good morning! september 6, 2014
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Good Morning! September 6, 2014. Starter: Please write the formula for the following compounds (you will need your Table of polyatomic ions) Boron Sulfate Calcium Phosphate Ammonium Oxide Barium Acetate I will be coming around to check the starters too. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Good Morning! April 21, 2023
• Starter: Please write the formula for the following compounds (you will need your Table of polyatomic ions)
• Boron Sulfate Calcium Phosphate• Ammonium Oxide Barium Acetate• I will be coming around to check the starters
too.• Before we answer the starter practice
problems we need to check the questions from yesterday Link
• After that we will move on to talk about Covalent Bonding
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Starter Answers• Boron Sulfate
• B+3 SO4-2
• Calcium Phosphate
• Ca+2 PO4-3
• Ammonium Oxide
• NH4+1 O-2
• Barium Acetate
• Ba+2 C2H3O2-
• B2(SO4)3
• Ca3(PO4)2
• (NH4)2O
• Ba(C2H3O2)2
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Good Morning 04/21/23
• Starter: Have you ever heard of Dihydrogen Monoxide?
• Today we will…– Working through the notes for Covalent
bonding. – Passing back work– Looking at the gradesheet
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Dangerous Menace• Monoxide? Thousands of people die
every year from inhalation of this deadly compound, and today we will discuss it.
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The deadly molecule Dihydrogen Monoxide.• The prefix Di means 2, and the
prefix mono means 1.• So Dihydrogen Monoxide is H2O
– I didn’t lie to you, many people do die from too much Dihydrogen Monoxide, they drown.
– True statement: this was a urban legend that went around as an e-mail that went around a few years ago and a city in Washington State banned the substance before they realized it was water!
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Why the confusion?
• Well it turns out that Water is a Molecule that bonds covalently. That means it doesn’t transfer electrons like the compounds we studied before. Water bonds by SHARING electrons. This means that we have to have a totally different way to name these compounds.
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Molecular Compounds
• Molecular compounds are held held together by covalent bonds, so what do you think is another name for these compounds?
• Covalent Compounds• They share electrons for the same
reason that Ionic compounds transfer electrons, They are trying to become stable.
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How can you tell the difference between Ionic and Molecular?
• Ionic have a metal in them. The only exception that we will be working with is NH4
+ because it is a positive polyatomic and it takes the place of the metal.
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The bond between two atoms that share electrons is __________.
A covalent bond
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Why do you need to use prefixes with molecules?
They don’t have charges and there can be many different combinations.
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Sharing Electrons
• Some atoms of nonmetals are unlikely to lose or gain electrons.
• Remember when we talked about the elements in Group 4?
• They don’t like to make ions.
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Sharing Electrons
• They would have to either gain or lose four electrons in order to have a stable outer level.
• Since losing electrons takes so much energy they are willing to Share rather than try and take electrons away from each other.
• Video
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Single Covalent Bonds
• A single covalent bond is made up of two shared electrons.
• A water molecule contains two single bonds. In each bond, a hydrogen atom contributes one electron to the bond and the oxygen atom contributes the other.
• The result of this type of bonding is a stable outer energy level for each atom in the molecule.
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Sharing Electrons • The attraction that
forms between atoms when they share electrons is known as a covalent bond.
• The molecule is held together because the nuclei (positive because of the protons) are attracted to the electrons that are between them.
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Multiple Bonds
• A covalent bond also can contain more than one pair of electrons.
• An example of this is the bond in nitrogen (N2).
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Multiple Bonds • A nitrogen atom has five electrons in its
outer energy level and needs to gain three electrons to become stable.
• It does this by sharing its three electrons with another nitrogen atom.
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Multiple Bonds
• When each atom contributes three electrons to the bond, the bond contains six electrons, or three pairs of electrons.
• Each pair of electrons represents a bond.
• Therefore, three pairs of electrons represent three bonds, or a triple bond.
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Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
• Covalent compounds are those formed between elements that are nonmetals.
• Some pairs of nonmetals can form more than one compound with each other.
• In the system you have learned so far, each of these compounds would be called nitrogen oxide. You would not know from that name what the composition of the compound is.
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Using Prefixes • Scientists use Greek
prefixes to indicate how many atoms of each element are in a binary covalent compound.
• Notice that the last vowel of the prefix is dropped when the second element begins with a vowel as in pentoxide.
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Rules for Naming Molecular/Covalent Compounds
First word in the compound:
Give the prefix designating the number of atoms of the first element present. We don’t use the prefix mono when there is only one atom of the first element.
CO2: No prefix for C (only one)
N2O3: diName the first element.
CO2: carbonN2O3: dinitrogen
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Rules for Naming Molecular/Covalent
Compounds• Second word in the compound:
•Give the prefix designating the number of atoms of the second element present.
• CO2: carbon di• N2O3: dinitrogen tri• Name the root of the second element.• CO2: carbon diox• N2O3: dinitrogen triox• Add –ide to the root of the second element.• CO2: carbon dioxide (official name)• N2O3: dinitrogen trioxide (official name)
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Rules for Writing Formulas for Molecular/Covalent
Compounds• First symbol in the formula:
•Write the symbol of the first element.• Sulfur Dichloride: S • Dicarbon tetrabromide: C
•Look for a prefix for the first element if it’s there, use the table to find the right subscript.
• Sulfur Dichloride: S (no prefix) • Dicarbon tetrabromide: C2 (di = 2)
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Rules for Writing Formulas for Molecular/Covalent
Compounds• Second symbol in the formula:
•Write the symbol of the second element.
• Sulfur Dichloride: SCl • Dicarbon tetrabromide: C2Br
•Look for a prefix for the second element if it’s there, use the table to find the right subscript.
• Sulfur Dichloride: SCl2 (di = 2)• Dicarbon tetrabromide: C2Br4 (tetra=
4)
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Answers
• N2O4
• PCl5
• NO
• CCl4• SCl2
• Dinitrogen Tetroxide• Phosphorus Pentachloride• nitrogen monoxide
–or nitrogen oxide• Carbon Tetrachloride• Sulfur Dichloride
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Answers
• Sulfur Hexafluoride • Pentanitrogen
Heptoxide• Diodine tetrachloride• Triastatine Octoxide• Phosphorous
Mononitride
• SF6
• N5O7
• I2Cl4• At3O8
• PN