globalization8 December 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SnR-e0S6Ichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8

Local view

Globalization

In Globalization 1.0, which began around 1492, the world went from size large to size medium. In Globalization 2.0, the era that introduced us to multinational companies, it went from size medium to size small. And then around 2000 came Globalization 3.0, in which the world went from being small to tiny.•Thomas Friedman

Definition

globalization "is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in an economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labour... although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor... Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It began towards the end of the nineteenth century, but it slowed down during the period from the start of the First World War until the third quarter of the twentieth century. This slowdown can be attributed to the inward-looking policies pursued by a number of countries in order to protect their respective industries... however, the pace of globalization picked up rapidly during the fourth quarter of the twentieth century...„

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oTLyPPrZE4

Deindustrialization

Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however, meant that an economic collapse in one area could impact other areas.

With globalization, companies can produce goods and services in the lowest cost location. This may cause jobs to be moved to locations that have the lowest wages, least worker protection and lowest health benefits. For Industrial activities this may cause production to move to areas with the least pollution regulations or worker safety regulations.

Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition.

Market; Global Market

Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries.

International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955.China's trade with Africa rose sevenfold during 2000-07 alone.

Financial Market: What but Global

Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. By the early part of the 21st century more than $1.5 trillion in national currencies were traded daily to support the expanded levels of trade and investment.As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically increased, as evidenced by the financial crisis 2007-2010

Ecology and Climate?

Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution and impact on precious fresh water resources.

On the other hand, economic development historically required a "dirty" industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living

Examples

• WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any one time.[In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007.

• The IOM estimates there are more than 200 million migrants around the world today. Newly available data show that remittance flows to developing countries reached $328 billion

• Spread of local consumer products (e.g., food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture).

• Worldwide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami, Idol series, YouTube, Orkut, Facebook, and MySpace; accessible only to those who have Internet or Television, leaving out a substantial portion of the Earth's population.

• Networks development of the system of non-governmental organisations as main agents of global public policy, including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts.

Multiculturalizam

Multiculturalism is the appreciation, acceptance or promotion of multiple ethnic cultures, applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, usually at the organizational level, e.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities or nations. In this context, multiculturalists advocate extending equitable status to distinct ethnic and religious groups without promoting any specific ethnic, religious, and/or cultural community values as central.

Multiculturalizam

London is a city of considerable diversity. As of 2008, estimates were published that stated that approximately 30% of London's total population was from an ethnic minority group. The latest official figures show that in 2008, 590,000 people arrived to live in the UK whilst 427,000 left, meaning that net inward migration was 163,000.

We also have a cultural phenomenon: the emergence of a global culture, or of cultural globalization.

• Peter L. Berger

Multiculturalizam

German chancellor Angela Merkel speaks at a meeting of the youth organization of her Christian Democratic Party in Potsdam, Eastern Germany. A declaration by Angela Merkel that Germany's attempts to build a multicultural society has failed is feeding a growing debate over how to deal with the millions of foreigners who call Germany home.

the beginning of the 1960s our country called the foreign workers to come to Germany and now they live in our country," said Ms. Merkel at the event in Potsdam, near Berlin. "We kidded ourselves a while. We said: 'They won't stay, [after some time] they will be gone,' but this isn't reality. And of course, the approach [to build] a multicultural [society] and to live side by side and to enjoy each other ... has failed, utterly failed."

October 17, 2010

The Empty Shell of Institutions

Economic influences are certainly among the driving forces, especially the global financial system. Yet they aren't like forces of nature. They have been shaped by technology, and cultural diffusion, as well as by the decisions of governments to liberalise and deregulate their national economies. http://www.bbc.uk/Reith lectures/lecture4.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh03fuIlQNI

Global Society

The modern state is not purely defined by its economic base but by the fact that it is a nation-state. The role of the nation-state, its political position, and its evolution are all questioned by globalisation. The realignment of thinking and the transnational relationships globalisation creates, affects the way nation-states interact with each other, altering the dynamics of identity, international relations, and world affairs. http://www.bbc.uk/Reith lectures/lecture4.htm

As the changes creating something that has never existed before, a global cosmopolitan society. We are the first generation to live in this society, whose contours we can as yet only dimly see. It is shaking up our existing ways of life, no matter where we happen to be. This is not - at least at the moment - a global order driven by collective human will. Instead, it is emerging in an anarchic, haphazard, fashion, carried along by a mixture of economic, technological and cultural imperatives

Global Society

Globalisation isn't only about what is 'out there', remote and far away from the individual. It is an 'in here' phenomenon too, influencing intimate and personal aspects of our lives. The debate about family values, for example, that is going on in many countries, might seem far removed from globalising influences. It isn't. Traditional family systems are becoming transformed, or are under strain, in many parts of the world, particularly as women stake claim to greater equality. There has never before been a society, so far as we know from the historical record, in which women have been even approximately equal to men. This is a truly global revolution in everyday life, whose consequences are being felt around the world in spheres from work to politics.•http://www.bbc.uk/Reith lectures/lecture4.htmThe powerlessness we experience is not a sign of personal failings, but reflects the incapacities of our institutions. We need to reconstruct those we have, or create new ones, in ways appropriate to the global age. http://www.bbc.uk/Reith lectures/lecture4.htm

Diveded Worlds: Anti-globalization

Empire AuthorMichael Hardt and

Antonio NegriCountryUnited StatesSubject(s)Globalization, geopoliticsPublisherHarvard University PressPublication date2000http://www.angelfire.com/

cantina/negri/http://www.infoshop.org/texts/

empire.pdf

Neo liberal Ideology

Globalization and the neoliberal economic model have already been rejected in Latin America; it simply hasn't been a solution for our people. At the same time, Latin countries like Venezuela and Argentina are anti-imperialist and anti-globalization, and yet their economies are growing again.•Evo Morales

Governability

We cannot wait for governments to do it all. Globalization operates on Internet time. Governments tend to be slow moving by nature, because they have to build political support for every step.Kofi Annan

Whats up?

State sovereignty no longer defines the global political order. Scholars describe changes in the global political order since Word War II. II the common way of understanding international law was “between states only and exclusively.” The authors argue that since World War II there has been an increasing shift toward understanding national and international relations in terms of diffused political authority 

Globalization and Law

Following World War II, there was a growing realization that the balance of power among sovereign states was not a sufficient basis for preventing the most extreme forms of violence against humanity. There was also a growing acknowledgment of the interconnectedness and interdependence of nations.Individuals and groups (rather than states) have increasingly become the subjects of international law,There has been a move from international politics focusing on political and geopolitical affairs to more focus on coordinating and regulating economic, social, communications and environmental matters,A move away from the the source of international law in the consent of states to a number of sources for international law, including:Conventional sources like treaties or conventions, International custom or practice, Underlying principles of “civilized nations,”The “will of the international community,"A patchwork of regulatory mechanisms.These developments represent a move away from a conception of international regulation based in state sovereignty toward global political authority based in a community of nations.

Globalization of Law

Law has traditionally been the province of the nation state, whose courts and police enforce legal rules. By contrast, international law has been comparatively weak, with little effective enforcement powers. But globalization is changing the contours of law and creating new global legal institutions and norms. The International Criminal Court promises to bring to justic odious public offenders based on a worldwide criminal code, while inter-governmental cooperation increasingly brings to trial some of the most notorious international criminals. Business law is globalizing fastest of all, as nations agree to standard regulations, rules and legal practices. Diplomats and jurists are creating international rules for bankruptcy, intellectual property, banking procedures and many other areas of corporate law. In response to this internationalization, and in order to serve giant, transnational companies, law firms are globalizing their practice. The biggest firms are merging across borders, creating mega practices with several thousand professionals in dozens of countries.

Hyperglobalist PerspectiveThe hyperglobalist perspective as an approach which sees globalization as a new epoch in human history. This new epoch is characterized by the declining relevance and authority of nation-states, brought about largely through the economic logic of a global market. Economies are becoming “denationalized.”However, that even within this perspective, different authors assess the value of these changes in very different ways. While hyperglobalist scholars may agree on the general factors behind globalization and the likely outcome of this process, they disagree sharply over whether these forces are good or bad. The authors distinguish between neo-liberal versus neo-Marxist orientations, and describe their different assessments of the outcomes of globalization.

The Demise of the Nation-State

With increasing economic globalization, transnational governance organizations will become increasingly important. The result is that national governments will lose influence and be forced to operate increasingly according to rules they do not create.This may be a bad thing, according to some scholars, as the democratic social models implemented and protected by nation-states will become increasingly insupportable. Other scholars counter, however, that the diffusion of a “consumerist ideology” is the first step in breaking down traditional modes of identification. The spread liberal democracy will extend the global reach of more universal principles of economic and political organization. A truly global civilization will become possible.Both assessments agree, however, that the fundamental reconfiguration of the global economy will spell the demise of the nation-state and the irrelevance of the welfare state.

Greater Benefits or Greater Inequality?

In terms of the “winners” and “losers” of the new global order, both orientations agree that the lines and cleavages of economic benefit are changing. One the one hand, neo-liberals view this as largely a good thing. They say that nearly all countries have a comparative advantage in one way or another within the global economy. There will be groups who will be worse off, but on the whole, the benefits are greater than in the past. On the other hand, neo-Marxist scholars view the neo-liberal optimism with deep suspicion. Global capitalism, they believe, will only create and reinforce inequalities within and between countries.

Skeptical Perspective

The skeptical perspective on globalization views current international processes as more by fragmented and regionalized than globalized. In fact, according to skeptical authors, the “golden age” of globalization occurred at the end of the 19th century. Current processes show, at best, a regionalization.In contrast to perspectives that emphasize the growth of global capitalism, scholars in the skeptical perspective view global capitalism as a myth. The growth of multinational corporations does not mean that nation-states are no longer relevant for governing the flows of economic benefits. Held and his colleagues say that skeptical authors point to the fact that foreign investment flows into the control of a few advanced economies. Multinational corporations are still tied primarily to their home states or regions, and these ties produce benefits for these states or regions.Authors with a skeptical perspective reject the notions of the development of a global culture or a global governance structure. What is really going on, they argue, is that global governance structures and culture exist as a disguised version of neo-liberal economic strategies that benefit the West.

Transformationalist Perspective

The transformationalist perspective differs fundamentally from the other two perspectives in that:There is no single cause (that is, the market or economic logic) behind globalization,The outcome of processes of globalization is not determined.

•So, even though transformationalist authors describe many of the same general changes involved in globalization, their approach is considerably less certain about the historical trajectories of these changes and less limiting of the factors driving globalization.•For instance, hyperglobalist authors believe that the power of national governments is waning. Skeptic authors argue that the power of national governments is growing. Transformationalist authors, however, view the nature of national governments as changing (being reconstituted and restructured) but a description of this change as merely growing or waning is oversimplified.•Hyperglobalist authors describe the erosion of old patterns of stratification. Skeptical authors argue that the global South is becoming increasingly marginalized. Transformationalist authors understand that a new world order “architecture” is developing, though the exact nature of the emerging patterns of stratification are not yet clear.•In general, the authors of the transformationalist perspective have a much less determinate understanding of the processes of globalization than authors from the other perspectives. For transformationalist authors, the range of factors influencing processes of globalization is much greater, and the outcomes are much less certain

Third: An Alternative Approach

The hyperglobalist and skeptical perspectives suffer from two underlying problems:

They are unacceptably teleological. They compare current processes of globalization to ideal types. The processes are automatically progressing in a linear manner toward these ideal outcomes.

They are unacceptably empiricist. Statistical patterns do not speak for themselves, but have to be interpreted with reference to a range of meanings.

The historical process of globalization must be understood in more sophisticated terms.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7owMXrLu2d8&spfreload=1

Ubrzanje promjena, pravila i preskriptivnost

1.Prvo je ubrzanje globalizacijskih procesa i ubrzavanje promjena. Točno je da nastaju, međunarodna pravna pravila, ali ona zabrinjavajuće kasne za promjenama. Usprkos jasnim mogućnostima predviđanja problema (demografija, resursi, voda) prave mjere, one koje odgovaraju razmjerima problema, izostaju.

2.Drugo je karakter tih normi. One su instruktivne i usmjerujuće, nejasne, preporuke. Budući da se radi o interesima, a ne samo o normama, njihova primjena često izostaje. Na primjer, UN konvencija o sprječavanju korupcije, kapitalan akt koji se stvarao skoro deceniju, vjerojatno će se doista primjenjivati tek za slijedećih pet do deset godina.

3.Konačno, i dodatno, u obzir treba uzeti i činjenicu da izostaje usklađivanje normi s različitih područja. Regulacija takvog tipa je pretežno reaktivna, a vrlo rijetko planirana.

Sve zajedno, slika koja bi mogla ilustrirati poteškoća je slika zidara koji se bavi urbanističkim planiranjem. On vidi svoj zadatak, radi i vidi posljedice svog djelovanja, uzima u obzir i buduće uvjete i odnose sa drugim zgradama, no njegov pogled je bitno ograničen parcijalnim pristupom kojeg ima.

Malo za razonodu: imamo li svjetsku vladu

Ako se i zaključi da je za održanje i postojanje globalnog društva potrebna naddržavna ili svjetska vlada, zašto je ne bi zamislili u obliku vlade koja se brine samo za održanje mira i svjetskog poretka, i, na primjer, minimalne standarde ljudskih prava, očuvanje općih uvjeta tržišne utakmice, vlasništva, trgovinskih prava i prava društava, dobrih poslovnih običaja i pravila koja se otuda izvode, a da se ne upliće u kulturalne, socijalne, obiteljske odnose. Može li postojati takva vlada a da ne postoje mehanizmi globalne artikulacije interesa, a ako da po kojem bi se načelu gradile takve institucije reprezentacije? Jedan čovjek jedan glas? Ili na federalističkom principu izgradnje poretka? Ili se takvo nešto već nazire nastankom Europske zajednice?