Good Morning!Please get out your maps and

grab a marker from the bag on the front table.

Exploration

• GOD– Spread Catholicism– Spaniards uniquely qualified- Why?

• GLORY– Desire for wealth and personal advancement• Export the troublesome nobility

• GOLD– Wealth- of the State, and personal gain

Exploration Now’s where we take notes

• Portugal– Henry the Navigator– New route to India• Da Gama• Encouraged high-

seas travel

• Spain– The Reconquista– Columbus– The “New World”

Exploration, Expansion, & Colonization

– The “Treaty of Tordesillas”(1494)• Pope Alexander VI (Spaniard)

–Magellan (Spain) 1519– Exploration &Conquest• Conquistadores–Cortes & the Aztecs (1519)»Disloyalty of Aztec allies»Smallpox

–Pizarro & the Inca (1540)»Inca civil war (Atahualpa & room of gold,

conversion and strangulation)

Pope Alexander VITreaty of Tordesillas

1494

WHAT IS

•Mercantilism?

The Colombian Exchange & Triangular Trade What was traded.

The pattern of trade

From the Americas(aka; the New World)

• Beans, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilis, chocolate, maize, potatoes, avocados, pineapple, syphillis, tobacco,…

From the Eastern Hemisphere (aka; the Old World)

• Wheat, olives, grapes, bananas, rice, citrus fruits, melons, Slaves, figs, sugar, coconuts, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, rats, smallpox,…

Smallpox

What was traded

Triangular Trade The Pattern of trade in the Atlantic

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave ShipSlave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

What impact did the Atlantic Slave Trade have on West Africa and the Americas

• West Africa • Strong trade kingdoms like Oyo, Benin,

Dahomey, Kongo and Asante emerged as suppliers of slaves and gold to the Europeans. (hence the Gold Coast of Africa)

• In exchange for slaves rulers in West Africa received muskets and gunpowder which helped them to consolidate power.

Iberian Colonial Organization

• The Spanish established Two Centers of Authority; Mexico and Peru, later divided in to four Viceroyalties and the Audiencia of Chile

• Viceroy’s were the King’s representative in the New World;– Viceroyalty of New Spain– Viceroyalty of New Granada– Viceroyalty of Peru– Viceroyalty of La Plata

Iberian Colonial Organization, continued

• Each Viceroyalty operated independently– Government set up in urban areas

• Until the 17th c. almost all officials were peninsulares– Creoles (heritage suspect)

• Many Catholic Priests arrived with the Conquistadores – Jesuits- conversion– Franciscans- ministering and nursing the poor

Colonial Economy in Latin America

• Spanish:– Encomienda• Encomenderos could force natives to work in silver

mines or fields- in return they were responsible for their well-being and Christianization

– Mit’a• Labor obligation: 1/7th of the adult male Amerindians to

work at any given time for 2-4 months.

– Breakdown of labor system• Mass deaths of workers• Importation of African Slaves

Economy & Silver

• Silver Mines- a mixed blessing for the Spanish– VALUABLE on the Global market– HUGE quantities in the new World– Galleons subject to attack from Pirates and foreign

“Men o’ War”– Silver that arrives in Spain:• Went to pay for religious wars• Went to buy luxury and manufactured goods• What productive activity did the newfound wealth not

contribute to?

– Inflation

Other Social Groups created by Colonization

• Miscegination • Few women came over from Spain and

Portugal, so many soldiers took native wives.– European + Amerindian = Mestizo

• Once African slaves were introduced another dimension for social distinctions was added– European + African = Mulatto

• Together with Mestizos, Mulattos composed the Castas; a middle-level status between Europeans at the top, and Amerindians and Africans at the bottom.

Conclusion• Most European monarchs sought to

increase their power by limiting that of the nobles- often by exporting them to the New World.

• The “New World” was claimed by the kingdoms of Europe and were the cause of great competition. (mercantilism)

• This competition was carried on the backs of indigenous and later, imported forced-labor (coercive labor system)