Australia and New Zealand Afzal Khan

Australia and New Zealand in World

Australia

At the end of the eighteenth century British arrived at southern hemisphere.

English prevailed in Australia as a consequences There emerged new and distinctive varieties of

English in Australia. About 1770 Australia was first visited by James Cook. Within twenty years British established their first

panel colony in Sydney.

British Arrival to Australia and New Zealand

Migration of Convicts

They started immigration of English prisoners to Australia.

Within fifty years 130,000 prisoners were transported to Australia.

These prisoners were named as free settlers. By 1850, the population of Australia was about

400,000, and by 1900 nearly 4 million and in 2002 nearly 19 million.

Arrival of British Convicts

The linguistic impact of those settlers on Australia and New Zealand The settlers were from London and Ireland who had

Cockney accent and the brogue of Irish. The features of the Cockney accent of London and the Brogue

of Irish English can be traced in the speech patterns heard in Australia today.

Similarly, many varieties of English originated in the region who had expression of aboriginal languages.

Recently American influence in the region also caused immigration to Australia.

Consequently Australia has a very mixed linguistic character today.

Aboriginal Terms used in Australian English Kangro- called by natives Kangooroo (Cook writes in

his journal) The Dharuk Language was spoken around Sidney, It

influenced Australian English to a great extant. E.g. Boomerang, Corroboree, Dingo, Gunyah, Kaola,

Nullah-Nullah Waddy, Wallaby, Waratah, Warrigal etc. Two important words from Yagara Langauge of the

Brisbane region can be traced down today in Australian English e.g. Bunge and Yakka

Influence of English Convicts’ Slang on Australian English Document written on those Convicts’ Slang named as

“Flash Language” James Hardy Vaux wrote his vocabulary of the Flash

Language in 1812 and published in 1819 (Dictionary of Underworld Slang)

The term swag rooted in thieves’ slang referred to a thief’s Booty or plunder.

World War’s impact on Australian English

New Zealand

Captain cook had charted the islands in 1769 and the European whalers and traders can to the region in 1790s.

They started to expand the developments already taking place in Australia.

Christian missionary work began among the Maori from about 1814.

Treaty of Waitangi

Treaty of Waitangi between Maori chiefs and the British crown.

It is a treaty signed in 1840 by British crown and the Maori chiefs which resulted in the recognition of British sovereignty over new Zealand.

Consequently a rapid increase in European immigration to new Zealand was evidenced.

From around 2000 in 1840 to 25000 by 1850 and three quarters of a million by 1900.

Three strands of New Zealand’s social history that have great impact over linguistics in the region

The comparison with Australia, there has been a stronger sense of the historical relationship with Britain, and a greater sympathy for British values and institutions, many people speak with British accent.

There was growing sense of national identity for which they motivated the use of distinctive New Zealand vocabulary.

There arouse concerns for Maori people as there population increased up to 10% which increased use of Maori words in new Zealand English.

South AfricaZia ur Rehman

History of South Africa

The history of South Africa starts more than 100,000 years ago, when the first humans inhabited the region

 The historical record of this ethnically diverse country is generally divided into four distinct periods:

 the pre-colonial era  the colonial era  the post-colonial and apartheid era  the post-apartheid era

Geography of South Africa

Demography of South Africa

Linguistic Map of South Africa

Colonization of South Africa Dutch Colonization of South Africa started in 1652.

British Colonization British replaced Dutch in 1795 during Napoleonic Wars.

Settlement

5000 Britishers were initially settled in 1820 There were given lands First attempt to Anglicized African People. Settlement continued in 1840 – 1850 In last quarter of 19th century more than

million mostly British were settled in South Africa.

Settlement were mostly in Natal, and Witwatersrand for Gold and Diamond

English Language

In early settlements English become language of law and education. Due to various settlements various accents of English emerged.

London area at Cape, and Midlands Northern British speech at Natal Other homogenous accents also emerged which was common to Australian accent.

Same times English emerged as 2nd language among Black Population In 2002 from 43.5 million people only 3.7 million people speak English as 1St Language In 1993 various surveys were conducted among black people, “ They saw English is a

passport to International communication Socio-economic upward mobility As Lingua Franca Language of Education

English As Official Language of S.A

1993, English was declared as National language including other 10 African languages

1994, In South African Parliament 87% proceedings and speech were made in English.

Resistance

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