1) accent - a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class.2) Accommodation - Linguistic accommodation refers to a desire to reduce linguistic differences in order to make oneself and ones language better perceived by others. Accommodation through speech is an attempt on the part of the speaker to modify his language so that the hearer (interlocutor) accepts it. The speaker is not necessarily consciously aware of his accommodation strategies.3) Acquisition planning - (often called 'language-in-education' planning) the process by which sociolinguists actively try to increase the acceptance of a language in the community where it's going to be used4) Acrolect basilect and mesolect - the forms of a creole which are closest to the standard variety5) African American Vernacular English - a distinct variety of English used by African Americans6) age grading - f, as a rule, all speakers of a community use more tokens of one variant at a certain age and more tokens of another variant at another age, the variable is said to be age-graded. the differences in the use of language which are connected with people of different ages7) allusion - an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference. *implied, figure of speech8) Apparent-time hypothesis - s a sociolinguistic construct, which assumes that most features of language are acquired during childhood and remain relatively unchanged throughout an individual's lifetime once that individual is past a certain age [1] Therefore, a speakers speech is a reflection of speech patterns acquired during language learning as a child.9) Argot - - Specialized type of slang usually associated with thieves talk.10) Audience design - is a sociolinguistic model outlined by Allan Bell in 1984 which proposes that linguistic style-shifting occurs primarily in response to a speaker's audience. According to this model, speakers adjust their speech primarily towards that of their audience in order to express solidarity or intimacy with them, or away from their audiences speech to express distance11) bidialectal - natively using or capable of using two dialects of a language12) bilingual education educating children in two languages13) Bilingualism - the individual use of two languages or two forms of the same language14) British Black English - a distinct variety of English used by black people in Britain15) Choice (Language Choice) - The term Language Choice refers to an individual who can speak more than one language. Thus, their Language Choice is the language that they choose to use the majority or the time. Essentially, a person's choice language is known as their primary language.16) clich - A much used expression that has lost its freshness and descriptive power17) close reading - detailed and careful analysis of a written work18) Code switching - situations where speakers switch between two or more languages or language varieties whilst they're speaking (or writing)19) Code-mixing - refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech20) codification - regularising and standardising a language21) coherent - capable of logical and consistent speech, thought, etc22) cohesion - s the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.23) Colloquialization - The process of incorporating informal, speech-like features into written language.24) Conversationalization - A style of public discourse that simulates intimacy by adopting features of informal, conversational language. Also known as public colloquial25) Communicative Competence - is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.26) Corpus planning - building up a list of words and expressions for a language27) Creole - is a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin, i.e. a simplified version of a language. Creoles differ from pidgins because creoles have been nativized by children as their primary language, with the result that they have features of natural languages that are normally missing from pidgins, which are not anyone's first language.28) Creolization - the process by which a pidgin becomes a creole29) Critical period - a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.30) De facto and de jure status of languages - De facto and de jure status of languages the actual and legal statuses of languages (i.e. some languages may be used in an area, but not be recognised as official languages31) Death (Language Death) - linguistic term for the end or extinction of a language.Distinctions are commonly drawn between an endangered language (one with few or no children learning the language) and an extinct language (one in which the last native speaker has died).32) Decreolisation in a situation where a creole is used side-by-side with a standard language, the process by which "features of the creole tend to change in the direction of the standard variety" (4)33) Deficiency (Language deficiency) - is a congenital problem with verbal communication resulting from brain damage. It is not a direct consequence of a hearing problem, of an intellectual or sensorial deficiency, nor of a lack of stimulation, as often falsely assumed. Children with language impairment can experience difficulties with communication, learning, and social integration. The dysphasia can have the effect of reducing their capacity to participate in activities requiring communication with others.34) Descriptive - - Non-evaluative approach to language that is focused on how language is actually used, without deciding if it is correct of not.35) deixis - efers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information. (English pronouns)36) Dialect - a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language37) Dialect chain - links between related dialects across a large geographical area (e.g. the links between Danish, Norwegian and Swedish)38) Diglossia - two forms of what's effectively the same language which are used in different situations or for different purposes by a speech community (2) a situation in which two languages (or two varieties of the same language) are used under different conditions within a community, often by the same speakers. The term is usually applied to languages with distinct high and low (colloquial) varieties, such as Arabic.39) directive language function - language used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) overt actions.The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests.40) discourse - written or spoken communication.41) Domain - situations where people typically use a particular language or type of language (2)42) dysphemism - a derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one.43) Ethnicity - concerning the ethnic group people belong to (8)44) euphemism - a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.45) figure of speech - A figure of speech is a letter or phrase that is used in some other way than its literal meaning46) folklinguistics - The study of speakers' opinions and beliefs about language, language varieties, and language usage.47) Formal style - A broad term for speech or writing marked by an impersonal, objective, and precise use of language. A formal prose style is typically used in scholarly books and articles, technical reports, research papers, and legal documents. Contrast with informal style.

48) Fine stratification - unstable and very delicate differences between language use which is more based on idiosyncratic or individual usage, and thus may change rapidly (6)49) Fused lect - the language that results when you're switching rapidly between codes (2)50) Gender and social class - the relationship between what gender you are and which class you belong to51) gender-exclusive features - words or other forms of a language which are only used by one gender or the other52) gender-preferential features - words or other forms of a language which one gender or another tends to use more than the other gender (7)53) gender paradox - - The idea that women are more likely to adhere to standard forms and lead in changes from above but are also leaders in changes from below, which are not necessarily high-prestige forms.54) H and L varieties - the 'High' and 'Low' versions of a language which are used for different purposes in a society (2)55) Historical linguistics - is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages.56) hypercorrection - is a non-standard usage that results from the over-application of a perceived rule of grammar or a usage prescription.57) hypothesis - n science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis. A hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less than a well-established theory.58) idiolect - the speech habits peculiar to a particular person.59) Inner-circle, outer circle and expanded circle varieties of English- Brach Kachru's distinction between places where English is a native language (inner circle), places where English is in widespread use, despite not being a native language, and places where the use of English is becoming more and more important (4)60) Inter-sentential code switching code - code-switching after the end of a sentence61) Intra sentential code switching - code-switching in the middle of a sentence (2)62) Isogloss - boundary lines between regions using different dialects63) jargon - A special language belonging exclusively to a group, often a profession. Engineers, lawyers, doctors, tax analysts, and the like all use jargon to exchange complex information efficiently. Jargon is often unintelligible to those outside the group that uses it.64) Language - the method of communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.65) Language Acquisition Device - is a hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition. First proposed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s, the LAD concept is an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language.66) Language loss - when a speaker stops being able to use a language she once used regularly because she's forgotten how to (3)67) Language maintenance - t he way in which a minority language is kept from language death in different ways (3)68) Language planning - the process by which a language becomes an official language (5)69) Language revival - what happens when a community succeeds in revitalising a language in danger of disappearing (3)70) Language shift when a community moves from using one language for most purposes to using a different language (3)71) Lexical borrowing- borrowing words from another language when you don't have a good term available in your own one (like 'fika'!) (2)72) Lexical diffusion- the sound changes which spread from word to word (such as the way young Londoners tend to say /lf/ for 'laugh', but still say /ba/ for 'bath' - i.e. this isn't a dialectal change which affects all such sounds) (9)73) Lexifier or superstrate - the language which supplies most of the vocabulary to a pidgin (4)74) Lingua franca - "a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multingual speech community" (4)75) Linguistics - the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics.76) linguistic imperialism - The imposition of one language on speakers of other languages.77) Linguistic insecurity - The anxiety or lack of confidence experienced by speakers and writers who believe that their use of language does not conform to the principles and practices of Standard language78) Linguistic repertoire "the distinguishable varieties (or codes) which are available for use in different social contexts" (1)79) Linguistic ecology - The study of languages in relation to one another and to various social factors.80) Linguistic typology - The analysis, comparison, and classification of languages according to their common structural features and forms. Also called cross-linguistic typology. Adjective: typological.81) low-frequency vocabulary - Words that uncommonly occur in a language82) Maori English- a distinct variety of English used by Maoris in New Zealand (8)83) Maintenance (Language Maintenance) - the continued use of the ethnic language by an immigrant or minority community across successive generations.84) metalinguistic awareness - the ability to think about language and talk about it85) Metaphorical switching - "code-switching for rhetorical reasons, drawing on the associations of both codes" (2)86) Methodology - the way you do something (like carrying out a piece of research, for example) (6)87) Mother tongue - the language which a person has grown up speaking from early childhood.88) Multiplex networks - " - Members know each other through multiple connections.89) Mutual intelligibility - is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without intentional study or special effort.90) national language- "the language of a political, cultural and social unit" (5)91) Native speaker - a person who has spoken the language in question from earliest childhood.92) Network density - the degree to which people in one of your networks are in touch with one another93) Official language - "a language which may be used for government business" (5)94) onomastics - the science or study of the origins and forms of words especially as used in a specialized field. b : the science or study of the origin and forms of proper names of persons or places.95) oxymoron - a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful kept him falsely true ).96) Panglish - A simplified global form of the English language characterized by a large variety of local dialects97) pejorative- a word expressing contempt or disapproval.98) phatic speech - consists of words or phrases that have a social function and are not meant literally. When people are thanked, they often say You're welcome in reply, and this is meant to show politeness and not to be interpreted as literally welcoming them99) Pidginization - the process when a language becomes made up of elements of two or more other languages and used for contacts, esp trading contacts, between the speakers of other languages100) Pidgin- a language with no native speakers that has developed "as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language" (4)101) polyglossia - the existence,use and knowledge of several languages (or forms of a language) for different purposes (2)102) polysemy - the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.103) pragmatics- the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used104) prestige - In sociolinguistics, the degree of esteem and social value attached by members of a speech community to certain languages, dialects, or features of a language variety.105) prescriptive grammar - A prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. In a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language106) prescriptivism - The attitude or belief that one variety of a language is superior to others and should be promoted as such107) Real-time change- comparing the way speech changes for the same group of people over a longer time period (9)108) Regionalism - A linguistic term for a word, expression, or pronunciation favored by speakers in a particular geographic area.109) Regional dialect - a way of pronouncing a language which is common to a region110) Register - one of many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors as social occasion, purpose, and audience. Also called stylistic variation.a. More generally, register is used to indicate degrees of formality in language use. The different registers or language styles that we use are sometimes called codes.111) rhetoric - the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.112) RP - A once prestigious variety of British English spoken without an identifiable regional accent. Commonly abbreviated as RP.113) Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis - is the idea that differences in the way languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think, so that speakers of different languages will tend to think and behave differently depending on the language they use. The hypothesis is generally understood as having two different versions: (i) the strong version that language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories and (ii) the weak version that linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior.114) Semantic change - In semantics and historical linguistics, any change in the meaning(s) of a word over the course of time.115) sexist language - that excludes either men or women when discussing a topic that is applicable to both sexes.116) semantic field - A set of words (or lexemes) related in meaning. Also called lexical field.117) Sharp stratification - - A wide separation between groups on any given language feature.118) Situational switching - switching language or dialect according to the situation you're in (who you're speaking to or where you are) (2)119) slang - a type of language consisting of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people.120) Social dialect - a dialect associated with a particular social group or class (6)121) Social network - the different groups of people you have contact with on a regular basis 122) Socialization- Learning the customs, attitudes, and values of a social group, community, or culture.123) Sociolinguistic norms - Combination of expressed attitudes and variable linguistic behaviour shared by all members of a community.124) sociolinguistic competence - is the ability to interpret the social meaning of the choice of linguistic varieties and to use language with the appropriate social meaning for the communication situation.125) Sociolinguistic patterns - patterns indicating links between particular dialects and particular social groupings (6)126) Sociolinguistic interview An interview, usually one on one, in which different tasks or activities are used to elicit different styles of speech.127) Sociolinguistics - The study of language in use, language in society.128) Speaker innovation - the way speakers (and writers) introduce new words or forms of the language (9)129) speech accommodation - The process by which speakers attune or adapt their linguistic behaviour in light of their interlocutors behaviour and their attitudes towards their interlocutors130) Speech act - an utterance considered as an action, particularly with regard to its intention, purpose, or effect.131) Speech community - a group of people sharing a common language or dialect.132) Standard "... generally [a variety] which is written, and which has undergone some degree of regularisation or codification" (4)133) Standard dialect - is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse.134) stereotype - a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.135) Shibboleth - - When the pronunciation of a single word comes to define a single speech community.136) Style - the choice of a type of language depending on who you're talking to, what you're talking about and where you are (1)137) Stylistics - A branch of applied linguistics concerned with the study of style in texts, especially (but not exclusively) in literary works.138) Substrate - the languages which influence the grammatical structure" (of a pidgin) (4)139) Taboo - - Against social norms, not permitted in polite society.140) tautology - a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words. LOGIC- a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form.141) Uniplex networks - - People know each other only through one connection.142) Variation - in language use among speakers or groups of speakers is a notable criterion or change that may occur in pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or even preferences for particular grammatical patterns143) Variety - Relatively neutral term used to refer to languages and dialects. Avoids the problem of drawing a distinction between the two, and avoids negative attitudes often attached to the term dialect.144) verbal hygiene - A phrase coined by British linguist Deborah Cameron to describe "the urge to meddle in matters of language": the inclination to improve or correct speech and writing or to arrest change in a language.145) Vernacular - (usually) "the most colloquial variety in a person's linguistic repertoire" (4)146) Vernacularisation - The process by which a contact variety becomes used with the full range of social and personal functions served by a language of the home.147) Vitality, ethnolinguistic - A measure of the strength and liveliness of a language, usually a good indicator of the likelihood that it will gradually die out or continue to be used as the living language of a community. Measured in terms of demographic, social and institutional support.148) wave theory - a metaphor for the way change spreads through a community - different waves (representing different social groups, genders, networks, etc) intersect and interact in a community to produce language change149) word lengthening - In speech, extending or prolonging the sound of a word (usually a vowel sound). In informal kinds of writing, representing such an extension through the repetition of letters. See Examples and Observations, below.150) world language - 1. (Languages) a language spoken and known in many countries, such as English 2. (Languages) an artificial language for international use, such as Esperanto