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3DConstruction System

Heat Transfer andSound Barrier Characteristics

Report about Heat and Sound Insulation Testsby Gerhard Tomberger, Consulting Engineer


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CalculationThermal Behaviour

Calculation of heat transfer by Trow Consulting EngineersBrampton, Canada (10 Sep. 1993)


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CalculationThermal Behaviour

Calculation of heat transfer by ITB, WarsawWarsaw, Poland (April 1999)


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Inst i tute for Construct ion Technology

00-950 Warsawa, skr. poczt. 998, 00-611 Warsawa, ul. Filtrowa 1, tel. 825-04-71, fax 825-52-86

T E C H N I C A L O P I N I O N

REGARDING THE APPROVAL OF WALLS MADE OF

PANELIT 3D PANELS

WARSAW 1999


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INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY00-950 Warszaw ul. Filtrowa 1

Skrytka pocztowa 998Telephon: director 25-13-03

phone center 25-04-71

Report: Thermal calculation

Titel: Technical opinion regarding the approval of walls made of Panelit 3D panels

No. of report: NF-540/A/99

Applicant: AQUA INTERNATIONAL POLSKA

ul. Fiszera 2 80-231 Gdansk

Persons in charge:

Leader of working group: prof.dr hab.inz. Jerzy A.Pogorzelski

Scientific leader: prof.dr hab.inz. Jerzy A.Pogorzelski

Verification:

Start of testing: April 1999

End of testing: April 1999

Number of test reports: 3 copies

Comments:


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INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

AND PHYSICS RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION

Warszawa, ul Ksawerw 21, Bud. F, tel. 49-36-15 lub 43-14-71 w. 273

Number of pages 1

Page 1

TECHNICAL OPINIONREGARDING THE APPROVAL OF WALLS

MADE OF PANELIT 3D PANELS

1 General

1.1 Basic: commission by the company Aqua International of 29.03.1999

1.2 Subject: walls with 3 layers built with Panelit 3D Panels

1.3 Extent: calculation of thermal conductance made by the company EVG and own

calculations

1.4 Materials in use:acc. to:

1 Previous opinion NF-613/A/9

2 Letter from the company Aqua International, 29.03.1999

3 Calculations made by the company EVG

Specification of materials according to appendix

2 Discussion of calculations made by the company EVG

Calculations acc. to EN ISO 6946, paragraph 6.2 are not applicable because the heat

insulation (EPS) is pierced through by steel wires (see sentence 1, paragraph 6.2).

3 Own calculations

Calculations acc. to paragraphs 5.1, 5.2 and 7, additional enclosure D.3 PN-EN ISO 6946

= + + + = 0.10 0.12

0.13 0.04 3.66 /1.7 0.035

TR m K W

= = 1

0.273 /( )3.66

U W m K

= = 0.066 /( )f f ff

U n A W m K

= 0.34 /( )k

U W m K

4 Application

Verification of legal limits in accordance with legal regulations for residential buildings.


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APPENDIX 1: European Standard EN ISO 6946:1996

correct ion term for m echanical f ix ing d evices

coefficient acc. to table D.2

thermal conductivity of diagonals

number of fixing devices per sqm

cross section of a fixing device

anchors for walls with 2 shells

anchors for roofs

If heat insulation is penetrated by mechanical fixing devices, the correction value of thermal conductance

where:

n

A f

f

f

table D.2 - coeff icient

type of f ix ing device

results in:

APPENDIX 2: Calculation by ITB is based on the configuration below

(according to item 1.4, Materials in use)

25 = 10 cm concrete (0.10m; = 1.7W/mK)

12 cm EPS (0.12m; = 0.035W/mK)

Thermal transition resistance at the inner surface =0.13 mK/W

Thermal transition resistance at the outer surface =0.04 mK/W

= 6 m-1(anchors for walls)

f= 17 W/mK (stainless steel)

nf= 67 diagonals/m

Af= 0.0962 cm (diameter of diagonals is 3.5 mm)


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Test ReportThermal Behaviour

Heat insulation test by the Municipality of ViennaAustria (14Aug. 1992)


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EVG 3D CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 1

Peheim, 04.09.2006 SAUDI_15.DOC

Thermal Resistance

Thermal insulation of EVG-3D walls has to be calculated as sandwich panel withsteel connectors. Basis of calculation is EN ISO 6946, appendix D.3.

Standard panel for external walls

This type of panel is commonly used for external walls ofresidential buildings.

100mm (4) EPS, 100 diagonals per m (3.8mm,galvanised):

U = 0.70 W/mK (0.123 Btu/ fthF)

R = 1.43 mK/W (8.12 fthF/Btu)

Panel with maximum heat insulation

This panel type is used for external walls in very coldclimates and in areas with extremely hot climate.

150mm (6) EPS, 67 diagonals per m (3.5mm,stainless steel):

U = 0.29 W/mK (0.050 Btu/ fthF)

R = 3.49 mK/W (20.1 fthF/Btu)

Brick walls and concrete frames

Conventional walls usually consist of reinforced concrete frames (beams andcolumns) and brick walls in between. Thermal resistance depends on the ratio of the

area of bricks and the area of concrete frames, thickness of walls, and design ofbricks (especially number, size, and arrangement of voids inside the brick).Due to all these factors thermal resistance of brick walls varies within a certain rangeand can be estimated only. For brick walls having a thickness of 200 to 250mm,thermal resistance usually lies in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 mK/W (3.4 - 4.5 fthF/Btu).Therefore, for further calculations the U-value of an average brick wall within areinforced concrete frame shall be assumed as follows:

U = 1.40 W/mK (0.247 Btu/ fthF)

R = 0.71 W/mK (4.06 fthF/Btu)

100mm EPS

3.8mm, galvanised

50 100 50

150mm EPS

3.5mm, stainless

50 150 50


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Energy Consumption

Energy consumption depends, among other factors, on the average outsidetemperature, required inside temperature, and on the number and size of walls

exposed to direct sunlight. Some factors depend on the design of a building andcannot be assumed in general for all buildings. However, the effect of these factorsshall be estimated.Basic data regarding climate in Saudi Arabia has been obtained by the GermanNational Weather Service. Maximum average temperature (over a period of 24 hoursand 30 days) is assumed to be 32C (Jeddah). According to statistical data thisaverage outside temperature can be assumed for 240 days per year. The differencebetween inside (20C) and outside is 12C.Since the influence of walls exposed to direct sunlight depends on the design of thebuilding, this influence can be estimated only. Walls exposed directly to sunlight willhave a much higher temperature on the surface which leads to a higher heat fluxfrom outside to inside. This additional heat flux will be estimated by adding 3C to theaverage difference between inside and outside.

Total heat energy transfer through the external wall per year

EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS): U = 0.70 W/mKW = (12+3C)240d24h/d0.70W/mK = 60.5 kWh/m

EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS): U = 0.29 W/mK

W = (12+3C)240d24h/d0.70W/mK = 25.1 kWh/maverage brick wall and frame: U = 1.40 W/mKW = (12+3C)240d24h/d0.70W/mK = 121.0 kWh/m

Difference of heat transmittance per year

For a villa with 450m of living area the total area of outside walls shall be estimatedas being 450m, as well. This number is based on experience and can varydepending on the architectural design. Difference in heat flux between EVG-3D

buildings and conventional buildings is as follows:Standard EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS) - conventional brick wall

W = (121.0 - 60.5)450 = 27 000 kWh/year

Maximum EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS) - conventional brick wall

W = (121.0 - 25.1)450 = 43 000 kWh/year

Above values represent the additional heat energy entering an average building with450m of living area through the external walls when using conventional brick wallsinstead of EVG-3D walls. Additional consumption of electrical energy depends onthermal efficiency of A/C machines and cannot be estimated.


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Capacity of A/C System

The capacity of an A/C-system has to be designed for the highest temperatures to beexpected during a year. In addition, the influence of walls exposed to direct sunlight

has to be taken into account.Basic data regarding climate in Saudi Arabia has been obtained by the GermanNational Weather Service. Maximum temperature is assumed to be 49C (Jeddah).According to statistical data a maximum outside temperature above 40C can beexpected from March until October. The difference between inside (20C) andoutside is 29C.Since the influence of walls exposed to direct sunlight depends on the design of thebuilding, this influence can be estimated only. Walls exposed directly to sunlight willhave a much higher temperature at the surface which leads to a higher heat flux fromoutside to inside. This additional heat flux during the hottest time of a day will beestimated by adding 8C to the average difference between inside and outside.

Heat energy transfer through the external

EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS): U = 0.70 W/mKW = (29+8C)450m0.70W/mK = 11.7 kW

EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS): U = 0.29 W/mKW = (29+8C)450m0.29W/mK = 4.8 kW

average brick wall and frame: U = 1.40 W/mK

W = (29+8C)450m1.40W/mK = 23.3 kW

Difference of maximum cooling load

For a villa with 450m of living area the difference in maximum cooling load betweenEVG-3D buildings and conventional buildings is as follows:

Standard EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS) - conventional brick wall

P = 23.3 - 11.7 = 11.7 kW

Maximum EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS) - conventional brick wallP = 22.3 - 4.8 = 18.5 kW

Above values represent the additional A/C capacity required to cool down a buildingduring the hottest days of a year when using conventional brick walls instead of EVG-3D walls. Subsequent design of A/C machines depends on thermal efficiency ofthese machines and cannot be estimated.


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Conclusion Regarding Energy Savings

When using EVG-3D walls instead of brick walls considerable savings can beobtained. When comparing the results for a villa with 450m living area savings can

be in the following range:

Standard EVG-3D Wall Panel (100mm EPS, 100 galvanised diagonals per m)instead of conventional brick walls

Reduction in total heat transmittance: in the range of 27 000 kWhper year(subsequent reduction of consumption of electrical energy depends on the type ofA/C machines)

Reduction in maximum cooling load: in the range of 11.7 kW

(subsequent reduction of size of A/C machines depends on the type of thesemachines)

Maximum EVG-3D Wall Panel (150mm EPS, 67 stainless steel diagonals per m)instead of conventional brick walls

Reduction in total heat transmittance: in the range of 43 000 kWhper year(subsequent reduction of consumption of electrical energy depends on the type ofA/C machines)

Reduction in maximum cooling load: in the range of 18.5 kW

(subsequent reduction of size of A/C machines depends on the type of thesemachines)


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Appendix

Climate data for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by the German National WeatherService.

CLIMATE DATABASEJeddah (Dschidda) (Saudi Arabia)

abs.max.in C

averagedailymax.in C

averagedailyin C

averagedailymin.in C

abs.min.in C

rel.humid.in %

averagewatert.in C

averagerainfallin mm

days>1.0mmrainfall

averagedaily h.sunshine

Jan 34.0 28.5 23.3 19.0 11.4 66 k.A. 14.7 1 0.0

Feb 36.0 29.1 23.4 18.7 11.6 60 k.A. 7.5 0.2 0.0

Mar 42.0 31.0 25.4 20.4 13.0 58 k.A. 1.8 0.4 0.0

Apr 44.5 33.5 27.5 22.2 14.0 57 k.A. 5.7 0.3 0.0

May 48.2 35.4 29.6 24.5 16.4 57 k.A. 1.1 0.2 0.0

Jun 49.0 36.6 30.8 25.3 20.0 59 k.A. 0 0 0.0Jul 45.0 37.7 32.0 26.7 21.1 56 k.A. 0.1 -0.1 0.0

Aug 44.0 37.2 32.0 27.2 22.3 59 k.A. 0 0 0.0

Sep 48.0 35.8 31.0 26.2 20.3 68 k.A. -0.1 -0.1 0.0

Oct 44.5 34.9 29.2 24.2 15.6 67 k.A. 0.3 0.1 0.0

Nov 38.0 32.4 27.2 22.2 15.5 62 k.A. 12.2 1 0.0

Dec 36.0 29.6 24.7 20.0 11.4 60 k.A. 10.7 0.6 0.0

Year 49.0 33.5 28.0 23.1 11.4 61 k.A. 54 4 0.0

(average daily maximum [C] average daily minimum [C] yearly mean values [C])

Thermal Capacity of Standard Wall Panels (100mm EPS, 100 truss wires)


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Thermal Capacity of Maximum Wall Panels (150mm EPS, 67 truss wires)


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