GLOBALIZATION, RESOURCES AND “NEW WARS”

Money, Power and People

Main Themes

Greed VS. Grievance

Paul Collier & Anke Hoeffler World Bank Paper Greed = When combatants are motivated to

better their situations by joining the rebellion.Grievance = When combatants are motivated

to join a rebellion due to ethnic and cultural difference rather economic strife.

As demonstrated by the war in Sierra Leone, no conflict is created by just one or the other. Often, both come into play.

New Wars

Warfare associated with globalization and the disintegration of states.

Traits of New Wars: Inclusion of external actors Targeting civilians for purposes of terror Exacerbates the disintegration of the state

Structural Violence

The vicious cycle of suffering.What about other axes of suffering?

Axes of gender Axes of age

Any other axes you can think of in relation to the Sierra Leone war?

Conflict in Nigeria

Nigeria

The World Bank categorizes Nigeria as a "fragile state," beset by risk of armed conflict, epidemic disease, and failed governance.

Political liberalization ushered in by the return to civilian rule in 1999 has allowed militants from religious and ethnic groups to express their frustrations more freely, and with increasing violence.

Tensions

Fundamentalist Muslims clashing with Christians

Inter-ethnic clashes- eg. Itsekiris and IjawsTensions between indigenous people and new

settlersFailure of the state to provide basic services

and employment for people

•THE FORMER BRITISH COLONY IS ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST OIL PRODUCERS, BUT THE INDUSTRY HAS PRODUCED UNWANTED SIDE EFFECTS.

Tensions

Few Nigerians, including those in oil-producing areas, have benefited from the oil wealth

CorruptionPollution State military vs. insurgents- and the effects

on civilians

Greed vs. Grievance

Illegal “bunkering”- stealing oil and selling it to the black market

Surge in militancy led by youth groups demanding access to the oil wealth in their territories

Rival ethnic groups fighting for improved political position and access to oil resources

Militarization of politics

MEND

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (2005)

Group Kidnappings, strategic bombing, and attacks against oil production within Niger Delta

Acts as an umbrella organization: linking together smaller groups by providing weapons, organization, and sophisticated tactics

“Leave our land while you can or die in it…our aim is to totally destroy the capacity of the Nigerian government to export oil.”

Agenda

MEND stresses that they do not aim for Nigerian civilians

Government and oil industry targets: refinery, military barracks , state govt. house, and parking lots of oil companies (2006)

Encourages kidnappings by smaller groups to create ungovernable region

Threat to shut down entire oil production “We are not communists or even

revolutionaries…we’re just extremely bitter men.”

Other Movements

Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) Organized mass protests with the aim to shut

down oil production Demand $10 billion in royalties and enviromental-

damage compensationOperation Climate Change

Ijaw groups delcare Ijaw territory off limits to national government and oil extraction

The Resource Curse

Parallels the situation with Sierra LeoneEven though both countries are

extremely rich in resources, the general population has seen none of the positive effects

Greed on the part of the oil companies, chiefs, and governments vs. grievances of the rebel groups and citizens

RUF and MEND have similar views regarding their grievances People within each country agree with their

sentiments

Nigeria as a New War

Intrastate conflict and non state actors MEND, FNDIC, NDPVF, NDV, and many other militant

groups, the role of Multinational Corporations, and the Nigerian Government as a player rather than a protector

Guerrilla and terror tactics usedMEND insurgents are not uniformed soldiers Funding of war comes from many sources

Kaplan vs. Keen

Kaplan argues that many African conflicts are doomed to anarchy

Keen argues that it is the limited lens of the people examining the conflict that leads to this assumption

In Nigeria, there are countless actors involved in the conflict, so it can appear to be simply chaos

THE HISTORY OF THE CONGOLESE CONFLICT, ITS RESOURCES AND INTERNATIONAL INTEREST

Congo: Who’s In Power

Overview

(Race and History)

Congolese War

(Time)

(( (

Time

Fear Tactics (Time)

The Displaced

(Crimes of Wars Project)

External Actors

Congolese citizens that were quoted in a BBC article on the thoughts about the fighting and the involvement of Rwanda in the war, “…most people hate Rwanda. They say Rwanda- and more particularly President Kagame- has exploited and dominated the DRC like many other countries (BBC).”

Conflict Conflict Minerals: Minerals: DR CongoDR Congo

http://www.treehugger.com/galleries/2009/06/the-incredible-story-of-conflict-mineral-mining-in-images.php

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/map/congo/

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/About/General/2008/11/7/1226052203787/Gallery-Congo-conflict-Un-002.jpg

Minerals

Tinhttp://www.hendos-minerals.com/pages/15tin.html

Tantalum (Coltan)http://www.doudou.it/minerali.html

Tungstenhttp://www.mii.org/Minerals/phototung.html

Goldhttp://www.eduponder.com/2009/03/predicament/

Used in the production of

http://www.nirmaltv.com/2007/12/12/how-to-increase-your-productivity-on-the-move/

http://mobilereview24.com/blackberry-9000-bold-review/

http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article129.html

From Congo to consumers

http://planetgreen.discovery.com/work-connect/conflict-minerals-congo-act.html

Photo credit: AP Photo/Andre Penner

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/02/portraits_from_the_congo.html

http://www.armybase.us/2009/04/activists-raise-awareness-of-congos-conflict-mineral-industry/

http://humanrights.change.org/blog/view/conflict_minerals_from_congo_blood_in_the_mobile

http://www.sleepingmonsters.eu/cms/website.php?id=/de/references/data4571.htm

http://pinktentacle.com/2007/11/top-60-japanese-buzzwords-of-2007/

http://www.pocketgpsworld.com/pc-mobile-bluetooth-adaptor.php

http://www.shopaservice.com/articles/how-to-find-the-best-camera-mobile-phone-for-yourself/

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/02/portraits_from_the_congo.html

People: War Against Civilians in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

This map, published by Human Rights Watch (HRW, copyright 2009), zooms in on North and South Kivu, two provinces in Eastern DRC that have been, and are still currently being subjected to brutal conflict. Government and rebel forces regularly clash in these provinces, and all groups involved have committed atrocities against the civilian populations.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

• In September 2010, HRW published a report entitled, “Always on the Run” detailing displacement in the DRC. Its findings include:

•as of April 2010, approximately 1.8 million people have been displaced from the eastern provinces of the DRC.• As of May 25, 2010, the UN estimates that 86% of IDPs live with host families. The remaining 14% move to “spontaneous sights.” •IDPs are vulnerable to violence. In some of the more recent waves of violence, FDLR members attacked IDPs and villagers as punishment for “betrayal” to the FARDC and its allies.• All groups have been known to attack IDPs as they flee.

•Some IDPs have been able to return home. On Aug. 12, 2010, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that since April 2009, 900,000 IDPs in North Kivu have been able to return to areas near their homes, allowing the UNHCR to shut down 6 of its 7 camps in the province. •Many IDPs suffer from lack of basic necessities such as food, water and medical care. The situation is complicated by the fact that criminal gangs attack humanitarian aid workers, preventing them from reaching people in need (United Nations, 3/8/10).

IDP camps

Right: This photo of a makeshift refugee camp in the DRC was published in the Telegraph on Nov. 4, 2008 (credited to Getty Images).

Left: A refugee camp outside Goma in North Kivu. Photograph from BBC, November 1, 2008.

Child SoldiersEfforts are being made to

combat the use of child soldiers by the FARDC and all of the rebel groups.

According to a UN report from March 8, 2010, about 2,000 child soldiers have been demobilized since November 2008 in North and South Kivu.

The same report also states that hundreds of child soldiers are still active in the ranks of the FARDC and other groups.

This picture was featured in a news story by HRW. “Child soldiers practice with machine guns in a militia camp near Bunia in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” © 2003 Reuters

Violence against Women Violence against women has

been used as a weapon of war by all armed parties involved in the conflict. Women are often gang raped and taken as sex slaves. (UN, 3/8/2010).

Anderson Cooper, a reporter for CNN, has traveled to the Eastern DRC. He wrote in his blog that, “Most of the rapes are gang rapes, and they are extraordinarily brutal. Many women have had objects inserted into their vaginas -- broken bottles, bayonets, some women have even been shot between the legs.” (1/14/2008)

Young women and their babies in the DRC. This photo was taken from a blog post by CNN’s Anderson Cooper on January 14, 2008

Sexual Violence and the FARDC

In July 2009, HRW published a report entitled “Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condon,” detailing the sexual violence perpetrated by the Congolese Army, the FARDC.

“FARDC soldiers have committed gang rapes, rapes leading to injury and death, and abductions of girls and women…commanders have frequently failed to stop sexual violence…the sheer size of the Congolese army and its deployment throughout the country make it the single largest group of perpetrators.”

FARDC soldiers “during a ceremony marking the formation of the Congolese Armed Forces (FARDC) Light Infantry Battalion's establishment, February 17, 2010.” This battalion will be trained by the US Army.Photo: Nicole Dalrymple, US Africa Command

Structural Violence

“In an increasingly militarized society, impunity, absence of the rule of law and women’s subordinate social and legal position reinforces a climate of general acceptance and tolerance for violence against women and girls. (UN, 3/8/2010)

This description makes it clear that violence against women has become structural violence as much as a weapon of war.

In 2006, Melanie Blanding filmed a documentary called “Women in War Zones” at Panzi Hospital in Bukavu, South Kivu, DRC. Panzi Hospital specializes in treating victims of sexual violence. Madeleine, pictured above, was a patient at the hospital.© Melanie Blanding, 2006

THE CIVIL WAR IN COLOMBIA

Death by Coca

Colombia as a Model Example

Statistics According to analysis by the Colombian government,

there exist about 80,000 hectares (over 300 square miles) of coca farms in Colombia

In areas where paramilitary groups and FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) operate, 42% and 58% of the crops cultivated is coca

Colombia exports approximately $13 billion a year in cocaine

An average of 430 tons of cocaine/year are exported to Mexican cartels

History of Modern Conflict in Colombia

Left-wing revolutionary groups formed in the mid 1900s such as FARC

Peace accords and rise of right-wing paramilitary groups

Increased use of narcotics for revenue on both sides

Decline of right-wing paramilitaries and resurgence of FARC through present day

Major Narco-trafficking routes and crop areas (CIA, 2000)

http://journeyman.tv/9292/short-films/death-by-coca.html

The Key Players

Connection to Sierra Leone

“New war”Rebel groupsImportance of natural resourceYoung participantsLarge number of civilian casualtiesGreed vs. grievanceForeign interest (continuation & prevention)

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Can you see how this cycle plays into the 4 conflicts discussed thus far? If not, where do you see the disconnection? Why hasn’t the conflict in the DRC based on what we’ve presented been as highly publicized as other conflicts and received as much international attention as it should of?

Do you think that the conflict in Nigeria reflects a coming anarchy motivated by greed or targeted violence motivated by grievances?

What course of action can bring about peace in Columbia?

Sources (Congo)

"Democratic Republic of Congo." Country Profile. BBC, 2010. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076399.stm#overview.

"Democratic Republic of Congo." Crimes of War. N.p., 2003. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/congo-democratic.html.

Hockstein, Evelyn. Death in the Congo. 2003. Time: n. pag. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/congo/index.html.

"The Democratic Republic of Congo." Race and History. N.p., 2003. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. http://raceandhistory.com/selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1058160235,35742,.shtml.

"Why Congo." Raise Hope for Congo. Center for American Progress, 2010. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. http://www.raisehopeforcongo.org/content/why/why-congo.

Sources (Congo)

The Drucker Institute: Claremont Graduate University http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-qxbdnD1Bs

Improvisational economics: Coltan production in the eastern Congo by Jeffrey W. Mantz (July 10, 2008) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00035.x/full

LA Times Editorial: Congo's conflict minerals (July 26, 2010) http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/26/opinion/la-ed-congo-20100726

Enough Project: Stories form the Mouth of the Mine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLoPU9Wdwh0

Conflict Minerals 101: Coltan, the Congo Act, and How you Can Help by Rachel Cernansky (April 19, 2010) http://planetgreen.discovery.com/work-connect/conflict-minerals-congo-act.html

Time: The Deadliest War In the World by Simon Robinson (May 28, 2006) http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921-3,00.html

BBC: Q&A: DR Congo Conflict (August 27, 2010) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589

H.R.4128- Conflict Minerals Trade Act http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h4128/show

Enough Project: Eastern Congo http://www.enoughproject.org/conflict_areas/eastern_congo

Bibliography - Text

Cooper, A. (2008, January 14, 2008). Anderson's view: War against women. Message posted to http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2008/01/andersons-view-war-against-women.htmlHassan, Y. (2010). DRC: Thousands return home. United Nations: United Nations High Commission for Refugees.Simpson, G. (2010). Always on the run: The vicious cycle of displacement in eastern congo. United States of America: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/09/14/always-runUnited Nations Experts. (2010). Technical assistance and capacity building. United Nations: United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/118/53/PDF/G1011853.pdf

Hassan, Y. (2010). DRC: Thousands return home. United Nations: United Nations High Commission for Refugees.

Simpson, G. (2010). Always on the run: The vicious cycle of displacement in eastern congo. United States of America: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/09/14/always-run

United Nations Experts. (2010). Technical assistance and capacity building. United Nations: United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/118/53/PDF/G1011853.pdf?

Bibliography - Pictures

Pictures: Map – ©Human Rights Watch, 2009 A refugee camp outside Goma in North Kivu. Photograph

from BBC, November 1, 2008 Makeshift refugee camp in the DRC was published in the

Telegraph on Nov. 4, 2008 (credited to Getty Images) “Child soldiers practice with machine guns in a militia

camp near Bunia in the Democratic Republic of Congo.”

Published in Human Rights Watch, © 2003 Reuters Young women and their babies in the DRC. This photo was

taken from a blog post by CNN’s Anderson Cooper on January 14, 2008

FARDC Soldiers in Ceremony - Nicole Dalrymple, US Africa Command, Feb. 17, 2010

Madeleine at Panzi Hospital – ©Melanie Blanding, 2006

Sources (Columbia)

http://www.hrw.org/en/node/88058/section/4 http://www.colombiasupport.net/warondrugs/supplyside.html http://journeyman.tv/9292/short-films/death-by-coca.html http://journeyman.tv/15258/documentaries/cocaine-war.html http://journeyman.tv/60165/short-films/faces-of-colombias-war.html PBS timeline of Colombian conflict -

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/colombia/timeline.html Information on cocaine exports http://colombiareports.com/colombia-

news/news/5972-cocaine-colombias-number-one-illicit-export-continues-to-boom.html

NY Times article on Colombia and cocaine - http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/world/americas/22colombia.html?_r=1

NPR Story on peasants in Rural Colombia - http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9298685

Article on Colombian DMZ - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/colombia/1353947/Colombian-rebels-plan-for-cocaine-war.html

History of FARC - http://www.cocaine.org/colombia/farc.html