'"

Lecithin:the first 150years

Part II:Evolution

to a globalpharmaceutical

industry

A. Wendel

Volume II • September 2000 • Inform

Phospholipids

This is the second of two articles onlecithin by Armin Wendel. managingdirector of Nattennann PhospholipidsGmbH in Cologne, Gennany. This arti-cle describes the expansion of rommer-cial lecithin activity into a global phar-maceutical industry. This first article,which appeared in the August 2000issue of inform, ccoered the discoveryand early commercialization of lecithin.

I«j

In the United States, the early focus ofthe soybean processing industry hadbeen mainly on the manufacture of soyoil. Soy protein was a welcome by-product as a source of protein, particu-larly for animal feeds, but also for food-stuffs. Lecithin was an interesting by-product that was offered in differentforms (bleached or modified) for use asan emulsifier in the food industry.

In Europe, the particular focus ofinterest was on the therapeutic use oflecithin. Even prior to 1910 there werevarious pharmaceutical products on themarket that contained lecithin. HeinrichCarl Buer (1875-1962) (Figure I), inparticular, had conducted a great dealof research on lecithin. In 1905, heestablished the C.H. Buer chemical andpharmaceutical factory in Bonn; it waslater moved to Cologne. H.C. Buer and

FigureI.Heinrich url Suer

rtgUre 2.C~rl Heinz Built

later his son, Carl Heinz Buer(1907-1964) (Figure 2), were convincedof the therapeutic benefits of lecithin,especially in improving physical and

mental performance. Considering ovo-lecithin to be too expensive, H.C. Buersought to produce lecithin from plantmaterial. Soybeans were not available inGermany at the time. He tried to pro-duce lecithin from lupins, with a goal ofproducing the purest possible oil-freelecithin.

From 1905 to 1960, the Buer organi-zation registered more than 20 patents(Table 1). However, it was not until

Table JU.S. patents issued toDr. Heinrich Buer Company

U.S. 1019,945U.S. 1,055,514U.S. 2,064,727

after 1910, when the Hansa Mill wasable to produce large quantities of soylecithin, that Buer succeeded in creatingsuitable products from a plant rawmaterial. His product, BuersReinlecithin, was introduced onto themarket in the 1930s and becameextremely popular. h was the first 50-

called de-oiled lecithin to be producedcommercially.

In 1941, Rudolf Kunze, in collabora-tion with the elder Buer, published acomprehensive book summarizing allthe knowledge which had been pub-lished up to that time relating particu-larly to the physiology and possibletherapeutic applications of lecithin (1).After World War Il, the Buer firmbrought additional lecithin productsonto the market, which are still knowntoday under the trade name ofBuerlecithin. In the 19605, the C.H.Buer chemical and pharmaceutical fac-tory was taken over by the Pfizer com-pany which continued to manufacturelecithin under the trade nameReinlecithin-Pfizer into (he 1980s.

Table 2Composition of commercial soy lecithinG and egg lecithin (wt %)

CompoundPhosphatidylcholinePhosphatidylethanolaminePhosphatidylinositolPhosphatidylserinePhosphatidic acidLysophosphatidylcholineLysophosphatidylerhanolaminePhytoglycolipidsPhytosterinesOther phosphorus-containing lipidsSphingomyelinSaccharoseFree Farry acidsMono-, diglyceridesWaterTriglycerides

a Acetone-insoluble matter co. 60%.

pfizer then ceased producing its ownlecithin, and the rights to theBuerlecithin product were acquired bythe Roland (Byk-Gulden) company.Lipoid KG acquired the productionplant for the manufacture ofReinlecithin.

Another pharmaceutical chemist,Hans Eikermann (born in 1910), alsoconducted research in Cologne on eve-lecithin (lecithin ex 0110) in the 1930s(2). Within a few months after the our-

Table JU.S. patents issued to Nattennann

U.S. 3,197,368U.S. 3,544,605U.S. 4,425,276U.S. 4,435,793U.S. 4,443,378U.S. 4,452,743U.S. 4,496,486U.S. 4,528,139

Soy lecithin10--159-128-10

1-22-31-21-24-7

0.5-2.05-82-32-3

Max. 1Max. 1

Max. 1.5co. 35-40

Egg lecithin65-709-13

2-42-4

Max. 1Traces

Max. 1.510--15

break of World War 11, egg yolk pow-der, which was imported from China,was in noticeably shore supply.Eikermann looked around for a replace-ment and remembered his reacher, Prof.Hans-Paul Kaufmann (1889-1971) atthe University of Miinster, who, in hiscourse on technology and large-scaleindustry, had talked about the soybeanfrom which the commercial productlecithin was produced, and had men-tioned that large quantities of lecithinwere manufacrured as a byproduct atthe Hansa Mill. In his first laboratoryattempts to purify soy lecithin to pro-duce a quality similar to that of "avo-lecithin purissimum," Eikermann dis-covered that the fatty acid compositionof soy lecithin differed from that of ovo-lecithin. A comparison of the iodinevalue (indicating the degree to which afat is unsaturated) showed 6()...64 in thecase of ovo-lecirhin while soy lecithinhad an iodine value of 84-87 (Table 2).

99'

It turned out that the lecithin whichEikermann had isolated contained ahigh percentage of choline phospho-lipids with a surprisingly high percent-age of polyene acids (polyunsaruratedFarry acids).

World War U prevented furtherresearch, and it was nor until the end ofthe 1940s that Eikermann was able toresume his work. Researchers at theInstitute of Physiological Chemistry atthe University of Cologne were thenable to elucidate [he structure of this"new lecithin." It was a lecithin withover 70% phosphatidylcholine (PC)and a high percentage of "essential"fatty acid: linoleic acid (dilinoleoylphos-phatidylcholine). The new compoundwas referred to as an EPL (EssentialPhosphoLipid) substance. Later the EPLwas further purified until a PC percent-age of over 90% was attained, whichwas called PPC (PolyenylPhospharidyl'Choline}, Extensive phar-macological and clinical tests showedthat PPC was effective in treating casesof lipoparhies and liver disease (3-8).

A Cologne, Germany, company, A.Nartermann &. Cie. GmbH, developedand brought onro the market a series ofpharmaceutical products for oral, topi-cal, and parenteral administrationunder the brand names of Lipostabil,Lipogeron, Essenriale, and Essaven. 1.norder to manufacture the new PC frac-tions, suitable processes had to be devel-oped and were patented (Table 3),which led to the construction of large-scale fractionating plants. Today, theseplants have a capacity of more than 500tons of Pc.

In Hamburg, which could be ccnsid-ered the birthplace of lecithin, anothercompany, the Lucas Meyer (9) compa-ny, was dedicating itself to lecithinproducts. The Lucas Meyer (LM) com-pany had been established in 1923 by

Volume I I - September 2000 • Inform

'"

Captain Lucas H.H. Meyer, who wasthen 30 years old and had traveled theworld on a tramp steamer. The goal ofhis company was to distribute specialpharmaceutical products in SouthAmerica and Africa. During the 19205and 19305, LM had distributed a num-ber of pharmaceutical products contain-ing lecithin (Domesex, Domecalcium,and Domechinin, from the firm Chern.Fabrik Dr. Meyer Casrens & Co.GmbH). However, World W:lr II hadcur off the firm's trade roures and theraw materials needed to resume phar-maceutical production were in shortsupply after the war.

In response to U.S. offers of postwareconomic aid, the founder's son, LucasH.G. Meyer, decided to try importing alimited amount of lecithin. To be on thesafe side, he applied for twenty times[he amount he actually needed, as allquantities in aid applications usuallywere reduced time and again beforethey were finally approved. The U.S.soybean processors, however, had largestocks of this by-product lecithin, so theactual amount applied for wasapproved-and supplied. As a result,the LM company was suddenly facedwith having to find ways ro sell lecithinOUTsidethe pharmaceutical industry. In1948, there was no market yet for thelight-colored U.S. lecithin, as LM's cus-tomers were familiar only with the darklecithin from Manchurian soybeans. Toensure that the product could still besold, an old German army "goulashgun," a mobile field kitchen, wasbrought in to save the day. Against thefirm's managers' better judgment, theperfectly good, tight-colored lecithinwas "refined" to turn it into darklecithin, since mat was apparently whatthe market demanded.

The company rapidly made a namefor itself around the world. It success-

Volume I I • September 2000 • Inform

Phospholipids

fully sought new applications in allareas of the food and animal feedstuffsindustry as well as in the engineering,cosmetics, and dietetics industries.Lucas H.G. Meyer employed me youngVolker Wywiol, who successfully mar-keted the company's products. The oilmills were pleased to have found a com-pany that could market their by-prod-ucts. In time, Lucas Meyer became theworld's largest lecithin marketing com-pany-the company and its staff wereproud to call themselves "The LecithinPeople." In '1999, the company wassold to SKW Trosrberg AG, in whichViag AG has a majority interest. WhenLucas H.G. Meyer and his son died inthe late 1970s, a transition to the nextgeneration was not without its difficul-ties. Volker Wywiol and HerbertRebmann left [he company to set uptheir own companies.

Volker Wywiol founded SternChemie, which successfully built up anew lecithin business based on theStern-Lecithin line of products. (10). In1992, Wywiol and Central Soya Inc.(CSY) agreed on a cooperation arrange-ment under the new company name ofStern Lecithin & Soja GmbH & Co. KG(11). In 1999, the whole companypassed inro the ownership of CSY.

In 1978, Herbert Rebmann estab-lished Lipoid KG in Papenburg, latermoving the company to Ludwigshafen,Germany. There, he built up his ownproduction facility with the aim of man-ufacturing high-purity phospholipidsfrom egg yolk and soybean lecithin forthe pharmaceutical industry. Lipoid AGhas become one of the world's majormanufacturers of high-purity phospho-lipids.

There is one other company thatshould not be forgonen: Unilever( 12-14). As was mentioned earlier, themargarine industry had a strong

demand for lecithin. Unilever, asEurope's largest margarine producer,was continuously looking at ways offurther develop-ing margarineproducts and ofusing lecithin infood. The switchfrom batch tocontinuous mar-garine produc-tion in the 19605led to a shortageof commerciallecithin for stabilizing emulsions. TheUnilever research group underHermann Pardun developed new emul-sifiers for margarine based on ethanol-soluble lecithin fractions (PC contentapproximately 33%), with a PC fO PE(phosphatidylethanolamine) ratiogreater than 4 (covered by Germanpatents DE 1,492,952, 1963 and DE1,692,568.1967). ln The Netherlands,a factory was built to produce this alco-hol-soluble fraction and was designedto process up to 1,000 metric rons ofsoy lecithin (15,16). The factory is stilloperating. The products were soldunder the brand name Boice. Unileveritself has largely withdrawn from themanufacture of commodity products,such as soy oil or soy proteins, and hassold all its oil mills.

Figure J.H. Pardun

From PC to the liposomeIn the 1960s, English scientists conduct-ed research on the structure of phos-pholipids. Such research had been madepossible by improved microscopy tech-niques. Bangham and Hom observedunder the electron microscope thataqueous phospholipid dispersions spon-taneously form multilayer vesicle sys-tems which in terms of their srrucrureare reminiscent of onionskins (17,18).Sessa and Weissmann later called these

- ,-• u.~_17/- P•• n• ,-• ,-- , ...... ~ ...I \• ~. ,

12DO f,- r .! •••• ,- i•,- ~. - il ~.....-./ ,- ,0 - .<'~... ". -&, .. -

/" .-f( -,- .. '" .....~ ~.. .. " ......... •, ,'" " " " ,."'" .. .. " 90 92 94 96 "y ...

_._u ........-.-P••na

j ::

Figure 3. Number of IIttr.lture and patent publications related to phospholipid and llposomes.

vesicles "liposomes'' (19). Even thoughthe term liposome was new, many scien-tists previously had observed anddescribed such phenomena. From asearly as 1885 onward, Professor OttoLehmann (20) had been studying liquidcrystals at the Technical University inKarlsruhe. During 1910-1912, he pub-lished several papers describing theresults of experiments in which headded water to alcoholic lecithin solu-tions and observed under the micro-scope the formation of spherical struc-tures. He also described the latter asartificial cells. Numerous patent appli-

cations filed between 1910 and 1940also describe the manufacture oflecithin emulsions and dispersionswhich, based on current knowledge, wewould refer to as liposornes (21).

In any event, Bangham's publicationstriggered a research boom. Scientistsbelieved that they had found a medical"Trojan Horse" that could channel sub-stances through the body precisely towhere they were supposed to producetheir effect, thus avoiding undesirableside-effects on other organs. These lipo-somes are composed of the same phos-pholipids that are major constituents of

I

9"

the body's cell membranes. Because ofthis similarity, liposomes should haveno toxic effect. Unfortunately, thingshave not proven as simple as had beeninitially hoped.

The pharmaceutical industry con-ducted research on liposomes, and thefirst patent was registered in 1973(German patent DE 22,49,552 issued toInchema SA). Both established and newcompanies prepared to manufacturenewly defined phospholipids. Somecompanies were set up specializing sole-ly in Hposome technology. Success wasslow in coming and, as a result, theinterest shown by the pharmaceuticalindustry waned.

In the 1980s, the cosmetics industryadopted liposome technology. The com-panies L'Oreal and Dior introducedtheir brands Niosome and Capture,respectively, onto the market. Althoughthis brought enormous movement intothe cosmetics market (there is no cos-metics company today which does nothave at least one liposome product in itsrange) (22), it did not create any newdimension for the pharmaceuticalindustry. However, research in this fieldcontinued with undiminished vigor andthe flow of publications continuedunabated (Figure 3). Liposome advo-cates, such as Bangham, Gregoriadis,Osrro, Pepahadjopoulcs, Saoka,Crommelin, Juliano, Lasic, and Janoff,among others, wrote review articles andbooks and held various liposome con-ferences. In a book, D.O. Lasic (23)takes a critical look at the past as wellas discussing future prospects. A bookby F. Puisieux of the University of Paris(24) includes a section emirled "TheLiposome Stcry," a comprehensive his-torical summary of this still youngbranch of research that lists 12 booksand 45 review articles on liposomes, allpublished between 1987 and 1993. On

Volume I I • September 2000 • Inform

..,pages 767-781, an interesting paper byD.J.A. Crommelin examines prospectsfor the future: Liposomes. QIIO Vadis?A Personal viewpoint,

Although the pharmaceurical indus-try had viewed liposomes with someskepticism, in the 1990s three compa-nies succeeded in bringing liposomeproducts onto the market. In so doing.they have reawakened interest in lipo-somes.

The Liposome Company (TLC).which was established in Princeton, NJ.in 1981, brought Abelcet (amphotericinlipid complex) onto the market in 1995.

NeXstar Pharmaceutical Inc.,which was established in 1981 asVesrar lnc., brought liposomal ampho-rericin (AmBisome) onto the market in1990 and Hposcrnat daunorubicin(DaunoXome) onto the market in1996. NeXstar merged with GileaDPharrnaceuricfA Inc. in 1999.

Sequus Pharmaceuticals Inc., whichwas established as LiposomeTechnology in 1981 and was acquiredby Sequus in 1995, brought ampho-tericin (Amphocil) OntO the market in1994 and doxorubicin (Doxil) in 1995.In 1998, Sequus was acquired by AlzaCorp.

The futureOne hundred fifty years havepassed since lecithin was identifiedin the human brain by MauriceGobley. Today, every biochemistrytextbook describes lecithin as amixture of several phosphorus-con-taining substances collectivelyknown as phospholipids and dis-cusses their role in biologicel rnem-brcues. Among the most abundant

Volume 11 • September 2000 • Inform

Phospholipids

Phospholipid-producing firms

Company

Avanri Polar Lipids "The Phospholipid People"Lipoid GmbHSygena Fine Chemicals

(acquired by Genzyme in 1994)Genzyme Corp. "Phcspholipon One Source"Nattermann & Cie GmbH

[Narterrnann Phosopholipids acquiredby Rhone-Polenc Rorer in 1987)

Nippon Oil and Fats "Corasome"Nippon Fine Chemicals "Presome"SAF Bulk Chemicals (Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka)Cherni SpANonhero Lipids Inc.

a Or date when phospholipid production began

naturally occurring phospholipidsPC has received the most study andis available in a purified form forpractical uses.

As outlined earlier, the history oflecithin and PC has been a successfulone, leading ro an ever-increasingdemand for these substances in severalfields of application. However, in con-trast to this commercial and technicalsuccess, the stare of the art in basicresearch, and particularly in biochem-istry, has not kept pace. Conremporaryknowledge of the human organism isnot sufficient to explain the beneficialeffects of PC in a wide variety of appli-cations.

In short, we are probably doing theright thing by applying lecithin and PCto ourselves, bur we do not know whatis behind it. Even more disturbing is thefact that, due to our lack of knowledge

Founded Country

1969 United States1968 Germany1987

1981 United States1906 Germany

19880 Japan19880 Japan1989" United States1973 Italy1991 Canada

on the role of lecithin in various bio-chemical processes, we might be missingthe chance to prevent human diseasesfor which a cure is currently not avail-able.

Here we outline the questions whichmay justify optimism about futuredevelopments and research that shouldlead to the full recognition of the signif-icant role of lecithin in the improvementor human health,

The most fascinating and perhapsmost puzzling facr is [hat currentlylecithin and PC are used on the onehand as inert. nontoxic emulsifiers orliposome-forming agents, and on theother hand as dietetics and active drugsubstances. These diverse, and at a firstglance contradictory, fields of func-tionaliry are unique to lecithin and Pc.No other blomolecule is being used asa margarine or chocolate emulsifier,

Liposome companies involved in development of pharmaceuticals

Company (acquired or merged companiesshown in parentheses)

The Liposome Company Inc. (TlC)(acquired by Elan in 2000)

Nichiyu Liposome Co. ltd. (TLC and NOF)Liposome Technology Inc.

(acquired by Sequus Pharmaceuticals in 1995;Sequus acquired by Alza in 1999)

Vesrar Inc.(merged with NeXagen in 1995to form NeXst:!r Pharmaceuticals Inc.;NeXstar acquired by GileadPharmaceuticals, Inc. in 1995)

Argus Pharmaceuticals Inc.(acquired by Aronex PharmaceticalsInc. in 1995)

IDEA AG (Transfersones)ADDAG

and at the same time as a therapeuticdrug for liver diseases, ro name justrwo of the most extreme areas of appli-cation.

Another question arises from the factthat the human body contains severalhundred gr:1ms of PC, and yet an addi-rional daily uptake of 2 g can help pro-

Llposome·production equipmentcompanies

CompanyFounded CountryAvestin Inc.1984 United States

LipexBiomembranes,Inc. 1985 Canada

Founded Country

1981 United States

1984 Japan1981 United States

1981 United States

1983 United States

19931998

GermanySwinerland

teet the liver against the consequencesof alcohol abuse.

Today it is known that PC is meta-bolically connected to other biornole-cules possessing the same trimethyl-substituted quaternary nitrogen atom.PC can yield choline which can thenbe further converted into glycinebetaine, a methylating agent involvedin the biosynthesis of the essentialamino add, L-methionine; this chainof transformations also can run in theopposite direction. However, the logicand significance of these transforma-tions are nor yet understood.Nevertheless, the unique position ofPC is that it is the most stable andmost abundant of these biomolecules.It may be termed the mother of thesesubstances.

'"

The full importance of this pictureis documented by the finding {hatdiets deficient in lecithin or in thesesubstances spontaneously lead to alack of biological energy and possibleinduction of liver cancer. PC and therelated biomolecules are thereforeessential components of our diet.Based on these findings, we can con-clude that PC must be fulfilling yetanother function which is not that ofbeing merely the building unit of inertbiological membranes.

Despite these results, which havean important bearing on human life,we still do nor know how muchlecithin we need in our daily dietwhen we feel good, or when we areill, when we are young, or when weare in the second or third phase ofour life. It is our belief that futureknowledge about the role and func-tion of lecithin and PC in our bodywill lead to a new age, not only in thehistory of lecithin but also in the pre·vention of human diseases, thusimproving the quality of life.

To conserve space in inform, the refer-ences for this article are not. being print-ed in the magazine. Subscribers whowish to baue a copy will find the refer-ences at the inform portion(www.aocs.orglpress)oftheAOes \'Qebpage. Persons who have e-mail but donot have Internet access should send arequest for references towillhite@aocs.org. References also maybe obtained by fax by sending a requestto inform (117-351-809/)or by mailupon request to inform, P.O. Box 3489,Champaign, IL 6/826-3489.0

Volume II • September 2000 • Inform

• --..- •..::... " I.

f, "."',1' .~.1'1'1'1-2111111LABORATORY PROFICIENCY I'RO(;RAM AWARD WINNERS

\- 'ft -.,'~~~ __' __~,-J

1~LPI';n.AOCS'" .... ,,, It ,.. it"........................... ct.d Ieee, ...Ifill .., .....try __ .. c:e.1IIittft'l ...,. ...., fer'"Approwd 0temW' ...... III the .....mkh they,.,tidp*. SewrIII ....riatiom 1St AOCS AppnMd 0eriIII _offk~1 ~ who art' cpaUfIed 10tetdedispuln between buyM and .. ..,. of par-ticular commodities. smn are run annu-.Ity and p.llrlkipuIb may ...aI1 ..1any timeduring tbt yr.... Further detJih may beobl.aiMd from the AOCS Technic ..'~rlmenl.

Twu special ~rds aee B~ nch yr.r.One is in honor of the origi~lor of theAOCS Check S.Jmple Prog'.Jm, Fr.lInkS~lIey. The ~11cy AWMdrecognizesexcellence in OilSftd AlUllysis. The o~hooors Richard Doughtie. who for man)'years administered the progr.lm and INn-aged the sccres of volunteers who provid.ed and mailed samples 10 p... 'icipants. TheDoughtie Award recognilft excellence inCottonseed AlUllysis.

The Smalley Award winner for OilseedAnalysis is Frank Fuentes from SouthernCotton Oil, Lubbock, TX,The Doughtie Award winner forCottonseed Analysis is Frank Hahn fromHahn Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, sc.

The 1999-2000 award winners have suc-cessfully analyzed all samples in theseries and are ranked according to theircombined z-scores. The top places ineach series are listed below.

EDIBLE FATFirst PlaceMoHy G. Harris, Owensboro Grain EdibleOils, Owensboro, KYHonorable MentionJill McDonald, Owensboro Grain EdibleOils, Inc., Owensboro, KYDale Halbig, Owensboro Grain EdibleOils, Inc., Owensboro, KYLloyd Boatright, Refinery Laboratory, AgProcessing, SI. Joseph, MOBrenda storoz. Ag Processing Inc., SI.Joseph, MO

Frances Hanway, Refinery Laboratory, AgProcessing Inc .• St. Joseph, MO

TALLOW & GREASEFirst PlaceRamesh Patel, Inspectorate Coastal GrainAgrl-Laboratones, Galena Park. TXHonorable MentionMohammad Khan, Socotec TestingServices, Metairie, LAT.M. Narayanan Nair, Ace Testing Labs,Piscataway, NJHarvey P. Becnel, Mumtaz Haider, E.Wayne Emmons, lntertek Testing ServiceCaleb Brett, Metairie. LA

CEllULOSE YIELDFirst placeRobert Humphreys, Southern COlton Oil-Div ADM, Memphis, TNHonorable MentionRoland R. Wilks, Quality SystemsManager, Buckeye Technologies, Inc.,Memphis, TN

OILSEED MEAL-CombinedFirst PlaceFrank Fuentes, Southern Cotton Oil,lubbock, TXHonorable Mentionlaura Johnson, Southern Cotton Oil,lubbock, TXRobert Humphreys, Southern Cotton Oil-Div ADM, Memphis, TNSandra Holloway, SGS Control Serviceslnc., Memphis, TNSusan Jacque, Stephen R. Jacque, K-Testing Laboratories Inc., Memphis, TNChris Baker, Woodson- Teoentlaboratories, N. little Rock, AR

OILSEED MEAL-MoistureFirst PlaceSusan Jacque, Stephen R. Jacque, K-Testing Laboratories Inc., Memphis, TNHonorable MentionDouglas E. Mclemore, Dr. W. Hirt,Woodsoo- Tenent Laboratories, Dayton, OHJanet M. Duran, A & l Pins Agrl labsInc., lubbock. TXMichael Hawkins, Barrow-Agee Labs Inc ..Memphis, TNPeter Taylor, SGS Canada, Vancouver, BC,CanadaH. Newton Beavers, Woodson-Tenentlaboratories Inc., Goldston, NC

p.>~ I 0/3

OILSEED MEAL-OilFirst PlaceFrank Fuentes, Southern Cotton Oil.lubbock, TXHonorable Mentionlaura Johnson, Southern Cotton Oil.lubbock, TXSandra Holloway, SGS Control ServicesInc., Memphis, TNRobert Humphreys, Southern Cotton Oil,Div ADM, Memphis, TNJohn Reuther, Central Analytical LabsInc .• Belle Chasse, LASusie Southwell, Southwell Laboratory,Oklahoma City, OK

OILSEED MEAL-Nitrogen (Ba 4d-90)First PlaceLaura Johnson, Southern Conon Oil,Lubbock, TXHonorable MentionFrank Fuentes, Southern Cotton Oil.lubbock, TXPaul C. Thionville, Boyce Butler, Thionvillelaboratories lnc., New Orleans, LAJames S. Daves, Porter Testing lab,Oklahoma City, OKRobert Humphreys, Southern Cotton Oil.Div ADM, Memphis, TNLeon S. Hunter, Ken Hartman, PopeTesting labs, Dallas, TX

OILSEED MEAL-Nitrogen (Ba 4e·93)First PlaceChris Baker, Woodson-Tenentlaboratories, N. Little Rock, ARHonorable MentionFeed Unit, Consolidated Labs of VA,Richmond, VAJoel Sieh, CN Laboratories, Courtland, MNWilliam Slagle, Ardin Backous, WoodsonTenent Laboratories, Des Moines, IADonna Chambers, Iowa Testing Labs,Eagle Grove, IAJohn Reuther, Central Analytical labsInc., Belle Chasse, LA

OILSEED MEAL-Crude FiberFirst PlaceSusan Jacque, Stephen R. Jacque, K-Testing Laboratories Inc., Memphis, TNHonorable MentionMohammad Khan, Sccotec TestingServices, Metairie, LASandra Holloway, SGS Control ServicesInc., Memphis. TN

cOtlrinued 0tI following p.>lJf!

t ._~-.1.. ~ \

\: - c_L.' 10:\ ,. . ,~,l'J'J'J-!()()() LABORATORY PROFICIENCY PROGRAM AWARD WINNERS

. -" IIr.- -~-~_.JI"~ ~,'~~

laura Johnson, Southern Colton Oil,Lubbock, TXFrank Fuentes, Southern Cotton Oil,Lubbock, TXRossend Inglada, Lab Manager, GallinaBlanca Purina SA, Eis Manjas. Spain

UNGROUND SOYBEAN MEALFirst placeChris Baker, wccdscn-reoemLaboratories, N. little Rock, ARHonorable MentionJack W. Henry, Iowa Testing labs, EagleGrove, JAElaine S. Abbott, Robert w. Brooks,Woodson- Ienent laboratories,Gainesville, GAWilliam Slagle, Ardin Backous, WoodsonTenent Laboratories, Des Moines, IAH. Newton Beavers, Woodson-Tenen!laboratories Inc., Goldston, NCDouglas E. McLemore, Dr. W. Hirt,woodson- Ienent Laboratories, Dayton. OH

CANOLAFirst PlaceH.K. Howard, M. Kisilowsky, CanadianGrain Commission, Winnipeg, MS,CanadaHonorable MentionPaul C. Thionville, Boyce Butler, ThionvilleLaboratories Inc., New Orleans, LA

COTTONSEEDFirst placeFrank Hahn, Hahn Laboratories,Columbia, SCHonorable MentionCharles R. Norris, Mid-ContinentLaboratories, Jackson, MS

PEANUT SEEDFirst Placelana Humphries, USDA AMS S&T,Blakely, GAHonorable MentionJohn Wieters, Morris Testing labs, Macon,GA

SAFflOWERFirst PlaceDr. R.J.H. Boddaert, Chemical laboratoryDr. A. Verwey, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHonorable MentionHarvey P. Becnel, Mumtaz Haider, E.Wayne Emmons, Intertck Testing ServiceCaleb Brett, Metairie, LA

SOYBEAN SEEDFirst PlaceH. Newton Beavers, Woodson- Ienentlaboratories Inc., Goldston, NCHonorable MentionHarvey P. Becnel, Mumtaz Haider, E.Wayne Emmons, fntertek Testing ServiceCaleb Brett, Metairie, LAHonorable MentionWilliam Slagle, Ardin Backous, WoodsonTenent laboratories, Des Moines, IAJack w. Henry, Iowa Testing labs, EagleGrove,IA

SUNFLOWER SEEDFirst PlacePaul C. Thionville, Boyce Butler, Thionvillelaboratories Inc., New Orleans, LAHonorable MentionSandra Holloway, SGS Control ServicesInc., Memphis, TN

CHOLESTEROLFirst Place[un Xia, IR laboratories Inc., Burnaby,BC, CanadaHonorable MentionJim Bell, SGS Control Services Inc.,Memphis, TN

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHYFirst PlacePete Cartwright, New Jersey FeedLaboratory Inc., Trenton, NJHonorable MentionFat Ross, wltco Corp., Dublin, OHW. Milton Adams, Regina Harkness,Woodson Tenent labs, Memphis, TNMichael Anastasakis, ACHumko--Columbus, Columbus, OHTina Florea, AC Humko--Columbus,Columbus, OHZana Gilliam, SGS Control Services Inc.,Deer Park, TX

TRACE METALSFirst PlaceNahid Rutherford, Riceland Foods Soyalab, Stuttgart, ARHonorable MentionJan Hughes, Cenex Harvest States,Mankato, MN

~2ofJ

FISH MEALFirst PlaceWilliam Slagle. Ardin Beckoes, Woodson'rerem Laboratories, Des Moines, IAHonorable MentionH. Newton Beavers, Woodson-Tenentlaboratories Inc .• Goldston, NCChris Baker, Woodson- Tenentlaboratories, N. little Rock, ARCarl w. Schulze, New Jersey Feedlaboratory Inc .• Trenton. NJ

MARINE OilFirst PlacePaul C. Thionville, Boyce Butler. Thionvillelaboratories Inc .• New Orleans, LAHonorable MentionHarald Knudsen. Gruppeleder, S S F,Fyllingsdalen, NorwayHeloa Palmadottir, Icelandic Fisherieslaboratories, Reykjavik,. Iceland

MARINE Oil FATTYACiO PROFilEFirst PlacePete Cartwright. New Jersey Feedlaboratory Inc., Trenton. NJHonorable MentionPaul Speight, Croda Universal ltd .• Hull,England

SOYBEAN OilFirst PlaceRefinery lab, Owensboro Grain EdibleOils, lnc., Owensboro. KYHonorable MentionPaul C. Thionvi!le, Boyce Butler, ThionvilleLaboratories Inc., New Orleans, LAWilliam Slagle, Ardin Backcus, WoodsonTenent laboratories. Des Moines, IA

COTTONSEED OilFirst PlacePaul C. Thionville, Boyce Butler,Thionville laboratories Inc., NewOrleans. LAHonorable MentionSusan Jacque, Stephen R Jacque, K-Testing laboratories Inc., Memphis, TN

VEGETABLEOil (Color Only)First PlaceCharles R. Norris, Mid-Continentlaboratories, Jackson. MSHonorable MentionD. Gifford. W. Mason, C. Hankins, G.Gillis. D. Havlin. I.Treece, A. Cody, G.McCollom, K.

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1'1'1')-2111111LABORATORY PROFICIENCY PROGRAM AWARD WINNERS,,-' 1,,·'t_ '~" II>"Jr~~

Spradlin,S. Karrick, AC Humko,Jacksonville. IL

NIOP fATS & OILSFirst PlaceHarvey P. Becnel, Mumt3Z Haider, E.Wayne Emmons, lntenek Testing ServiceCaleb Brett, Metairie, LAHonorable MentionRamesh Patel. Inspectorate Coastal GrainAgri-laboratories, Galena Park. TXT.M. Narayanan Nair, Ace Testing Labs,Piscataway, NI

trans FATTY ACiOS BY IRFirst PlaceJan Hughes, Cenex Harvest States,Mankato, MNHonorable MentionSuzanne Oi Cataldo, Technical Center,Nabisco Brands rnc., East Hanover, NJ

trans FATIV ACIDS BY GCFirst PlaceSteffen Yding Andersen, FOB CentralLaboratonei, Albertsfund. DenmarkHonorable MentionDerek Bearden, C & T Refinery LLC,Charlotte, NCCatherine Cosby, Con Agra GroceryProduct Co., Memphis, TNTom Dawson, Perdue Farms-Oil Refinery,Salisbury, MD

SOLID FAT CONTENT BY NMRFirst PlaceDan Nagem, C & T Refinery llC,Charlotte, NCHonorable MentionShamsudin Bin Idris, lab Mgr, cargillSpecialty Oils Scln Bhd, Selangor Darul,Malaysia

PEANUT BUTIER AFLATOXINFirst PlaceMaria Clara Smith, Pert laboratories,Edenton, NCHonorable MentionAndre Bosman, Perishable ProductsExport Control B, Silverton, South Africa

PEANUT PASTEAFLATOXINFirst PlaceAnalytical Team, I leek AssociatesInc.-Albany, Albany, GAHonorable MentionAndre Bosman, Perishable ProductsExport Control B, Silverton, South AfricaMarisel Carelli, Ha Argentina, Pcia DeCordoba, Argentina

COTIONSEED AFLATOXINFirst PlaceScott Waldmire, Feed Lab, Sacramento, CAHonorable MentionCharlay Stone, Romer laboratories Inc.,Union, MO

CORN MEAL AFLATOXINFirst PlaceJ. Michael Hurley, laboratory Director,OFA Of California, Fresno, CAHonorable MentionMichael M. Runyon, Office of Texas 51.Chemist, College Station, TXAndre Bosman, Perishable ProductsExport Control B, Silverton, South Africa

MilK AFLATOXINFirst PlaceAndre Bosman, Perishable ProductsExport Control B, Silverton, South AfricaHonorable MentionScott Waldmire, Feed lab, Sacramento, CA

PEANUT PASTEAFLATOXIN TEST KITFirst PlaceDiana Kavohs, Hershey FoodsCorporation, Hershey, PAHonorable MentionQC lab Team "A", Tara Foods, Albany, GANorma Hernandez, Comasa, Bolonia,NicaraguaSusan lee, Vicam, Watertown, MA

CORN MEAL AFLATOXIN TEST KITFirst PlaceJanet M. Duran, A & l Pins Agrl labstnc., lubbock, TXHonorable MentionSusan lee, Vicam, Watertown, MAGordon l.Whitbeck, John Dillard, A & Alaboratories Inc., Springdale, ARTina Harrell, Pert laboratories,Edenton, NC

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MILK AFLATOXIN TEST KITFirst PlacePaula Meixner, Hunt Wesson,Menomonie, WIHonorable MentionDr. A. V. Jain, Dept. of Vet. Medicine,University of Georgia, Athens, GA

PHOSPHORUS IN OILFirst PlaceJan Hughes. Cenex Harvest States,Mankato, MNHonorable MentionPaul C. Thionville, Boyce Butler, Thionvillelaboratories Inc., New Orleans, LA

NUTRITIONAL LABELINGFirst Placelinda Groff, Hershey Foods Corporation,Hershey, PAHonorable MentionSusan Bigs, Maxxam Analytics lab,Mississauga, ON, Canada

PALM OilFirst placelaboratory Department, Pasir GudangEdible Oils Sdn. Bhd.,lohor, MalaysiaHonorable MentionQuality Control Laboratory, SoctekSendirian Berhad, johor, MalaysiaAllied Chemists Laboratory Sdn Bhd,Johor Bahru, MalaysiaCheah Ping Cheong. Indelab Sdn Bhd,Selangor, MalaYSia West

OLIVE OILFirst PlaceDr. Rodney Mailer, Principal ResearchScientist, NSW Department OfAgriculture, Wagga Wagga, AustraliaHonorable MentionGiorgio Cardone, Chemiservice SAS,Monopoli (Ba), Italy

FEED MiCROSCOPYFirst PlaceMichael Bucker, Consolidated Labs or VA,Richmond, VAHonorable MentionMarcel van den Heuvel, Provimi BY,Rotterdam, The NetherlandsPiotr Czajkowski, Central Soya RolpolHlD, Osnowd, Poland