gmes-gato: rational systems for monitoring regional air quality paul monks – university of...

GMES-GATO: Rational Systems for Monitoring

regional air quality

Paul Monks – University of Leicester

Andreas Volz-Thomas – FZ Jülich

GMES-GATOGMES-GATO

• Define a strategy for global atmospheric observations to make the best co-ordinated use of existing networks and satellites.

• Examine the European monitoring capability (EMC)

• Place EMC in a user requirements context

• Answer the question – Is there a rational observations system to achieve the necessary measurements, monitoring and modelling to meet the user (policy) requirements?– If not how to achieve within GMES

Issues in respect of atmospheric Issues in respect of atmospheric monitoringmonitoring

• Verification of compliance and success of protocols

• Provision of NRT information for public and scientific use

• Measurement, quality, archiving and access• Extension of the satellite programme beyond

Envisat and MetOp• Development of non-satellite monitoring systems

for GMES post-2008• Provision of funding/ rational funding frameworks

Air QualityAir Quality

AQ is gaseous pollutants and particulate matter from the urban and regional scale to the global scale. AQ on these scales has implications for a number of contemporary issues including:– Human health, (e.g. respiratory, cancer, allergies…),– Eco systems (e.g. crop yields, acidification /

eutrophication of natural ecosystems),– National heritage (e.g. buildings),– Regional climate (aerosol and ozone exhibit a

strong regionality in climate forcing).

RAQSources Outcomes

Biogenic

Anthropogenic

Aerosols

NOx

Ozone

Oxidants

RO2

HO2OH

CH4, VOC

CO

NO, O3

NO

Primary Emissions

Secondary Route

POPS

Hg

Heavy Metals

RAQSources Outcomes

Biogenic

Anthropogenic

Aerosols

NOx

Ozone

Oxidants

RO2

HO2OH

CH4, VOC

CO

NO, O3

NO

Primary Emissions

Secondary Route

POPS

Hg

Heavy Metals

CO, NO2, VOCs

RAQSources Outcomes

Biogenic

Anthropogenic

Aerosols

NOx

Ozone

Oxidants

RO2

HO2OH

CH4, VOC

CO

NO, O3

NO

Primary Emissions

Secondary Route

POPS

Hg

Heavy Metals

Wrong just to think of measurements Wrong just to think of measurements of chemical or aerosol species …of chemical or aerosol species …

Often policy needs are met through modelling so information needs are

subtly different

Emissions

Topography

Surface roughness

Wind direction

Wind speed

Temperature

Mixing height

Atmospheric stability

Atmospheric concentrations

Dispersion

Transformation

Deposition

TransportIndustry/ commerce

Energy production

Waste management

Domestic sources Agriculture

PM10 NOx SO2 Pb Benzene PAHsHeavy metalsCO

Population distribution

Health effects

Vulnerable habitats

Ecological impacts

Heritage sites

Heritage impacts

PM10 NO2 SO2 Pb Benzene PAHsHeavy metalsCO O3

Information needs

Source activities

(extent, location, production, energy consumption etc)

Emissions

(emissions rates by pollutant and source

activity)

Dispersion processes

(hourly wind speed/ direction,

temperature, stability, cloud cover, mixing

height, temperature; topography, land cover

etc)

Atmospheric concentrations

(hourly/ daily/ annual concentrations by

pollutant)

Exposures and impacts

(population, habitats, heritage sites)

Land cover

From GMES-BICEPS-AQ-Fiche

Information requirements

The Policy DriversThe Policy Drivers

Policy ContextPolicy Context

LevelLevel Policy ElementPolicy Element

International UNECE CLRTAP (Acidification, Eutrophication & t O3)

EU AQ Framework directive and daughter directives on O3 and PM, NECD, AQ Information exchange, LCPD & SD

National Air quality standards (UK)

Regional/Local Air quality action plans (UK)

Related Policy areasRelated Policy areas

• Policy requirements are more holistic e.g.

• Habitats directive– identify pressures and impacts on important

habitats from, for example, air pollution

Current CapabilitiesCurrent Capabilities

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

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A

Y Axis

Title

X axis title-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

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LAT

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LAT

LIMA

SAN FRANCISCO

LOS ANGELESNEW ORLEANS

MEXICO

DALLAS

BOSTON

HOUSTON

CINCINNATI

MIAMI

CHICAGO

ANTIGUASAN DOMINGO

ATLANTA

CARACAS

SANTIAGO

MONTREAL

PLATA PUERTOPUERTO RICO

QUAYAQUIL

TORONTO

QUITO

WASHINGTON

BOGOTA

NEW YORK

SAINT MARTINPOINTE A PITRE

CAYENNE

BUENOS AIRES

MONTEVIDEO

DAKAR

SAO PAULO RIO

RECIFE

BANJOUL

ABIDJAN

LONDON

COTONOU

BRUXELLES

PARIS

LAGOS

AMSTERDAM

FRANKFURT

VIENNA

LIBREVILLE

DOUALAYAOUNDE

LUANDABRAZZAVILLE

WINDHOEK

ATHENES

HERAKLION

JOHANNESBURG

ISTANBUL

ANTALYA

KIGALIENTEBBE

ANKARA

TEL AVIV

NAIROBI

ANTANANARIVO

TEHERAN

DUBAI

MUMBAI

MALE

DELHI

COLOMBO

MADRASBANGKOK

HANOI

SINGAPORE

JAKARTA

SAIGON

BEIJING

SHANGAI

SEOUL

OSAKANAGOYA

TOKYO

EMEP – ground based network

EARLINET - LIDAR network

MOSAIC - in-service aircraft

Satellite – Science and operational

Laboratory measurements

http://www.gva.es/ceam/images/Cupula1.jpg

OverallOverall

• Currently, air quality is relatively well-monitored and reported in the EU– a function of its relatively long policy history

and well-established monitoring networks (many going back almost 50 years).

– But …

Do we have a rational system …

Yes and No, but mostly No

What is missing?

European monitoring needs substantial improvement in terms of suite of measurements and data quality. The existing networks must be coordinated with other activities and research institutes to build a global network for the monitoring of atmospheric change.– More/better meteorological measurements– More/better precursor measurements– Better understanding of the vertical context– better homogeneity in terms of spatial/temporal

coverage of species covered and data quality

• Looking towards the future there is also the need to integrate and exploit data.

Topic Requirement/s for photooxidants

Requirement/s for aerosols

Requirement/s for POPs

Verification of compliance with protocols

3-D measurement network


Surface measurement network

Provision of near-real-time data for public and scientific use

Development of data assimilation tools; Synoptic scale observations

Development of concept


Cost effectiveness of existing networks

Assessment (role of geo) satellites

Assessment N/A

Improvement of existing stations for GMES Post-2008

Integrated 3-D observation concept

Development of observation concept


Feasibility of multi-purpose networks

Application of observation concept

Application of observatory concept

Synergies between observations and modelling

Development of data assimilation

Scientific development

Quality assurance, quality control and intercalibration

Harmonisation of concepts; Collaboration with science

Development of concept, role for accreditation.

Role for accreditation

The grand vision…The grand vision…

• European Integrated Monitoring Network for Atmospheric Change

• Measurement strategy - Hierarchy of sites– Background sites– Regional master sites– Local Monitoring networks– Aircraft measurements– Satellite measurements

These would reflect key concerns, such asThese would reflect key concerns, such as

• Establishment of stronger standards for air quality monitoring and reporting, capable of meeting the full range of policy needs

• Establishment of more representative monitoring networks, Increased monitoring of key pollutants of environmental or health concern (e.g. fine particulates, benzene, heavy metals).

• Asses regions to be monitored (e.g. LRT, UT/LS)• Use of EO data to monitor major pollution events and

supplement ground-based networks.• Use of satellite observation to identify and monitor

vulnerable habitats, to give early warning about pollution episodes, and to track and attribute pollution events to source.

Its really not all about data …Its really not all about data …

Requires an integration strategy

• Integration of data from satellites/aircraft

(interoperability of data)

• Data Quality (QA/QC)

• Data Basing (Meta-data)

• Data assimilation (Usability of data)

• Model evaluation and development

• NRT delivery

• Leading to high-level user products e.g. “Chemical

Weather”

What does an end-user want?

• Do they want lots of data?• Do they want pretty pictures?

• No …

• They want to know how effectively their current policies are and their future policies will be.














Assessment N/A




























Assessment for role of satellites

N/A















The Future

GMES - Satellite Requirements

ERS-2, ENVISATMETOP

ooooooooooo GEO Sampling oooooooooooo

Satellites and tropospheric timescales

European Summer – “heatwave”

100x10-12

80

60

40

20

0

HO

2+

RO

2 p

art

s

00:0006/08/2003

06:00 12:00 18:00

Time of Day

250

200

150

100

50

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

ozo

ne

, N

O a

nd

NO 2

pp

bv

806040200x10

3

ro2_min_avg_corr JO1D J218ozone J218no2 J218no

• UK AQ HIGH BAND FOR OZONE

GeoStationary Observations

The Rationale Science Drivers – understand the impact of man-made and

naturally occurring pollution on the atmosphere.

Political Drivers – Geopolitical requirement for treaty monitoring and compliance (e.g. Kyoto and EU-CLRTAP (Convention on long range transport of air pollutants)

Technological drivers – exploit emerging technologies

Synergy with LEO (Wide swath?)

Geo-Comp

Instrument in Geostationary orbit allows continuous viewing of same part of earth

Measure absorption of sunlight by various trace-gases in the atmosphere Convert into hemispheric

distributions in real time














Assessment N/A















What is the role for GMES?

• The key role of GMES is to provide an integrated data delivery service for users.

• GMES should explore the role of a dedicated satellite mission for the delivery of air quality information.

• GMES should take sub-national activities and integrate them to achieve a critical mass.

• GMES should develop integrated tools for the delivery of AQ information.

Towards a rational system …Towards a rational system …

In the broader sphere,• More interaction between monitoring agencies and

the scientific community (quality control, data analysis, model evaluation)

• Integration of the existing networks (e.g., national weather services, EMEP, GAW, ESA), including standardisation of the monitoring requirements, data formats, and data provision

• Integration of the different existing monitoring systems (ground based networks, aircraft, satellites)

• Development of integrated tools for the assessment of AQ on a range of scales

• Dissemination of AQ findings and information.

Summary, In Brief

• Integration

• Assimilation

• New instruments and satellites

The EndThe End

gmes-gato: rational systems for monitoring regional air quality paul monks – university of...

Documents

policy needs

rational systems

user policy requirements

rational observations

information needs

regional scale

user requirements

global scale