Good Morning

The Cold WarGet your composition book

Warm-Up

What did your group decide to do with Germany and Japan?

Cold War

• 1946-1990• Era of confrontation between the Soviet

Union and the United States

Events that led to the Cold War

Disagreement over Germany

Soviets’ refusal to honor Declaration of Liberated Europe (Yalta

Conference)

Soviet actions in Poland: no intention of holding free elections

Potsdam Conference: Soviets reluctant to accept US demands; felt bullied by successful a-bomb testing

Communist victory in China

Differences & tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

The Iron Curtain

Soviet Views vs. American Views

SECURITY1. Concerned about

being invaded twice in less than 30 years by the Germans = keep Germany weak and create buffer states (satellite nations)

2. Communist

ECONOMIC1. Capitalist 2. Concerned about

economic problems 3. Promote Democracy

+ free enterprise = promote economic growth by increasing world trade

SOVIET VIEW AMERICAN VIEW

Activity: Document Response

How did American foreign policy interests and goals change between

1949 and 1963?

Containment

• To keep something from spreading• Containment of communist expansion

was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975

Efforts at Containment

Containment

Gave basis for providing military and economic support to nations threatened by communism

Used in Greece and Turkey

Provided aid in terms of money, supplies, and machinery to Western European countries trying to rebuild their economy and resist communism

TRUMAN DOCTRINE MARSHALL PLAN

=

And happy people just do not want to be communist...

Containment

Stalin blockaded Berlin after allied zones merged in Germany

Airlift supplies for 11 months until Stalin lifts the blockade = determination to promote freedom and resist communism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Mutual defense pact with US, Canada, and W. Europe = demonstration of combined military strength to Stalin forms Warsaw Pact with Communist nations

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT NATO

Containment

“Hot Spot”Communist N. Korea

invaded S. Korea = Truman’s call to the UN to push them back

Limited War = no expansion into China

1946Cracked Soviet spy

code = read messages between Moscow & US confirmed existence of extensive Soviet spying

KOREAN WAR PROJECT VENONA

Eisenhower’s New Look

Strategies for Containing

Communism

Strong Economy

Nuclear weapons

for massive

retaliation

brinkmanship Covert operations

Economy

• The US had to show the world that free enterprise could produce a better more prosperous society than communism

• Economic prosperity would prevent communism from gaining support

Massive Retaliation

• Threaten to use nuclear weapons if Communists tried to seize a territory by force

• Required new technology to deliver nuclear weapons

Success of Massive Retaliation

• Military spending was cut from $50 billion to $34 billion.

• Cut army personnel

• Increased America’s nuclear arsenal

Brinkmanship• The willingness to go to the brink of nuclear war

to force the other side to back down – Korean War: hinted to China = armistice – Taiwan Crisis: any attempts by China to invade Taiwan

would be resisted by the US… HINT, HINT… we have nuclear weapons!

– The Suez Crisis: the Egyptians seized the Suez Canal causing the British and French to retaliate = Soviet threat to attacks on Britain and France... US responds… you use yours, we will use ours… pressure causes Britain and France to back down = diplomatic victory for SU as Arab nations begin accepting their aid

Covert Action

• Hidden operations conducted by the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) – Developing nations to

overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them with pro-American leaders

The Cold War on the Homefront

The New Red Scare

- Feared Communists would take over the world

Causes of the New Red Scare

(1) Gouzenko Case: Sept., 1945- Implication: spies already in our government- Search for spies leads to general fear of

Communist subversion - effort to secretly weaken a society & overthrow its government

Two Immediate Effects

• Loyalty Review Program: Truman, 1947– All federal employees to be screened for loyalty to US

• HUAC: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, 1947– Went before House Un-American Committee

• Loyalty Review Program not enough…. …demanded public hearings on Communist subversion• Hearings would expose Communists, & “sympathizers”

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties.

• Through its power to subpoena witness and hold people in contempt of Congress, HUAC often pressured witnesses to surrender names and other information that could lead to the apprehension of Communists and Communist sympathizers.

• Its most famous investigation revealed that Alger Hiss, a former State Department official, had lied to them about having "ever been a Communist."

Causes of the New Red Scare

(2) Alger Hiss Trial: 1948– Alger Hiss accused of being a Communist spy– “Pumpkin Papers"—several prints of State Department

documents from the 1930s.– The pumpkin papers were introduced against Hiss in a perjury

trial, at which he was accused of lying about having passed State Department papers to Chambers.

– Venona decrypts declassified and gave indication that “Ales” could only have been Alger Hiss.

Causes of the New Red Scare

(3) The Rosenbergs– Americans: Soviets couldn’t have produced

atomic bomb in ‘49 without help…let’s look for the spies

– 1950: Clues from Albert Fuchs, British scientist, led FBI to Ethel & Julius Rosenberg

• Accused of passing info to Soviets on building plutonium bomb

• Little physical evidence convicted them; put to death in 1953

The Rosenberg’s Sentencing Excerpts

I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country.

We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day — for the civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed at preparing us for an atom bomb attack.

Causes of the New Red Scare

(4) The Hydrogen Bomb – 1953: Soviets test bigger bomb: the H-bomb– Now, Americans afraid of nuclear war

Effect1. Schools set aside areas as bomb shelters

• “duck-and-cover drills”- bomb drills where kids hid under desks, covering head with hands

2. Fallout shelters: built in backyards, under homes

• Stocked with canned foods, water, batteries, etc.

The Red Scare Spreads

• Joseph R. McCarthy begins witch-hunt for suspected Communists

• McCarthyism: buzz word for damaging reputations with unfounded charges, based on flimsy evidence & irrational fears

McCarthyism• Public accusation that more than two hundred “card-carrying”

communists had infiltrated the United States government. • The House Un-American Activities Committee had been formed in

1938 as an anti-Communist organ.• The paranoid hunt for infiltrators was notoriously difficult on writers

and entertainers, many of whom were labeled communist sympathizers and were unable to continue working.

• The trials often destroy a career with a single unsubstantiated accusation.

• In all, three hundred and twenty artists were blacklisted including, Arthur Miller, Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and Charlie Chaplin.

Effect

• The McCarran Internal Security Act– Now illegal to do anything that would “substantially

contribute to establishment of a totalitarian government

• Communist organizations must register with US attorney general & publish their records

• Restricted Communist Party members• Allowed arrest, detention of Communists & sympathizers...

Truman vetoed bill, but Congress overrides in 1950• Later, Supreme Court rulings made sure McCarran Act

was not effective

Cause and Effect of the Cold War

1. Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after World War II

2. Chinese Communists win control of mainland China

3. US and Soviet Union explode atomic bombs

1. Marshall Plan provides aid to W. Europe and Japan

2. W. nations form NATO; Communist nations = Warsaw Pact

3. Korean War erupts 4. American and Soviet

arms race 5. Red Scare leads to

hunt for Communists in the US

CAUSES

EFFECTS