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GLYPHS

The Monthly Newsletter of the

Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society An Affiliate of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona

Founded in 1916

•••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• Vol. 50, No. 11Vol. 50, No. 11 Tucson, Ar Tucson, Ar izona May 2000izona May 2000

Highlights of this Issue

President’s Message .....................................................................................................2 The Hows and Whys of Archeoastronomy, an AAHS “Short Course” by Astronomer Raymond E. White ...................3 AAHS Field Trip to Hovenweep National Park, May 27-29 .......................................4 The Cornerstone ...........................................................................................................6

Lineage leader’s home? Feature 143, a large square structure that opens onto the central plaza at Valencia Vieja.

Photo courtesy of Henry Wallace.

Next AAHS Meeting: 7:30 p.m., May 15, 2000 Duval Auditorium, University Medical Center

Glyphs: The Monthly Newsletter of . . .

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE May and June are months filled with soci-ety business, and I am not sure how much the membership is aware of the behind-the-scenes work. Now is when the board members assess

the current budget and begin planning for the next fiscal year. Most of our budget involves the publication of Kiva and Glyphs. There are a few expenses with the monthly members meetings, the educa-tion programs and the field trips, but these also bring in money to offset the expenses. The Scholarship and Research program usually consumes a little more money than it brings in — this is a situa-tion that we are currently reassessing for cutting costs and improving efficiency. Money for the Southwest Indian Arts Fair award, for various Arizona State Museum projects, and for other projects we are asked to sponsor all come from our gen-eral operating funds. The Society is fis-cally healthy and active in a variety of educational tasks, thanks to the hard work of your board members and our broad base of volunteers. The Kiva is having a tremendous year under the newly reorganized dual-editorship of Tobi Taylor and Ron Towner. Our reputation is strengthening world wide, as evidenced by recent corre-spondence from Iraq requesting copies of our publications and information about our society. Kiva is our most visible am-bassador, promoting education and infor-mation-sharing among all those interested in archaeology, history, and ethnography. Glyphs presents the membership with

timely updates of what is important in our field of interest. Under Lynne Attardi=s editorship, Glyphs has become a critical resource even to many who do not join the Society, or attend our meetings. Oper-ating in a less visible role, however, is the Publications Committee, chaired by Beth Grindell and composed of Lex Lindsay, Homer Thiel, Linda Gregonis, and Laurie Webster. This committee works with the three editors to ensure that everything runs smoothly. Most of the Society=s business is con-ducted through committees, as we just witnessed with the efforts of the Scholar-ship and Research, and Nominations Committees. When the new board con-venes in July, one of the first tasks is to fill committees. If you are inclined to be-come more active in the Society, please let one of the current board members know. We are always looking for new hands and ideas. A little more visible is the work of those who plan the monthly meetings, field trips, the Archaeology Month speak-ers, class instructors. This year Vick Ev-ans served as the Vice President for Ac-tivities and has done a tremendous job of coordinating speakers and field trips. Jan Bell outdid herself in lining up the speak-ers and instructors. I hope this wonderful spring weather has inspired you to join us on a field trip. The scheduled trip to Hovenweep will be awesome. This month, one of our favorite speakers, Henry Wallace, will be filling us in on the latest thinking on the origin of the Hohokam. I hope to see you there!

Jenny AdamsJenny Adams , , President

. . . The Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society

In this course Dr. Raymond White will start with a general background on archaeoastronomy, covering what kinds of celestial events have been recorded, typically, by ancient cultures and the astronomical bases for these observed events. He will review some of the relevant basics from astronomy, including the Celestial Sphere and the coordinate systems applied to it, and the equato-rial and horizon systems. He will present basic spherical trigonometry and how spreadsheets can be set up to efficiently perform relevant calculations. Ray will also discuss a number of "burning issues" from the field, including archaeoastronomy at Casa Grande, Machu Picchu, Cornwall and the Celtic city of Bibracte in Burgundy (France) and share his own field experiences with us.

The class will be illustrated with slides and other visuals, and there will be ample time for questions and discussion.

Ray was a UA faculty member at Steward Observatory and Astronomy De-partment for 35 years and holds the title of University Distinguished Professor Emeritus. Among many accomplishments Ray has made a particular contribu-tion to making astronomy accessible, comprehensible and exciting to non-astronomers. His initial exposure to archaeoastronomy was at Casa Grande Ruin in Arizona in 1969. From there his travels to aid and abet archeoastro-nomical interests have taken him to South America, Australia, Great Britain, the republic of Ireland, France, and Malta.

This 4-session class will be held Wednesday eve-nings, May 24 through June 14, from 7 to 9 p.m., on the U of A campus. $33 to AAHS members, $43 to non-members, $10 discount to students and K-12 teachers.

For more information or to register, call Jan Bell at 520/326-6709, or you can

email her at <[email protected]>.

An AAHS "Short Course"

The Hows and Whys of Archeoastronomy, with Examples from the Field


On May 27, 28, and 29 AAHS will take a field trip to Hovenweep National Park, located in Southeastern Utah. There we will meet with Dr. Carroll Riley who will do a campfire talk about the rigors of be-ing the only park ranger in the mid 1940s, as well as explore the beautiful ruins and canyons of the area. The Hovenweep re-gion in extreme southeast Utah and southwest Colorado is a series of flat me-sas and deeply sculptured canyons. The name itself is a historic Ute Indian word and means "deserted valley." The earlier Hovenweep people lived mainly on the mesa tops, but a dramatic resettlement began about A.D. 1200. At that time, vil-lages began to cluster around various can-yon heads. For about a century these Pueblo-III peoples occupied the Hoven-weep canyons, building substantial struc-tures of stone and mud masonry and mak-ing an excellent black-on-white pottery. But, like their kinsmen in Mesa Verde, the Hovenweep Indians by A.D. 1300 had all moved away, and the region remained deserted for hundreds of years. Why did the Hovenweep people build their canyon head towns? One reason may have been for defense; in the pueblos there are a number of tower-like struc-tures, with small "windows" that give wide views of the surrounding areas. However, it is not clear against whom the people in the canyon heads were defend-ing. The later nomadic Indians, the Na-vajo and the Utes, most likely had not reached the Hovenweep country by the

thirteenth century. Perhaps the "enemies" were neighbors from the next canyon over. The Hovenweep area has only a mar-ginal rainfall, about 10 inches per year at the modern headquarters area. Crops of corn, beans and squash were probably grown on the mesas adjacent to the can-yons. Numbers of check dams are found in such areas. These would serve to col-lect water and rich silt for agricultural purposes. Why the Pueblo Indians of Ho-venweep, Mesa Verde and other parts of the Four Corners deserted the area is still not clear, though inadequate rainfall and overuse of the natural resources were probably factors. At any rate, many or most of the Four Corners people probably resettled in the Rio Grande basin and they became part of the ancestry of Pueblo Na-tive Americans today. There are 30 camping sites in the park itself: it operates on a first-come, first- serve basis, and only two vehicles, two tents and seven people are allowed per site. The nightly fee is $10.00 plus a $6.00 entrance fee (which is good for sev-eral days). For members, the total cost will come to about $29.00, and for non-members it will be $36.00 (this is count-ing the AAHS field trip fee). There is also another camping area down the road from Hovenweep, called Lyonfire, and is a very nice place to stay. I have arranged for us to have the entire campground at Lyon-fire (which is just down the road from the ranger's station at Hovenweep National

VISIT

HOVENWEEP NATIONAL PARK

with AAHS on May 27, 28 and 29!


AAHS's WEB SITES The Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society web site can be found on the Internet at http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/aahs/aahs.htm. The Glyphs section will be updated. However, the SWA website is presently being renovated and the Glyphs Archive (monthly issues are saved as PDF files) at this site cannot be accessed at this time. Please stand by.

GLYPHS DEADLINE DATE! The deadline for the receipt of information and articles to be included in Glyphs is the 15th of each month for the next month’s is-sue. New material is urged, needed, and al-ways appreciated. Write to me at AAHS, ASM, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 8 5 7 3 7 ; p h o n e 5 2 0 / 4 9 8-1310; e-mail [email protected].

JUNE Speaker: Rich Lange Topic: Solving Mysteries of Pre- historic SW Architecture. Field Trip: None.

JULY Speaker: Anthony Howell Topic: Photographing rock art in New Mexico Field Trip: To be announced.

PREVIEW OF AAHS LECTURE PRESENTATIONS AND FIELD TRIPS

Remember to check your Glyphs each month for updates and changes on the dates and times of speakers and fieldtrips!

Monument). The campground is big and roomy and costs only $10 a night. There are unexcavated ruins in the area, and artifacts everywhere. We will meet our members at Hoven-weep National Monument on the night of May 27th. May 28th we will take the various hikes and tours and come back to our campground for a fireside talk by Dr.

Carroll L. Riley, and we will be going home on May 29th. Maps to Hovenweep will be provided. Since this is a camping trip, pack ac-cordingly! Call Vick Evans at 520/298-5167 or e-mail at <[email protected]> to get a place on this relaxing and interesting field trip!

AAHS PHOTO ARCHIVES Donations to the AAHS Photo Archives continue to be happily accepted! Recent donations include color photos or color photocopies of the following: the Septem-ber field trip to Romero Ruin (Connie Allen-Bacon); B&W portraits of past-president, Bunny Fontana, taken in the field (Doug Lindsay); the 1999 service awards banquet and the AAHS/ASM book Auction (Jane & Lex Lindsay); recent field trips to sites all over southern Arizona including Sleeping Snake, Tumacacori, and Oatman (Colin Maryan). Thank you all for contributing so generously to this worthwhile project.


THE CORNERSTONE by Darlene Lizarraga

ARIZONA STATE MUSEUM NAMES DR. TRACY DUVALL ASSISTANT CURATOR OF ETHNOHISTORY

George J. Gumerman, director of Ari-zona State Museum (ASM) and Tom Sheridan, head of the museum’s research division, are proud to announce the ap-pointment of Tracy Duvall as assistant curator of ethnohistory . “After a nation-wide search, the committee unanimously recommended Dr. Tracy Duvall because of his extensive training in anthropology, his background in the ethnohistory and ethnology of the Greater Southwest, and his strong computer skills,” says Sheridan. “The job requires as much computer expertise as it does anthropo-logical expertise.” Touting a strong aca-demic background, the 36-year-old holds a bachelor’s degree in history from the University of Texas, a master’s degree in history from the University of Florida, and a second master’s and a Ph.D., both in anthropology, from the University of Ari-zona. Focusing his research on Mexicans and Mexican Americans, his dissertation examined moral complexities among the residents of Mazatlan, Mexico. Duvall is now responsible for the su-pervision of research conducted by ASM’s Documentary Relations of the Southwest (DRSW). DRSW compiles and provides computerized databases for scholarly and genealogical research on

the Hispanic and native history of north-ern New Spain. Duvall’s top priorities include the design and control of DRSW’s computer operations and re-search files. In addition, Duvall serves as senior editor of a documentary history focusing on the Marqués de Rubí’s in-spection of the presidios in northern New Spain, and also directs the AGES (Archivo General del Estado de Sonora) project — a bi-national effort to preserve and share the historical archives of Sonora. In this effort, Duvall leads a team comprised of representatives from Los Amigos del Ar-chivo, the University of Arizona, the City of Tucson, and the Arizona Department of Library, Archives, and Public Records. “I’m excited about the opportunity to do something I love — learning about the peoples of this region and helping others to do the same,” says Duvall. “Before I came to Tucson, I didn’t fully realize how historical issues continue to impact peo-ple’s everyday lives here. As a researcher, I find myself trying to understand how similarities and differences among people develop and the difference they make in people’s lives. I look forward to being a part of ASM’s strong tradition of under-standing this region’s continuing his-tory.”

You can reach Darlene Lizarraga at Arizona State Museum’s marketing office at 520/626-8381, or you can e-mail her at [email protected].


ARIZONA STATE MUSEUM UPCOMING ACTIVITIES

VISIT MATA ORTIZ WITH ASM: Join ASM scholars Paul and Suzy Fish for an un-forgettable travel tour to Mata Ortiz this July (formerly in May). The itinerary will include visits to prominent potters and tours of active archaeological sites. Call 520/626-8381 to be updated on trip details.

AIR-CONDITIONED SUMMER ARCHAEOLOGY? Do you miss going away to summer camp like you did as a kid? Let us take you back to the good old days by coming to Arizona State Museum for summer camp in July. Enjoy air-conditioned archae-ology by learning laboratory research procedure - the equally important counter-part to field excavation. You will be learning these important aspects of archae-ology while helping to complete the vital research of ASM's Sierra Ancha Re-search Project. Registration and fees required. Call 520/626-8381.

NOBEL LAUREATE MURRAY GELL-MANN TO SPEAK AT UA Meet the man who discovered and named the “quark.”

Nobel Prize winner and Fellow at the Santa Fe Institute, Murray Gell-Mann will share his theories on complexity as they relate to prehistoric civilizations

in the American Southwest.

Evolving Complexity in the Prehistoric Southwest Thursday, May 4

CESL 102, 7:30 P.M. Reception follows in the museum’s lobby. Free and open to the public.

The Center for English as a Second Language (CESL) is one building east of Arizona State Museum on the University of Arizona campus. An opportunity to meet and talk with Professor Gell-Mann will take place at a reception follow-ing the lecture in the museum’s lobby. This lecture is co-sponsored by Arizona State Museum, the UA’s anthropology department, American Indian studies

ARIZONA STATE MUSEUM invites you to view

SELECTIONS FROM THE MARJORY AVERY COLLECTION OF 20th CENTURY PAINTINGS BY NATIVE AMERICAN ARTISTS

Through May 30, in the Native Goods Gallery

Arizona State Museum – North Building, 1013 E. University Boulevard Just east of Main Gate at University and Park

FEATURED ARTISTS:

Tony Da, San Ildefonso Helen Hardin, Santa Clara

Waldo Mootska, Hopi

Stephen Mopope, Kiowa Raymond Naha, Hopi

Pablita Velarde, Santa Clara


AAHS HAPPENINGS Topic of the May 15 General Meeting:

Origins of the Hohokam Cultural Tradition

by Henry Wallace

In a 1995 Kiva article, Jim Heidke, Bill Doelle, and I discussed the problems in identifying the origins of the Hohokam cultural tradition. Various researchers had reported that the earliest point at which a recognizable Hohokam cultural identity could be established was the beginning of the Snaketown phase (around A.D. 700). Supporting this view was the recognition that certain traits such as capped mounds and red-on-buff pottery were in place by sometime in the Snaketown phase. I and my colleagues took a different stance af-ter critically reviewing the chronology and points of introduction of the traits most people identify as Hohokam (such as ballcourts, the cremation mortuary complex, and red-on-buff pottery with life forms and small repeated designs), and concluded that regardless of what came earlier, the complex of traits that appeared at A.D. 800 in the Gila Butte phase unam-biguously could be defined as Hohokam. We agreed with Dave Wilcox and Dave Doyel’s suggestion that these traits marked the development of a Hohokam religion or cult, and pointed out that it developed and spread very rapidly over a very large area.

In 1997 and 1998, Mike Lindeman and I, working for Desert Archaeology, Inc., excavated large portions of Valencia Vieja, a large early village located in the southern part of the Tucson area along the east bank of the Santa Cruz River. Pima

Community College was expanding its Desert Vista Campus, and the site was located on a portion of the area to be dis-turbed. We are grateful to them for recog-nizing the significance of the prehistoric site and supporting our research. For the first time since the excavations at Snake-town, large-scale excavation coverage was available for the period from A.D. 400 to 700 in the heart of a large village. Indeed, it was the first time the full struc-ture of an early village of this age was exposed. What we found is forcing us to rethink the origins of the Hohokam re-gional system. It is also leading to new insights into early Hohokam social, eco-nomic, and political organization. Some of the preliminary results of the studies currently underway are summarized be-low in a brief synthesis of our working views on the early prehistory of the Tuc-son and Phoenix areas.

In the period from the time of Christ up to A.D. 450, semisedentary populations in the Tucson Basin were distributed in small farming settlements on the flood plains of major drainages, pursuing maize agriculture and mixed foraging. Settle-ments with more than a few residential structures had at least one large structure thought to be communally constructed and used. As most such settlements con-sisted of no more than a few households, the communal structures may be viewed as integrating small kin groups. Although


AAHS Meeting Time and Place

The Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society’s monthly meeting will be held on May

15, 2000, at 7:30 p.m. at Duval Auditorium, University Medical Center, 1501 North Campbell

Avenue (north of Speedway). Duval Auditorium can be reached by proceeding either north or

south on North Campbell and turning west into the UMC between the two traffic lights — one

is at Speedway and one is at Elm. Free parking is available south of Mabel Street, across from

the College of Nursing. The Front Entrance is on the top level of the parking structure. Duval

Auditorium is on the 2nd level of the Hospital. Upon entering the Front Entrance, turn right

and then follow the signs to Duval Auditorium.

utilitarian ceramic container technology is introduced into the area and the greater Southwest during this period around A.D. 150, aside from shifting from pits to pots for storage, there may have been little impact on these small-scale settlements.

Sometime in the period from A.D. 350 to 450, a series of events transformed the social and physical landscapes of the Phoenix and Tucson areas. Settlement location shifted from the flood plain and lower terraces to second terrace settings overlooking prime, well-watered agricul-tural land. In the Tucson area, this was the inception of many of the villages which would remain occupied in these locations for 700 years or more. The move to an upper terrace setting may have been pre-cipitated by shifting farming practices and new and more exclusive systems of property rights. At about this same time, ceramic container forms diversified and became more common. Instead of just limited or specialized storage, pottery was henceforth used for a full complement of functions, including, most importantly, cooking. These new food preparation techniques were accompanied by im-provements in grinding technology as well. As reported by Jenny Adams and

James Heidke, these events may have re-sulted in increased rates of population growth due to improved nutrition.

How are settlements organized at this early point in the sequence? Some of the best evidence available comes from Va-lencia Vieja, dating to the period from A.D. 400 to 700, which was amazingly left virtually untouched once abandoned, leaving a remarkably clear picture of early village site structure. First settled in the north and northeast sectors, the vil-lage expanded to form a horseshoe-shaped residential zone surrounding a central open area. Residential courtyards consisting of two, and possibly three con-temporaneous structures, thought to rep-resent households and extended family households, are present from the begin-ning of the site’s occupation. By the end of the site’s occupation, perhaps 75 to 125 people were in residence. Between A.D. 550 and 650, a series of sequential, and in some cases contempo-raneous, large square structures were built along the perimeter of the central open area. As three of them open onto the cen-tral open area, we infer that the open space was being used as a plaza by this

(Continued on page 10)


were residing on the edge of the plaza points to their leadership roles in the community. It also suggests that there was not a single village leader.

The need for such an organization may have developed due to the aggregation of populations from the smaller, less perma-nent earlier settlements into the more sta-ble placement of the new village. David Wilcox and his colleagues many years ago pointed out that the consolidation of population into early villages, such as Snaketown and Valencia Vieja, may have been due to the need to join forces for the construction and maintenance of larger and more complex canal and field sys-tems. Along with this is the desire to lay claim more permanent property rights for the best farmland.

A key component of the newly devel-oping social order was the establishment of a formal plaza. Public plazas, such as those seen at Snaketown and Valencia Vieja, integrate communities. The cere-monies and events which take place in them serve to link disparate lineages or other social groups together in a manner conducive to the community. Such a co-hesive force was needed to facilitate ag-gregations of population, and to provide a means to settle disputes.

The large house/plaza arrangement of settlement organization was relatively short-lived. After 100 to 150 years, line-age leaders no longer lived in such large structures, and houses were no longer built facing into the central plazas. Where before, large council meetings could have been held in leaders’ houses, this was no longer the case. With too many leaders, nothing gets done, and the growing com-munities of the late 600s and early 700s

Trough metates are introduced to the inhabi-tants of Valencia Vieja early in the village se-quence sometime around A.D. 400 to 450. Their adoption a short time after ceramic vessel cooking marks a revolution in food processing

point in the site’s sequence. The signifi-cance of the large square structures is measured in their large relative size com-pared to other structures at the site, their placement adjacent to what developed into a plaza and away from preexisting courtyards, the care taken in their con-struction, and their artifactual and archi-tectural characteristics. Large square structures have not been reported from other Tucson area sites; however, they are well-known from sites of comparable age in the Phoenix area. The only site with adequate excavation cover-age for this time period to allow compari-sons of site structure is Snaketown, and there we find an identical site plan and placement of square structures. What does this village layout mean? With the clear picture provided by the Valencia Vieja data, we now have convincing evidence supporting John Cable and David Doyel’s proposition that the large structures were the residences of lineage leaders, and that each such structure was probably tied to one or more extended family households located near to them. The fact that mul-tiple lineage leaders


A.D. were rapidly evolving a new form of social and political control based on de-veloping public rituals and ceremonies focused on the plazas. In short order, these processes led to the spread of the Hoho-kam religion or cult of the A.D. 800s. This leads us back to our starting point: the origins of Hohokam culture and a slightly different perspective. The most visible manifestations of a regional Hohokam cultural identity do indeed show up around A.D. 800. These are the obvious items of material culture cited earlier. However, the clearest point of departure in the developing cultural traditions of southern and central Arizona is the point where long-lived villages are settled around a central plaza. It was a blend of increased nutrition and population growth together with the social requirements of large-scale farming in the Sonoran Desert, perhaps influenced from cultures to the south, which tailored the development of Hohokam culture. This plaza-centric so-cial organization formed the backbone of at least 350 to 400 years of desert settle-ment. Speaker Henry Wallace is currently a Senior Research Archaeologist at Desert Archaeology, Inc. in Tucson. He first be-gan exploring and documenting archaeo-logical sites in the Tucson area in 1974 while a student at the University of Ari-zona. His work has focused on central and southern Arizona; he also worked in Costa Rica. He has directed and participated in a wide range of archaeological projects, both large and small, in southern Arizona, including the work discussed in his up-coming talk. He began his work at Desert Archaeology in 1982 conducting ceramic

studies at the Valencia site. SUGGESTED READING Cable, John S., and David E. Doyel 1987 Pioneer Period Village Structure and

Settlement Pattern in the Phoenix Ba-sin. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by D. E. Doyel, pp. 21-70. AAAS Pub-lication No. 87-15. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.

Doyel, David E. 1991 Hohokam Cultural Evolution in the

Phoenix Basin. In Exploring the Ho-hokam. Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by G. J. Gumerman, pp. 231-278. Univer-sity of New Mexico Press, Albuquer-que.

Haury, Emil W. 1976 The Hohokam: Desert Farmers and

Craftsmen. Excavations at Snaketown, 1964-1965. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Wallace, Henry D., James M. Heidke, and Wil-liam H. Doelle 1995 Hohokam Origins. Kiva 60(4):575-

618. Wilcox, David R. 1991 Hohokam Religion: An Archaeolo-

gist's Perspective. In The Hohokam, Ancient People of the Desert, edited by David Grant Noble, pp. 47-59. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.


TOHONO CHUL PARK MAY EVENTS

7366 N. Paseo del Norte (one stoplight

west of Oracle on Ina Road) Grounds are open daily, 7 a.m. – sunset.

Exhibit Hall hours: 9:30 - 5:00, Monday-Saturday; 11:00-5:00, Sunday

For information about Park programs, call 520/742-6455

ROADSIDE CROSSES: CROSSROADS OF TWO WORLDS (In the Gallery through May 29, 2000)

In many parts of the Southwest it is not

uncommon to see crosses along the road-sides. Called descansos (meaning a rest-ing place), these crosses mark the spot where someone has died, often a violent death, at a time and place not of their own choosing. The custom of placing crosses along the roadside is an old one in the Hispanic world, yet its meaning to the living is as varied as the markers them-selves.

Jim Griffith explains this custom in his book Beliefs and Holy Places. “The theo-logical purpose for erecting such a cross, as I understand it, is to signal for passersby that at this spot a soul suddenly left its body without the benefit of the last rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Ac-cording to Catholic belief, most souls spend time after death in purgatory, a place of cleansing and purification. There the prayers of the living may help them. The appropriate response to seeing such a cross, therefore, is to pause and say a prayer for the person who died there.”

Griffith continues, “The crosses serve the living as well as the dead….Erection of a roadside cross can ritualize the fact of a loss, and provide the survivors with some meaningful action by which they can begin to loose the ties that bound them to their loved one.”

In our exhibition, we are presenting a series of black-and-white and color pho-tographs by Gordon Simmons, an envi-ronmental documentary photographer based in Tucson. He began photograph-ing roadside descansos in 1998. His pho-tographs document a series of roadside crosses along the 93-mile stretch between Three Points and Why, Arizona. He has since expanded the series to include im-ages of shrines, graveyards and other re-ligious iconography throughout the Southwest. Gordon comments, “I’m very respectful when photographing these places…I never touch or move anything. I record what I see, and there are often a few clues about the person who died there. Most people may observe roadside crosses as they speed by, seeing nothing but a blur of image and color. When stopping to look closely at a roadside cross, I can’t help but feel the effort, love and pain that goes into the preparation of the site and the making of the marker, this during the darkest hours of loss. Favorite snacks, candy, beer, cigarettes, music, are all left for the dead. Lit sanctuary candles offer prayers with every breath of breeze. A favorite toy, a needed teddy bear, or piece of warm clothing are left at the site to comfort a child in death as they did in life. In doing all of this, the living show their desire to protect and stay connected to the deceased.”


OLD PUEBLO ARCHAEOLOGY CENTER

In 1995 Old Pueblo Archaeology Cen-ter entered into an agreement with the Fenster School of Southern Arizona to develop an archaeological education pro-gram at the Sabino Canyon Ruin, which is partly on the school property. Previous digs at this ruin established that it was a fairly large settlement occupied by the Hohokam Indians between A.D. 1100 and 1350, but not much else was known about it because of non-publication. OPAC’s research at the ruin has confirmed occupa-tion began around A.D. 1000 and ended around 1300. OPAC’s program at the ruin is struc-tured to educate both children and adults about ancient peoples of the southwestern United States and of northern Mexico, and to teach how archaeologists study ancient peoples. Archaeologist-Guided Tours of the Sabino Canyon Ruin A professional archaeologist leads a tour of the Sabino Canyon Ruin, shows examples of artifacts and architecture found in the excavations, and offers a sci-entific interpretation of ancient Hohokam Indian life in the Tucson Area. 6 to 32 per group. Call 520/798-1201 for times, costs, reservations and directions to the meeting place. Ages: No restrictions ex-cept that children under 12 must be ac-companied by an adult. Archaeological Field School for the Sabino Canyon Ruin Education Program Sessions consist of one-day basic dig, two- and three-day dig, non-weekend dig and excavation sessions up to nine days long. Advance reservations are required for all dig sessions. Other programs are available. Call Al-len Dart at Old Pueblo Archaeology Cen-ter for current activities. Phone: 520/798-

1201 or Email: <[email protected]>. CENTER FOR

DESERT ARCHAEOLOGY The Center for Desert Archaeology, a private nonprofit organization based in Tucson, Arizona, promotes the wise stew-ardship of the rich archaeological and historical resources of the Greater South-west. Through innovative programs com-bining rigorous scientific research, public outreach and involvement, and a strong commitment to archaeological preserva-tion, the Center is increasing understand-ing of over 11,000 years of human heri-tage in the Desert Southwest. Tours The Center offers public tours of sig-nificant archaeological and historical points of interest in and around Tucson. Accommodations can be made for small or large groups, and custom tours are available as well.

Preservation Archaeology Collaborating with private landowners, managers, and users, the Center works to preserve archaeological and historic sites without constraining traditional agricul-tural pursuits. We focus on the Lower San Pedro River drainage (southeast of Tuc-son), an area rich in natural beauty, well-preserved ecosystems, and prehistoric archaeological sites.

Workshops and Site Lectures "Hands-on" workshops introduce par-ticipants to the manufacture and use of flaked and ground stone tools. We offer Center members site tours of ongoing ex-cavations in the Tucson area, guided by the archaeologists who are "in the trenches." For more information on tours and workshops, contact the programs manager at 520/881-2244.


The Official Arizona Archaeologi-cal and Historical Society Cap

The Official Arizona Archaeologi-cal and Historical Society T-Shirt

The Official Arizona Archaeological and

Historical Society Mug

II t’s Time to Order your t’s Time to Order your Official Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society GearOfficial Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society Gear !

Here’s how: Just send in your mail order now!

Prices

T-shirt (wt. 11 oz): $12. 00 Cap (wt. 2.5 oz): $10. 00 Mug (wt. 14 oz): $5. 00

The caps are khaki with a blue denim bill, and the mug is cream. On all items, the print and the Kokopellis are blue and the design is bronze.

Our T-shirts are made by Hanes and are 100% cotton. Sizes and Style: Men’s Blue or Tan Sizes S, M, L, XL, XXL Women’s Natural* Sizes M, L, XL *Women’s style has smaller, lower neckline

SHIPPING AND HANDLING: All orders will be sent Priority Mail through the U.S. Postal Service. Please add $3.20 S&H for each order up to 2 pounds.

PLEASE SEND THE FOLLOWING ITEMS:

T-SHIRTS SIZE COLOR QTY MUGS QTY CAPS QTY TOTAL WT $ EN-CLOSED Men’s Women’s

BE SURE TO INCLUDE SHIPPING ADDRESS AND YOUR PHONE NUMBER!

Send your check made payable to AAHS to:


AAHS MEMBERSHIP/SUBSCRIPTION APPLICATION

CATEGORIES OF MEMBERSHIP – All members receive discounts on Society field trips and classes. Monthly meetings are free and open to the public.

$30 Glyphs membership receives the Society’s monthly newsletter, Glyphs $30 Student Kiva membership receives both Glyphs and Kiva; $15 receives Glyphs $40 Kiva membership receives all current benefits, including four issues of Kiva, 12 issues of Glyphs $50 Institutional membership (primarily libraries) receives Kiva and Glyphs $75 Contributing, $100 Supporting, $250 Sponsoring, and $1,000 Lifetime memberships all receive Glyphs and Kiva, and all current benefits. Outside U.S. add $10.00 Enclosed is U.S. $________ for one ___________________________________________________________ [Enter membership/subscription category] Name * ________________________________________________________________ Phone ____/_______ * [Please enter preferred title: Miss, Mrs., Ms., Mr., Mr. & Mrs., Mr. & Ms., etc.]

Membership/Subscription Information

Visitors are welcome at all of the Society’s regular monthly meetings but are encouraged to become members in order to receive the Society’s publications and participate in its ac-tivities at discount rates. Memberships and subscriptions run for one year beginning July 1 and ending June 30. Membership provides one volume (four num-bered issues) of Kiva, the Journal of Southwest-ern Anthropology and History; 12 issues of the monthly newsletter Glyphs; member rates for Society field trips and other activities. For a brochure with more information and a membership/subscription application form, write to:

Keith Knoblock Vice President for Membership

Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society

Ari-

zona State Museum, University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA

1999-2000 Members of the Board of Directors

President: Jenny Ad ams (881-2244) Vice President for Activities: Victoria Evans (298-5167) Vice President for Membership: Keith Knoblock Recording Secretary: Sarah Herr (881-2244) Corresponding Secretary: Madelyn Cook Treasurer: Bob Conforti Assistant Treasurer: Laural Myers Student Representative: Tom Fenn (323-1678)

Other Members of the Board

Gail Award, Jan Bell (326-6709), Lee Fratt, Cherie Free-man, Lex Lindsay, Ron Schuette, and Jennifer Strand (325-8401)

Editors of Society Publications

Editors of Kiva: Tobi Taylor, Production Editor

THE ARIZONA ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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