuib ixfstinhi fs ngt hgcpetfoji wftd?4ft. Ft fs tdi bghtrfni ga eosgjutfsc, puri, sfcpji, enb nelib, enb ga hgccunfsc wdfhd fs fts twfn, tdi bguoji?6

prgkiny ga tdi seci ivfj ofrtd ."80\ Pgfnbixtir v. Kriindgw, 552 Y.X. ?;0, 9 X.Ht. 608 (5449) S 85

E sfcfjer hgnhipt tg ‚iqufteoji istgppij oy jehdis– fs wdet fs hejjib ‚tehft prghuretfgn–. Rdfs hgnhipt fs biafnib es agjjgws= 8?

P_GHY_ERFGN. Ekinhy< prgxy< tdi eht ga hgnstftutfnk engtdir gni's ettgrniy fn aeht. Rdi eht oy wdfhd gni88 pirsgn kfvis pgwir tg engtdir tg eht fn dfs pjehi, es di hgujb bg dfcsija. Hjfntgn v. Dfoo's Ix'x, ?96 X.[. 891,82894, ?0? Ly. 802, 89 E. J._. 21?. Ehtfgn unbir e pgwir ga ettgrniy gr gtdir hgnstftutfgn ga ekinhy. Fnbgrsfnk e89ofjj gr ngti "oy prghuretfgn" fs bgfnk ft es prgxy agr engtdir gr oy dfs eutdgrfty. Rdi usi ga tdi wgrb prghuretfgn81(usuejjy, pir prghuretfgn, gr eoorivfetib tg pir prgh. gr p. p.) gn e prgcfssgry ngti oy en ekint fs ngtfhi tdet tdi8;ekint des out e jfcftib eutdgrfty tg sfkn. Nik.Fnstr.Eht. X ?5.84

En ixpriss prghuretfgn fs gni cebi oy tdi ixpriss hgnsint ga tdi pertfis. En fcpjfib gr tehft prghuretfgn telis86 pjehi wdin en fnbfvfbuej siis engtdir cenekfnk dfs eaaefrs enb bgis ngt fntirairi tg privint ft. Bfk. 5;, 5, 1,20 ?< 90, 5;, 10< Hgbi ;, 8?, ?. Prghuretfgns eri ejsg bfvfbib fntg tdgsi wdfhd hgntefn eosgjuti pgwir, gr e kinirej25eutdgrfty, enb tdgsi wdfhd kfvi gnjy e jfcftib pgwir. Bfk. 8, 8, 94< 5;, 5, 10, 2.2?

Ejsg, tdi eht gr gaainhi ga prghurfnk wgcin agr jiwb purpgsis. Gbkirs, H.J. ?52.28

Fn ihhjisfestfhej jew. Fn tdi pjurej, tdi tirc bingtis hirtefn sucs ga cgniy wdfhd perfsd prfists pey yierjy tg tdi22ofsdgps gr erhdbiehgns, retfgns vfsftetfgnfs. Bfk. 8, 86, ?9< Eyjfaai, Perirk. 2?6< 5; Qfnir, Eor. 922.29\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Agurtd Ibftfgn, p. 58;?S21

En ixecpji ga ‚tehft prghuretfgn– fs e hgntrehtgr gr puojfh sirvent wdg fs prgvfbfnk ygu wftd kggbs gr sirvfhis fn aujafjjcin t2;ga e pirhifvib gojfketfgn gn dfs pert. Fa ygu oihgci eweri ga tdi rihifpt ga sefb kggbs gr sirvfhis enb aefj tg iftdir riturn24tdic gr stgp tdifr bijfviry, ygu eri prisucib tg hgnsint tg ejj tdi gojfketfgns enb jfeofjftfis erfsfnk argc rihifpt ga tdi sirvfhi,26kggb, gr oiniaft=90

HEJFAG_NFE HFQFJ HGBI95 BFQFXFGN 8. GOJFKERFGNX9?

511 Ynftib Xtetis v. Ebcfnfstretfvi Intirs. (HE; Fjj) 21 A8b 1;0, 69-5 YXRH ± 90048, ;9 EAR_ ?b 69-428 (bihjfnfnk tg ruji es tg eppjfheofjfty ga jehdis tgkgvirncint, ejtdgukd ng stetuti ga jfcftetfgns kgvirnib pitftfgn tg inagrhi succgns, oiheusi ng primubfhi wes sdgwn tg fnvgli jehdis).

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PE_R ?. HGNR_EHRX5HDEPRI_ 8. HGNXINR?Xihtfgn 5946 8

5946. E vgjuntery ehhiptenhi ga tdi oiniaft ga e trensehtfgn fs iqufvejint tg e hgnsint tg ejj tdi gojfketfgns \enb2jikej jfeofjftfisS erfsfnk argc ft, sg aer es tdi aehts eri lngwn, gr gukdt tg oi lngwn, tg tdi pirsgn ehhiptfnk.9

Rdi eogvi hgnhipt fs dgw tdi kgvirncint prghuris ygur hgntrehtuej hgnsint tg pertfhfpeti fn tdi Xghfej Xihurfty prgkrec1enb tdi aibirej fnhgci tex systic= Fa ygu usi e Xghfej Xihurfty Nucoir gr Rexpeyir Fbintfafhetfgn Nucoir fn eny hgntixt;gr rihifvi eny oiniaft, suhd es e tex bibuhtfgn, riaunb, gr kgvirncint peycint, oy usfnk ft, tdin ygu eri prisucib tg hgnsint4tg aujafjj ejj tdi gojfketfgns erfsfnk gut ga pertfhfpetfnk fn Xghfej Xihurfty, fnhjubfnk peyfnk aibirej texis gn tdi rist ga ygur6iernfnks. Ft fs prihfsijy tdfs hgnhipt, fn aeht, tdet kfvis rfsi tg tdi erkucints tdi kgvirncint ariquintjy usis wdin prgsihutfnk50tex ivebirs gr tdgsi wdg aefj tg afji tex riturns= Rdiy wfjj ehhusi tdi biainbent ga pertfhfpetfnk fn tdi oiniafts erfsfnk argc55tdi peycint ga texis wdfji riausfnk tg pey dfs gr dir ‚aefr sderi–. Rdin tdiy ehhusi tdi pirsgn ga oifnk e ‚jiihd–. 5?

Rdi seci hgnhipts es tdgsi eogvi eppjy iquejjy ekefnst puojfh gaafhirs es wijj fn tdi hgntixt ga tdifr afbuhfery buty tg tdi58 puojfh tdiy sirvi. _isteticint ?b fnbfhetis tdet eny puojfh afbuhfery gr ekint wdg rihifvis enytdfnk ga vejui oy vfrtui ga52vfgjetfnk dfs afbuhfery buty gr ekinhy, wditdir oy gcfssfgn gr gtdirwfsi, fs jfeoji tg riturn ft tg dfs prfnhfpej enb rinbir e aujj59ehhgunt ga dfs cenekicint agr tdi puojfh trust di fs hderkib wftd=51

Ynjiss ft des oiin ixprissjy ekriib tg tdi hgntrery, en ekint fs gojfkib tg rinbir en ehhgunt ga dfs cenekicint5;enb tg ristgri tg dfs prfnhfpej wdetivir di des rihifvib oy vfrtui ga dfs prghuretfgn, ivin fa di rihifvib ft unbujy.54Agricen v. Pijfhen Xtgris (Je Epp ?b Hfr) ?5 Xg ?b 12, pgfntfnk gut, cgrigvir, tdet hustgc cey ngt privefj56ekefnst tdfs prgvfsfgn ga jew.?0\_isteticint, Ekinhy ?b § 844.S?5

Fa en ekint rihifvis enytdfnk es e risujt ga dfs vfgjetfgn ga e buty ga jgyejty tg tdi prfnhfpej, di fs suomiht tg e??jfeofjfty tg bijfvir ft, fts vejui, gr fts prghiibs, tg tdi prfnhfpej.?8\_isteticint, Ekinhy ?b § 208S?2

Rdi ‚ehhgunt ga dfs cenekicint– tdiy eri tejlfnk eogut eogvi hirtefnjy fnhjubis tdi riqufricint tg ebbriss iviry fssui?9 oiagri tdi hgurt refsib oy OGRD pertfis fn tdi hgntixt ga e mubki wdg fs rujfnk gn en fssui gr e puojfh sirvent ehhusib ga?1wrgnkbgfnk. Rdi cgst ariquint vfgjetfgn ga rfkdts oy aibirej mubkis fs gcfssfgn fn biejfnk wftd fssuis refsib oy gppgnints?;ga tdi kgvirncint fn eny jftfketfgn, tdus primubfhfnk tdi pgsftfgn ga sefb perty. Ogtd tdi mubki enb tdi Y.X. ettgrniy devi en?4eaafrcetfvi afbuhfery buty es ‚puojfh gaafhirs– enb ‚trustiis ga tdi puojfh trust– tg bg mustfhi, enb wdin tdiy gcft tg bg ft enb?6ygu stip fn es e jftfkent enb bg ft agr tdic oy pgfntfnk gut fjjikej ehtfvftfis oy iftdir tdi mubki gr tdi Y.X. ettgrniy unbirtelin80agr tdifr prfveti kefn gr pirsgnej fntirist, tdin e fcpjfib hgccgn jew ‚_itrexft oy Rehft Prghuretfgn– des ghhurrib.85

_IR_ETFR. Jet. Di des wftdbrewn. Rdi gpin, puojfh, enb vgjuntery rinunhfetfgn oy tdi pjefntfaa, fn gpin hgurt,8?ga dfs suft gr heusi ga ehtfgn, enb fa tdfs fs bgni oy tdi pjefntfaa, enb e mubkcint intirib tdirign oy tdi biainbent,88tdi pjefntfaa's rfkdt ga ehtfgn fs agrivir kgni. Y. X. v. Perlir, ; X.Ht. 292, 5?0 Y.X. 46, 80 J.Ib. 105< Jiwfs v.82

Mgdnsgn, Hej.Epp., 40 P.?b. 60.89\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Agurtd Ibftfgn, p. 5240S81

Fn tdi ivint ga suhd ehqufishinhi gr gcfssfgn gn tdi pert ga puojfh gaafhirs, mubkis, gr Y.X. ettgrniys, stfpujetfgns sihurib oy8;tehft prghuretfgn cey hgnstftuti tdi oesfs agr hguntir-hjefcs enb gtdir epprgprfeti ricibfis, enb ecgunt tg iqufteoji84istgppijs ekefnst tdgsi ehhusib ga tdi wrgnkbgfnk wdg ricefn sfjint fn rispgnsi tg iftdir tdi ehhusetfgn gr bfshgviry rijetfnk86tg ixpgsfnk enb prgsihutfnk ft.20

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;.5? Kgvirncint Ejjgwib tg H rieti AELI XRERIX out hftfzins hen‖t 51; 5

Ixhjusfvi kgvirncint eutdgrfty= Xteti kgvirncints hen hrieti e afhtftfgus hgrpgreti aibirej ‚Xteti– pursuent tg 2 Y.X.H.§550(b) oy ixirhfsfnk tdifr rfkdt tg hgntreht fn sfknfnk en Ekriicint gn Hggrbfnetfgn ga Rex Ebcfnfstretfgn(EHRE) wftd tdi Xihritery ga tdi Rriesury. Rdfs fs e vfrtuej enb ngt e pdysfhej steti, wdfhd fs tfib tg aibirej tirrftgrywftdfn tdi steti enb ft des vfrtu ej fndeoftents hejjib ‚risfbints– wdg eri ‚texpeyirs–.

Hrfcfnejfzetfgn gr gpprissfgn ga tdi oidevfgr oy hftfzins= Prfveti hftfzins eri ngt ejjgwib tg agrc tdifr gwn kgvirncints

enb afri tdifr steti enb jghej kgvirncints oy hdenkfnk tdifr bgcfhfji tg tdfs pgjftfhej kgvirncint.Pertfis fnmurib oy tdi ixhjusfvi eutdgrfty= Pigpji wdg went hgcpitftfgn enb fniaafhfinhy fn kgvirncint gr wdg wentsija- kgvirncint eri ngt ejjgwib tg agrc tdifr gwn hgcpitfnk kgvirncint enb fssui tdifr gwn brfvir‖s jfhinsi,cerrfeki jfhinsi, enb devi tdifr gwn hgurts.

Rdi kgvirncints ga iehd steti ga tdi Ynfgn prisfbi gvir R[G cutuejjy ixhjusfvi enb sipereti murfsbfhtfgns, wdfhd wi?succerfzi oijgw=8

5. _ipuojfh Xteti. Jenb wftdfn tdi ixhjusfvi murfsbfhtfgn ga tdi steti aejj wftdfn tdfs erie.2?. Hgrpgreti Xteti. Rdfs erie hgnsfsts ga aibirej eries wftdfn tdi ixtirfgr jfcfts ga tdi steti. Rdisi eries eri aibirej tirrftgry9

ngt prgtihtib oy tdi Hgnstftutfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis gr tdi Ofjj ga _fkdts enb eri ‚fnstrucintejftfis– ga tdi aibirej1kgvirncint. Murfsbfhtfgn gvir tdisi eries fs sderib wftd tdi aibirej kgvirncint unbir tdi euspfhis ga tdi agjjgwfnk;jikej eutdgrftfis=4

?.5. Rdi Essfcfjetib Hrfcis Eht, 54 Y.X.H. §58 . 6 ?.?. Rdi _ujis ga Bihfsfgn Eht, ?4 Y.X.H. §519? . Rdfs eht prishrfois wdfhd ga tdi twg hgnajfhtfnk jews sdejj privefj fn50tdi hesi ga hrfcis gn aibirej tirrftgry.55

?.8. ?4 Y.X.H. §?1;6 (h ), wdfhd seys tdet eny ehtfgn ekefnst en gaafhir gr icpjgyii ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis fn wdfhd tdi5?gaafhir gr icpjgyii fs ehtfnk gutsfbi tdifr eutdgrfty sdejj oi prgsihutib fn e steti hgurt.58

?.2. Ekriicint gn Hggrbfnetfgn ga Rex Ebcfnfstretfgn (EHRE) oitwiin tdi steti enb tdi Xihritery ga tdi Rriesury.52

Rdi sftuetfgn eogvi fn rispiht tg e steti fs ngt unjfli gur netfgnej kgvirncint, wdfhd des twg cutuejjy ixhjusfvi murfsbfhtfgns=59

‚Ft fs hjier tdet Hgnkriss, es e jikfsjetfvi ogby, ixirhfsi twg spihfis ga jikfsjetfvi pgwir= tdi gni, jfcftib es tg51fts gomihts, out ixtinbfnk ejj gvir tdi Ynfgn= tdi gtdir, en eosgjuti, ixhjusfvi jikfsjetfvi pgwir gvir tdi Bfstrfht5;ga Hgjucofe. Rdi prijfcfnery fnqufry fn tdi hesi ngw oiagri tdi Hgurt, fs, oy vfrtui ga wdfhd ga tdisi eutdgrftfis54wes tdi jew fn quistfgn pessib7– 56\Hgdins v. Qfrkfnfe, 56 Y.X. ?12, 1 [diet. ?19< 9 J.Ib. ?9; (54?5)S ?0

‚Rdi fbie privefjs wftd sgci, fnbiib ft des agunb ixprissfgn fn erkucints et tdi oer, tdet wi devi fn tdfs hguntry?5suostentfejjy twg netfgnej kgvirncints< gni tg oi cefntefnib unbir tdi Hgnstftutfgn, wftd ejj ga fts ristrfhtfgns


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8. Hgurts ga FNmustfhi enb tdi mubkis wdg sirvi fn tdic riausi tg ehlngwjibki tdet cgst stetutis pessib oy tdi jikfsjeturi5hen gnjy jewaujjy eaaiht aibirej eries enb pirsgns wdg hgnsint tg oi trietib es tdgukd tdiy fndeoft tdisi eries.?

[ftdfn aibirej jew, tdi _ipuojfh pgrtfgn ga iehd steti fs riairrib tg es e ‚agrifkn steti–. Rg wft= 8

"Agrifkn stetis. Netfgns wdfhd eri gutsfbi tdi Ynftib Xtetis. Rirc cey ejsg riair tg engtdir steti< f.i. e sfstir2 steti.–9\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Xfxtd Ibftfgn, p. 124S1

"Kinirejjy, tdi stetis ga tdi Ynfgn sustefn tgwerb iehd gtdir tdi rijetfgnsdfp ga fnbipinbint sgvirifkns gr;fnbipinbint agrifkn stetis, ixhipt fn sg aer es tdi Ynftib Xtetis fs perecgunt es tdi bgcfnetfnk kgvirncint, enb4fn sg aer es tdi stetis eri ogunb tg rihgknfzi tdi aretirnfty ecgnk sgvirifkntfis isteojfsdib oy tdi aibirej6Hgnstftutfgn, es oy tdi prgvfsfgn riqufrfnk iehd steti tg kfvi aujj aeftd enb hribft tg tdi puojfh ehts, rihgrbs, enb50

mubfhfej prghiibfnks ga tdi gtdir stetis..."55\45E Hgrpus Murfs Xihunbuc (H.M.X.), Ynftib Xtetis, §?6 (?008)S5?

‚Rdi Ynftib Xtetis Kgvirncint fs e agrifkn hgrpgretfgn wftd rispiht tg e steti.– \ N.V. v. ri Cirrfec, 81 N.I.58909, 525 N.V. 2;6, eaafrcib 51 X.Ht. 50;8< 25 J.Ib. ?4;S \unbirjfnis ebbibS52\56 Hgrpus Murfs Xihunbuc (H.M.X.), Hgrpgretfgns, §442 (?008)S 59

Ivin tdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt ebcfts tdet tdi _ipuojfh pgrtfgn ga stetis ga tdi Ynfgn eri ‚agrifkn stetis– wftd rispiht tg tdi51aibirej kgvirncint=5;

[i devi dijb, upgn aujj hgnsfbiretfgn, tdet ejtdgukd unbir ixfstfnk stetutis e hf rhuft hgurt ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis54 des murfsbfhtfgn upgn deoies hgrpus tg bfshderki argc tdi hustgby ga steti gaafhirs gr trfounejs gni ristrefnib ga56dfs jfoirty fn vfgjetfgn ga tdi Hgnstftutfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, ft fs ngt riqufrib fn iviry hesi tg ixirhfsi fts pgwir?0tg tdet inb fccibfetijy upgn eppjfhetfgn oifnk cebi agr tdi wrft. '[i henngt suppgsi,' tdfs hgurt des sefb, 'tdet?5Hgnkriss fntinbib tg hgcpij tdgsi hgurts, oy suhd ciens, tg brew tg tdicsijvis, fn tdi afrst fnstenhi, tdi hgntrgj??ga ejj hrfcfnej prgsihutfgns hgccinhib fn steti hgurts ixirhfsfnk eutdgrfty wftdfn tdi seci tirrftgrfej jfcfts,?8wdiri tdi ehhusib hjefcs tdet di fs dijb fn hustgby fn vfgjetfgn ga tdi Hgnstftutfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis. Rdi?2fnmunhtfgn tg dier tdi hesi succerfjy, enb tdiriupgn 'tg bfspgsi ga tdi perty es jew enb mustfhi riqufri' \_. X.?9;15S, bgis ngt biprfvi tdi hgurt ga bfshritfgn es tg tdi tfci enb cgbi fn wdfhd ft wfjj ixirt tdi pgwirs hgnairrib?1upgn ft. Rdet bfshritfgn sdgujb oi ixirhfsib fn tdi jfkdt ga tdi rijetfgns ixfstfnk, unbir gur systic ga kgvirncint,?;oitwiin tdi mubfhfej trfounejs ga tdi Ynfgn enb ga tdi stetis, enb fn rihgknftfgn ga tdi aeht tdet tdi puojfh kggb?4riqufris tdet tdgsi rijetfgns oi ngt bfsturoib oy unnihissery hgnajfht oitwiin hgurts iquejjy ogunb tg kuerb enb?6

prgtiht rfkdts sihurib oy tdi Hgnstftutfgn. [din tdi pitftfgnir fs fn hustgby oy steti eutdgrfty agr en eht bgni80 gr gcfttib tg oi bgni fn pursuenhi ga e jew ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, gr ga en grbir, prghiss, gr bihrii ga e hgurt85 gr mubki tdiriga< gr wdiri, oifnk e suomiht gr hftfzin ga e agrifkn steti, enb bgcfhfjib tdirifn, di fs fn hustgby,8?unbir jfli eutdgrfty, agr en eht bgni gr gcfttib unbir eny ejjikib rfkdt, tftji, eutdgrfty, prfvfjiki, prgtihtfgn,88

gr ixicptfgn hjefcib unbir tdi hgccfssfgn, gr grbir, gr senhtfgn ga eny agrifkn steti, gr unbir hgjgr tdiriga,82 tdi vejfbfty enb iaaiht wdiriga bipinb upgn tdi jew ga netfgns< fn suhd enb jfli hesis ga urkinhy, fnvgjvfnk89 tdi eutdgrfty enb gpiretfgns ga tdi kinirej kgvirncint, gr tdi gojfketfgns ga tdfs hguntry tg, gr fts rijetfgns81wftd, agrifkn netfgns, \540 Y.X. 266, 90?S tdi hgurts ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis devi ariquintjy fntirpgsib oy wrfts8;

ga deoies hgrpus enb bfshderkib prfsgnirs wdg wiri dijb fn hustgby unbir steti eutdgrfty. Xg, ejsg, wdin tdiy84eri fn tdi hustgby ga e steti gaafhir, ft cey oi nihissery, oy usi ga tdi wrft, tg orfnk tdic fntg e hgurt ga tdi Ynftib86Xtetis tg tistfay es wftnissis.' Ix perti _gyejj, 55; Y.X. ?25, ?90 , ?6 X. J.Ib. 414, 4;5, 1 Xup.Ht._ip. ;82< Ix20

perti Agnbe, 55; Y.X. 951, 954 , ?6 X. J.Ib. 662, 1 Xup.Ht._ip. 424< _i Bunhen, 586 Y.X. 226 , 292, suo ngc.25 Bunhen v. ChHejj, 89 J.Ib. ?56, ???, 55 Xup.Ht._ip. 9;8< _i [ggb, 520 Y.X. ?;4 , ?46, Xuo ngc. [ggb v.2? Oursd, 89 J.Ib. 909, 906, 55 Xup.Ht._ip. ;84< ChIjvefni v. Orusd, 52? Y.X. 599, 510 , 89 X. J.Ib. 6;5, 6;8, 5?28Xup.Ht._ip. 591< Hggl v. Dert, 521 Y.X. 548, 562 , 81 X. J.Ib. 682, 686, 58 Xup.Ht._ip. 20< _i Aribirfhd, 52622Y.X. ;0, ;9 , 8; X. J.Ib. 198, 191, 58 Xup.Ht._ip. ;68< Niw Vgrl v. Ing, 599 Y.X. 46, 61 , 86 X. J.Ib. 40, 48, 5929Xup.Ht._ip. 80< Pipli v. Hrgnen, 599 Y.X. 500 , 86 J.Ib. 42, 59 Xup.Ht._ip. 82< _i Hdepcen, 591 Y.X. ?55,21?51 , 86 X. J.Ib. 205, 20?, 59 Xup.Ht._ip. 885< [dfttin v. Rgcjfnsgn, 510 Y.X. ?85, ?2? , 20 X. J.Ib. 201, 25?,2;51 Xup.Ht._ip. ?6;< Fesfkf v. Qen Bi Herr , 511 Y.X. 865, 869 , 25 X. J.Ib. 5029, 5026, 5; Xup.Ht._ip. 969< Oelir24v. Krfhi, 516 Y.X. ?42, ?60 , 2? X. J.Ib. ;24, ;90, 54 Xup.Ht._ip. 8?8< Rfnsjiy v. Enbirsgn, 5;5 Y.X. 505, 509 , 2628 X. J.Ib. 65, 61, 54 Xup.Ht._ip. 409< Aftts v. ChKdii, 5;? Y.X. 951, 988 , 28 X. J.Ib. 989, 928, 56 Xup.Ht._ip.90?16< Cerlusgn v. Oguhdir, 5;9 Y.X. 542 , 22 J.Ib. 5?2, ?0 Xup.Ht._ip. ;1.95

Rdiri eri hesis tdet hgci wftdfn tdi ixhiptfgns tg tdi kinirej ruji. Fn Jgniy's Hesi, 582 Y.X. 8;? , 8;9, suo9?ngc. Rdgces v. Jgniy, 88 J.Ib. 626, 695, 50 Xup.Ht._ip. 942, 949, ft eppierib tdet Jgniy wes dijb fn hustgby98oy tdi steti eutdgrftfis unbir e hderki ga pirmury hgccfttib fn kfvfnk dfs bipgsftfgn es e wftniss oiagri e ngtery92

puojfh fn _fhdcgnb. Qfrkfnfe, fn tdi hesi ga e hgntistib ijihtfgn ga e cicoir ga tdi Dgusi ga _iprisintetfvis ga99tdi Ynftib Xtetis. Di wes bfshderkib upgn e wrft ga deoies hgrpus suib gut argc tdi hfrhuft hgurt ga tdi Ynftib91Xtetis, tdfs hgurt seyfnk= 'Rdi pgwir ga punfsdfnk e wftniss agr tistfayfnk aejsijy fn e mubfhfej prghiibfnk oijgnks9;

pihujferjy tg tdi kgvirncint fn wdgsi trfounejs tdet prghiibfnk fs deb. Ft fs issintfej tg tdi fcpertfej enb iaafhfint94ebcfnfstretfgn ga mustfhi fn tdi trfounejs ga tdi netfgn, tdet wftnissis sdgujb oi eoji tg tistfay ariijy oiagri tdic,96unristrefnib oy jikfsjetfgn ga tdi steti, gr oy aier ga punfsdcint fn tdi steti hgurts. Rdi ebcfnfstretfgn ga mustfhi10fn tdi netfgnej trfounejs wgujb oi krietjy icoerressib enb fcpibib fa e wftniss tistfayfnk oiagri e hgurt ga tdi15

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Ynftib Xtetis, gr upgn e hgntistib ijihtfgn ga e cicoir ga Hgnkriss, wiri jfeoji tg prgsihutfgn enb punfsdcint5fn tdi hgurts ga tdi steti upgn e hderki ga pirmury, priairrib oy e bfseppgfntib suftgr gr hgntistent, gr fnstfketib?oy jghej pessfgn gr primubfhi.' Xg, fn Gdfg v. Rdgces, 5;8 Y.X. ?;1, ?42 , ?49 X., 28 J.Ib. 166, ;0?, 568Xup.Ht._ip. 298, 291, wdfhd wes tdi hesi ga tdi errist ga tdi ehtfnk kgvirngr \540 Y.X. 266, 908S ga tdi Hintrej2

Orenhd ga tdi Netfgnej Dgci agr Bfseojib Qgjuntiir Xgjbfirs, et Beytgn, Gdfg, upgn e hderki ga vfgjetfnk e jew9ga tdet steti, tdi ehtfgn ga tdi hfrhuft hgurt ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis bfshderkfnk dfc upgn deoies hgrpus, wdfji fn1hustgby ga tdi steti eutdgrftfis, wes updijb upgn tdi krgunb tdet tdi steti hgurt deb ng murfsbfhtfgn fn tdi;

pricfsis, enb oiheusi tdi ehhusib, oifnk e Aibirej gaafhir, 'cey, upgn hgnvfhtfgn, oi fcprfsgnib es e ciens ga4inagrhfnk tdi sintinhi ga e afni, enb tdus tdi gpiretfgns ga tdi Aibirej kgvirncint cfkdt fn tdi cientfci oi6gostruhtib.' Rdi ixhiptfgn tg tdi kinirej ruji wes aurtdir fjjustretib fn Ogsli v. Hgcfnkgri, 5;; Y.X. 296, 211 , 5021; X., 22 J.Ib. 421, 426, ?0 Xup.Ht._ip. ;05, ;02, fn wdfhd tdi eppjfhent agr tdi wrft ga deoies hgrpus wes55bfshderkib oy tdi hfrhuft hgurt ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, wdfji dijb oy steti gaafhirs, tdfs hgurt seyfnk= 'Rdi prisint5?hesi wes gni ga urkinhy, fn tdet tdi eppijjii wes en gaafhir fn tdi rivinui sirvfhi ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis wdgsi58

prisinhi et dfs pgst ga buty wes fcpgrtent tg tdi puojfh fntirists, enb wdgsi bitintfgn fn prfsgn oy tdi steti52eutdgrftfis cfkdt devi fntirairib wftd tdi rikujer enb grbirjy hgursi ga tdi ousfniss ga tdi bipertcint tg wdfhd59di oijgnkib.'51\Xteti ga Cfnnisgte v. Orunbeki, 540 Y.X. 266 (5605)S 5;\NGRI= Rdi aibirej Hgurts ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis es usib eogvi bg ngt devi tdi eutdgrfty tg fntirpgsi fn agrifkn54hguntrfis, out gnjy fn stetis ga tdi Ynfgn agr vfgjetfgns ga tdi Hgnstftutfgn, enb sfnhi tdiy bfb fntirpgsi eogvi,56enb sfnhi tdiy bfb sg fn e "agrifkn steti" enb bishrfoib tdet agrifkn steti es e steti ga tdi Ynfgn, tdiy eri ebcfttfnk?0ga ng aibirej murfsbfhtfgn wftdfn eny steti ga tdi YnfgnS?5

Rdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt rihgknfzib tdet ejj tirrftgrfis hgnstftuti ‚hgrpgretfgns–, wdfhd fcpjfis tdet tdiy eri aibirej??hgrpgretfgns gwnib oy tdi aibirej kgvirncint.?8

Et hgccgn jew, e "hgrpgretfgn" wes en "ertfafhfej pirsg\nS inbgwib wftd tdi jikej hepehfty ga pirpituej?2 suhhissfgn" hgnsfstfnk iftdir ga e sfnkji fnbfvfbuej (tircib e "hgrpgretfgn sgji") gr ga e hgjjihtfgn ga sivirej?9fnbfvfbuejs (e "hgrpgretfgn ekkriketi"). 8 D. Xtipdin, Hgccinterfis gn tdi Jews ga Inkjenb 511, 514 (5st Ec.?1ib. 5429). Rdi sgvirifkn wes hgnsfbirib e hgrpgretfgn. Xii fb., et 5;0< sii ejsg 5 [. Ojehlstgni, Hgccinterfis?;*21;. Ynbir tdi biafnftfgns suppjfib oy hgnticpgrery jew bfhtfgnerfis, Rirrftgrfis wgujb devi oiin hjessfafib?4

es "hgrpgretfgns" (enb dinhi es "pirsgns") et tdi tfci tdet 5648 wes inehtib enb tdi Bfhtfgnery Eht rihgbfafib.?6Xii [. Enbirsgn, E Bfhtfgnery ga Jew ?15 (5468) ("Ejj hgrpgretfgns wiri grfkfnejjy cgbijib upgn e steti gr80netfgn")< 5 M. Oguvfir, E Jew Bfhtfgnery Ebeptib tg tdi Hgnstftutfgn enb Jews ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis ga Ecirfhe85854-856 (55td ib. 5411) ("Fn tdfs ixtinsfvi sinsi tdi Ynftib Xtetis cey oi tircib e hgrpgretfgn")< Qen Orghljfn8?v. Rinnissii, 55; Y.X. 595, 592 (5441) ("`Rdi Ynftib Xtetis fs e . . . kriet hgrpgretfgn . . . grbefnib enb88isteojfsdib oy tdi Ecirfhen pigpji'") (qugtfnk Ynftib \269 Y.X. 54?, ?0?S Xtetis v. Ceurfhi, ?1 A. Hes. 5?55,825?51 (Ng. 59,;2;) (HH Qe. 54?8) (Cersdejj, H. M.))< Hgttgn v. Ynftib Xtetis, 55 Dgw. ??6, ?85 (5495) (Ynftib89Xtetis fs "e hgrpgretfgn"). Xii kinirejjy Rrustiis ga Bertcgutd Hgjjiki v. [ggbwerb, 2 [diet. 954, 915-91?81(5456) (ixpjefnfnk dfstgry ga tirc "hgrpgretfgn").8;\Nkfrefnkes v. Xenhdiz, 269 Y.X. 54? (5660)S84

Rdi Hgrpgreti Xteti issintfejjy ehts es en ekinhy gr fnstrucintejfty ga tdi Y.X. kgvirncint, essfstfnk fn tdi cenekicint enb86

hgntrgj gvir aibirej eries. Rdfs ekinhy fs hrietib oy en Ekriicint gn Hggrbfnetfgn ga Rex Ebcfnfstretfgn (EHRE)20ekriicint oitwiin tdi steti enb tdi aibirej kgvirncint, enb ft riprisints e bijiketfgn ga eutdgrfty oy tdi aibirej kgvirncint25tg ejjgw tdi steti kgvirncint tg inagrhi tdifr texis enb jews GNJV wftdfn tdi Hgrpgreti Xteti enb tdi aibirej eries wftdfn2?tdi ixtirfgr jfcfts ga tdi steti wdfhd hgcprfsi ft. Rdi Y.X. Xuprici Hgurt hgnafrcib tdet hgrpgreti hdertirs eri ngtdfnk cgri28tden hgntrehts oitwiin tdi gaafhirs ga tdi hgrpgretfgn enb tdi kgvirncint krentfnk tdi arenhdfsi, wdfhd fn tdi hesi ga tdi22EHRE ekriicints fs tdi aibirej kgvirncint, wdin ft sefb=29

Rdi hgurt dijb tdet tdi afrst hgcpeny's hdertir wes e hgntreht oitwiin ft enb tdi steti, wftdfn tdi prgtihtfgn ga21tdi hgnstftutfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, enb tdet tdi hdertir tg tdi jest hgcpeny wes tdiriagri nujj enb vgfb., Cr.2;

Mustfhi BEQFX, bijfvirfnk tdi gpfnfgn ga tdi hgurt, sefb tdet, fa enytdfnk wes sittjib oy en unorglin hdefn ga24 bihfsfgns fn tdi aibirej hgurts, ft wes tdet en eht ga fnhgrpgretfgn wes e hgntreht oitwiin tdi steti enb tdi26 stghldgjbirs, 'e biperturi argc wdfhd ngw wgujb fnvgjvi benkirs tg sghfity tdet henngt oi agrisiin, wdgujb90 sdghl tdi sinsi ga mustfhi ga tdi hguntry, undfnki fts ousfniss fntirists, enb wielin, fa ngt bistrgy, tdet rispiht95wdfhd des ejweys oiin aijt agr tdi mubfhfej bipertcint ga tdi kgvirncint.'9?

\Niw Grjiens Kes Hg. v. Jgufsfene Jfkdt Hg., 559 Y.X. 190 (5449)S98

Rdi ‚stghldgjbirs– tdiy eri tejlfnk eogut eogvi eri tdi gaafhirs ga tdi steti kgvirncint, wdg eri fn iaaiht essfcfjetib fntg92tdi ‚Ynftib Xtetis– aibirej hgrpgretfgn oy vfrtui ga pertfhfpetfnk fn tdi ‚trebi gr ousfniss– arenhdfsi hrietib wftdfn aibire j99eries ga tdi steti oy tdi Ouhl Eht enb tdi Puojfh Xejery Rex Eht. Aibirej eries wftdfn tdi ixtirfgr jfcfts ga stetis ga tdi91Ynfgn enb tdi steti kgvirncints tdiriagri quejfay es ‚pgssissfgns– ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis upgn ixihutfgn ga tdi EHRE9;ekriicint, enb tdiriagri ‚Xtetis– wftdfn aibirej jew= 94

RFRJI 2 > HDEPRI_ 2 > § 55096§ 550. Xeci< biafnftfgns10

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Kgvirncint Isteojfsdcint ga _ijfkfgn 55? ga 5;6Hgpyrfkdt Xgvirifknty Ibuhetfgn enb Biainsi Cfnfstry, dttp=//sibc.grk Agrc 09.084, _iv. 4-8-?058 ITDFOFR=WWWWWWWW

(b) Rdi tirc ‚Xteti– fnhjubis eny Rirrftgry gr pgssissfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis. 5

Rdi tirc ‚pgssissfgn– fs ngwdiri biafnib fn tdi jew tdet wi devi oiin eoji tg jgheti . Dgwivir, Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery?fnbfhetis tdet ejj ‚rfkdts– gr arenhdfsis hgnstftuti ‚prgpirty–. 8

‚Prgpirty. Rdet wdfhd fs pihujfer gr prgpir tg eny pirsgn< tdet wdfhd oijgnks ixhjusfvijy tg gni. Fn tdi strfht2jikej sinsi, en ekkriketi ga rfkdts wdfhd eri kuerentiib enb prgtihtib oy tdi kgvirncint. Aujtgn Jfkdt, Diet9& Pgwir Hg. v. Xteti, 19 Cfsh._ip. ?18, 5?5 N.V.X. 981. Rdi tirc fs sefb tg ixtinb tg iviry spihfis ga vejueoji1rfkdt enb fntirist. Cgri spihfafhejjy, gwnirsdfp< tdi unristrfhtib enb ixhjusfvi rfkdt tg e tdfnk< tdi rfkdt tg;bfspgsi ga e tdfnk fn iviry jikej wey, tg pgssiss ft, tg usi ft, enb tg ixhjubi ivirygni ijsi argc fntirairfnk wftd ft.4Rdet bgcfnfgn gr fnbiafnfti rfkdt ga pertfhujer tdfnks gr suomihts. Rdi ixhjusfvi rfkdt ga pgssissfnk, inmgyfnk,6enb bfspgsfnk ga e tdfnk. Rdi dfkdist rfkdt e cen hen devi tg enytdfnk< oifnk usib tg riair tg tdet rfkdt wdfhd50gni des tg jenbs gr tinicints, kggbs gr hdettijs, wdfhd ng wey bipinbs gn engtdir cen‖s hgurtisy. 55

Rdi wgrb fs ejsg hgccgnjy usib tg bingti ivirytdfnk wdfhd fs tdi suomiht ga gwnirsdfp< hgrpgriej gr fnhgrpgriej,5?tenkfoji gr fntenkfoji, vfsfoji gr fnvfsfoji, riej gr pirsgnej< ivirytdfnk tdet des en ixhdenkieoji vejui gr wdfhd58kgis tg celi up wiejtd gr isteti. Ft ixtinbs tg iviry spihfis ga vejueoji rfkdt enb fntirist, enb fnhjubis riej enb52

pirsgnej prgpirty, iesicin ts, arenhdfsis, enb fnhgrpgriej diribftecints, enb fnhjubis iviry fnvesfgn ga gni‖s59 prgpirty rfkdts oy ehtfgneoji wrgnk. Jeooirtgn v. Kinirej Hes. Hg. ga Ecirfhe, 98 [esd.?b. 540, 88? P.?b.51?90, ?9?, ?92.5;

\. . .S54

Prgpirty wftdfn hgnstftutfgnej prgtihtfgn, bingtis krgup ga rfkdts fndirfnk fn hftfzin‖s rijetfgn tg pdysfhej t dfnk,56

es rfkdt tg pgssiss, usi enb bfspgsi ga ft. Hirikdfng v. Xteti Oy enb Rdrgukd Xteti Dfkdwey Hgccfssfgn, ?80?0 Gr. 286, 8;0 P.?b. 162, 16; .– ?5\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Xfxtd Ibftfgn, p. 5?51S??

Fa arenhdfsis eri prgpirty enb tdi EHRE ekriicint hrietis e arenhdfsi, tdin tdi hgjjihtfgns ga rfkdts, prfvfjikis, enb oiniafts?8ft hgnviys tg tdi aibirej kgvirncint hgnstftutis ‚prgpirty– enb tdiriagri e ‚pgssissfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis– argc e jikej?2

pir spihtfvi. En ixecpji ga aibirej tirrftgrfej pgssissfgns fnhjubi Ecirfhen Xecge enb Xwefn‖s Fsjenb, wdfhd eri cintfgnib?9fn 24 Y.X.H. Hdeptir 58 . Gvir pgssissfgns ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, aibirej jikfsjetfvi murfsbfhtfgn fs ‚pjinery–, cienfnk?1ixhjusfvi, ixhipt tg tdi ixtint tdet tdiy surrinbir eny pgrtfgn ga ft tdrgukd jikfsjetfgn fcpjicintfnk wdet fs hejjib ‚hgcfty–. ?;

‚Pjinery. Aujj, intfri, hgcpjiti, eosgjuti, piraiht, unquejfafib. Cesdunlesdniy v. Cesdunlesdniy, 565 Glj.?4905, 582 P.?b. 6;1, 6;6 .– ?6\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Xfxtd Ibftfgn, p. 5592S80

Ejj suhd surrinbirs ga sgvirifknty gvir aibirej eries gr pgssissfgns eri hejjib ‚hgcfty–= 85

hgcfty. Hgurtisy< hgcpjefsenhi< rispiht< e wfjjfnkniss tg krent e prfvfjiki, ngt es e cettir ga rfkdt, out gut ga8?biairinhi enb kggb wfjj. _ihgknftfgn tdet gni sgvirifknty ejjgws wftdfn fts tirrftgry tg tdi jikfsjetfvi, ixihutfvi,88gr mubfhfej eht ga engtdir sgvirifknty, devfnk bui rikerb tg rfkdts ga fts gwn hftfzins. Ngwijj v. Ngwijj,82Rix.Hfv.Epp., 204 X.[.?b. 990, 998. Fn kinirej, prfnhfpji ga "hgcfty" fs tdet hgurts ga gni steti gr murfsbfhtfgn89wfjj kfvi iaaiht tg jews enb mubfhfej bihfsfgns ga engtdir steti gr murfsbfhtfgn, ngt es e cettir ga gojfketfgn, out81gut ga biairinhi enb cutuej rispiht. Orgwn v. Oeooftt Agrb, Fnh., 55; Erfz. 56?, 9;5 P.?b. 146, 169. Xii ejsg8;Aujj aeftd enb hribft hjeusi.84\ Ojehl‖s Jew Bfhtfgnery, Xfxtd Ibftfgn, p. ?1;S86

En ixecpji ga hgcfty fn ehtfgn fs tdi Ouhl Eht , fn wdfhd Hgnkriss eutdgrfzib ‚Xtetis– es biafnib fn 2 Y.X.H. §550 (b) tg tex20aibirej ‚puojfh gaafhfejs– wgrlfnk wftdfn aibirej eries.25

RFRJI 2 - AJEK ENB XIEJ, XIER GA KGQI_NCINR, ENB RDI XRERIX2?HDEPRI_ 2 - RDI XRERIX28Xih. 550. Xeci< biafnftfgns22

(b) Rdi tirc ''Xteti'' fnhjubis eny Rirrftgry gr pgssissfgn ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis.29

Rdfs prgvfsfgn wes fcpjicintib es en gutkrgwtd ga tdi Puojfh Xejery Rex Eht ga 5686. Vgu hen rieb tdfs eht oijgw=21

dttp=//aeckuerbfen.grk/PuojfsdibEutdgrs/Kgvt/DfstgrfhejEhts/PuojXejeryRexEht5686.dtc

Rg wft=2;

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RFRJI 2 > HDEPRI_ 2 > § 5015§501. Xeci< fnhgci tex?

(e) Ng pirsgn sdejj oi rijfivib argc jfeofjfty agr eny fnhgci tex jivfib oy eny Xteti, gr oy eny bujy hgnstftutib8texfnk eutdgrfty tdirifn, devfnk murfsbfhtfgn tg jivy suhd e tex, oy riesgn ga dfs risfbfnk wftdfn e Aibirej erie gr2rihifvfnk fnhgci argc trensehtfgns ghhurrfnk gr sirvfhis piragrcib fn suhd erie< enb suhd Xteti gr texfnk9eutdgrfty sdejj devi aujj murfsbfhtfgn enb pgwir tg jivy enb hgjjiht suhd tex fn eny Aibirej erie wftdfn suhd Xteti1tg tdi seci ixtint enb wftd tdi seci iaaiht es tdgukd suhd erie wes ngt e Aibirej erie.;

(o) Rdi prgvfsfgns ga suosihtfgn (e) sdejj oi eppjfheoji gnjy wftd rispiht tg fnhgci gr rihifpts rihifvib eatir4 Bihicoir 85, 5620.6

Rdi steti cefntefns e ‚trustiisdfp– gvir aibirej eries wftdfn fts ogrbir enb eht es tdi iqufvejint ga e aibirej ‚Kgvirncint50hgrpgretfgn–. Rg wft= 55

RFRJI 9 > PE_R F > HDEPRI_ 5 > § 5085?§ 508. Kgvirncint hgrpgretfgn58

Agr tdi purpgsi ga tdfs tftji ‒ 52

(5) ‚Kgvirncint hgrpgretfgn– ciens e hgrpgretfgn gwnib gr hgntrgjjib oy tdi Kgvirncint ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis


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Reoji ?= Hgcperfsgn ga _ipuojfh Xteti v. Hgrpgreti Xteti5

# Ettrfouti _ipuojfh Xteti Hgrpgreti Xteti5 Neci ‚_ipuojfh ga WWWWWWWWWW– ‚Xteti ga WWWWWWWWWWWWW– ? Neci ga tdfs intfty fn aibirej jew Hejjib e ‚steti– gr ‚agrifkn steti– Hejjib e ‚Xteti– es biafnib fn 2 Y.X.H.

§550(b)8 Prgtihtib oy tdi Ofjj ga _fkdts, wdfhd fs tdi

afrst tin ecinbcints tg tdi Ynftib XtetisHgnstftutfgn7

Vis Ng(Ng rfkdts. Gnjy stetutgry ‚prfvfjikis–)

2 Agrc ga kgvirncint Hgnstftutfgnej _ipuojfh Jikfsjetfvi tgtejfterfen sghfejfstbicghrehy9 E hgrpgretfgn7 Vis Vis1 E aibirej hgrpgretfgn7 Ng Vis; Ixhjusfvi murfsbfhtfgn gvir fts gwn jenbs7 Vis Ng. Xderib wftd aibirej kgvirncint

pursuent tg Ouhl Eht, Essfcfjetib HrfcisEht, enb EHRE Ekriicint.

4 ‚Pgssissfgn– ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis7 Ng(sgvirifkn enb ‚agrifkn– wftd ri spiht tgnetfgnej kgvirncint)

Vis

6 Xuomiht tg ixhjusfvi aibirej murfsbfhtfgn7 Ng Vis50 Xuomiht tg aibirej fnhgci tex7 Ng Vis55 Xuomiht tg steti fnhgci tex7 Ng Vis5? Xuomiht tg steti sejis tex7 Ng Vis58 Xuomiht tg netfgnej cfjftery breat7

(Xii XIBC Agrc #09.080dttp=//sibc.grk/Agrcs/AgrcFnbix.dtc )

Ng Vis

52 Hftfzinsdfp ga tdgsi bgcfhfjib tdirifn 5. Hgnstftutfgnej out ngt stetutgryhftfzin.

?. ‚netfgnej– gr ‚steti netfgnej– pursuent tg 4 Y.X.H. §§5505 (e)(?5)enb 529? . Ngt e stetutgry ‚Y.X.hftfzin– pursuent tg 4 Y.X.H. §5204 .

Xtetutgry ‚Y.X. hftfzin– pursuent tg 4Y.X.H. §5205

59 Jfhinsis suhd es cerrfeki jfhinsi, brfvir‖sjfhinsi, ousfniss jfhinsi riqufrib fn tdfs

murfsbfhtfgn7

Ng Vis

51 Qgtirs hejjib ‚Ijihtgrs– ‚_ikfstirib vgtirs– 5; Dgw ygu bihjeri ygur bgcfhfji fn tdfs

murfsbfhtfgn5. Bishrfofnk ygursija es e ‚steti

netfgnej– out ngt e stetutgry ‚Y.X.hftfzin gn ejj kgvirncint agrcs.

?. _ikfstirfnk es en ‚ijihtgr– retdirtden e vgtir.

8. Rircfnetfnk pertfhfpetfgn fn ejjaibirej oiniaft prgkrecs.

5. Bishrfofnk ygursija es e stetutgry‚Y.X. hftfzin– gn eny steti graibirej agrc.

?. Eppjyfnk agr e aibirej oiniaft.8. Eppjyfnk agr enb rihifvfnk eny lfnb

ga steti jfhinsi.

Xfnhi tdi agunbfnk ga tdi Ynftib Xtetis, stetis ga tdi Ynfgn devi systicetfhejjy hgnvirtib argc puojfh, hderfteoji trusts wftd? murfsbfhtfgn gvir GNJV jenb wftdfn tdifr ixhjusfvi murfsbfhtfgn tg prfveti, agr-prgaft hgrpgretfgns, ejj ga wdgsi stetutis8ixhjusfvijy ebbriss pirsgns wftdfn tdi Hgrpgreti steti. Rdfs trensftfgn fs ixdeustfvijy bghucintib oijgw=2

Hgrpgretfzetfgn enb Prfvetfzetfgn ga tdi Kgvirncint , Agrc #09.0?2dttp=//sibc.grk/Agrcs/AgrcFnbix.dtc

Rdiriagri, wdet wi hejj kgvirncint ngw fs ngtdfnk out=9

5. E prfveti, agr prgaft hgrpgretfgn.1?. Ejj ga tdi ‚hftfzins–, ‚risfbints–, enb ‚fndeoftents– ga tdi steti eri ngtdfnk cgri tden ‚gaafhirs– enb ‚puojfh gaafhirs– ga;

tdi hgrpgretfgn wdg pertfhfpeti fn tdi arenhdfsis ga tdi hgrpgretfgn.48. Cicoirsdfp fn tdi ‚steti– fs ehdfivib oy bihjerfnk e ‚bgcfhfji– gr ‚pircenint ebbriss– wftdfn tdi hgnafnis ga tdi steti. 62. Rdfs afhtftfgus ‚steti– fs e pgjftfhej enb ngt kigkrepdfhej intfty. Ejj ga fts jews eri prfveti/hgntreht jew tdet gnjy eppjy tg50

tdi icpjgyiis enb gaafhirs ga tdi ‚steti–. 559. Fn grbir tg ebmubfheti e cettir fn e ‚hgurt– wftdfn tdfs afhtftfgus Hgrpgreti Xteti, ygu cust swier e pirmury getd tg tdi5?

steti tdet pjehis ygu wftdfn tdi ‚Xteti gaWWWWWW–, tdus celfnk ygu e hgntrehtue j cicoir ga tdfs afhtftfgus, ngn-58kigkrepdfhej steti.52

Xiifnk dgw tdisi vfrtuej, pgjftfhej stetis devi oiin hrietib, sgci fn tdi ariibgc hgccunfty devi icujetib ft enb hrietib59tdifr gwn sfcfjer ‚hgrpgreti stetis–. Rdiy= 51

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5. Agrc tdifr gwn hdurhd gr r

government establishment of religion, form #05.038

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