global unemployment, food insecurity

7/29/2019 Global unemployment, Food insecurity

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GlobalUnemployment


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The world faces a challenge of

creating 600 million jobs over thenext decade

After three years of continuous crisisconditions in global labour markets and

against the prospect of a furtherdeterioration of economic activity, thereis a backlog of global unemployment of200 millionan increase of 27 million sincethe start of the crisis. In addition, more

than 400 million new jobs will be neededover the next decade to avoid a furtherincrease in unemployment.


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Global labour markets showlittle improvement

If downside risks materialize and globalgrowth falls to below 2 percent in 2012,

global unemployment would rise morerapidly to more than 204 million in 2012, atleast 4 million more than under thebaseline scenario, with a further increase

to 209 million in 2013, 6 million more thanunder the baseline scenario.


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Youth are particularly hard hitby the crisis

Globally, young people are nearly threetimes as likely as adults to be

unemployed. In addition, an estimated6.4 million young people have given uphope of finding a job and have droppedout of the labour market altogether. Eventhose young people who are employed

are increasingly likely to find themselves inpart-time employment and often ontemporary contracts.


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The global economy has

substantially reduced its capacity toadd new jobs

Based on current macroeconomicforecasts, the ILOs baseline projection for

the employment-to-population ratio is notencouraging, with a flat to slightlydeclining trend projected to 2016. T


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To address these issues

policies need to coordinate globally

First, global policies need to be

coordinated more firmly. Deficit-financedpublic spending and monetary easing

simultaneously implemented by many

advanced and emerging economies at the

beginning of the crisis is no longer a feasible

option for all of them.


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repair and regulate the financialsystem Second, more substantial repair and

regulation of the financial system would

restore credibility and confidence, allowingbanks to overcome the credit risk that has

dogged this crisis. All firms would gain from

this, but especially SMEs, which not only

need the credit more, but also end up

creating more than 70 per cent of jobs.


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target stimulus measures toemployment Third, what is most needed now is to target

the real economy to support job growth.

Faltering employment creation and ensuingweak growth in labour incomes have been

at the heart of the slowdown in global

economic activity and the further

worsening of public finances.


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and encourage the private sectorto invest Fourth, additional public support measures

alone will not be sufficient to foster a

sustainable jobs recovery. Policy-makersmust act decisively and in a coordinated

fashion to reduce the fear and uncertainty

that is hindering private investment so that

the private sector can restart the main

engine of global job creation.


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without putting fiscal stability at risk Fifth, to be effective, additional stimulus

packages must not put the sustainability of

public finances at risk by further raisingpublic debt. In this respect, public spending

fully matched by revenue increases can still

provide a stimulus to the real economy,

thanks to the balanced budget multiplier


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FoodInsecurity


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The State of Food Insecurity inthe World 2012

presents new estimates of the numberand proportion of undernourished people

going back to 1990, defined in terms ofthe distribution of dietary energy supply.With almost 870 million people chronicallyundernourished in 201012, the number of

hungry people in the world remainsunacceptably high.


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Improved undernourishment estimates, from 1990, suggest that

progress in reducing hunger has been

more pronounced than previouslybelieved.

Most of the progress, however, wasachieved before 2007/08. Since then,global progress in reducing hunger hasslowed and leveled off.


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In order for economic growth to enhance

the nutrition of the neediest

Growth needs to involve and reach thepoor

the poor need to use the additionalincome for improving the quantity andquality of their diets and for improvedhealth services;

governments need to use additionalpublic resources for public goods andservices to benefit the poor and hungry.


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Agricultural growth is particularly

effective in reducing hunger andmalnutrition.

Most of the extreme poor depend onagriculture and related activities for a

significant part of their livelihoods.Agricultural growth involving smallholders,especially women, will be most effectivein reducing extreme poverty and hunger

when it increases returns to labour andgenerates employment for the poor.


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Economic and agricultural growthshould be nutrition-sensitive

Growth needs to result in better nutritionaloutcomes through enhanced opportunities

for the poor to diversify their diets improved access to safe drinking water and

sanitation

improved access to health services; betterconsumer awareness regarding adequate

nutrition and child care practices targeted distribution of supplements in

situations of acute micronutrient deficiencies.


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To accelerate hunger reduction, economic

growth needs to be accompanied bypurposeful and decisive public action.

Key elements of enabling environmentsinclude provision of public goods and

services for the development of theproductive sectors, equitable access toresources by the poor, empowerment ofwomen, and design and implementation

of social protection systems.


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ClimateChange


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Climate change

is a significant and lasting change in thestatistical distribution of weatherpatterns

over periods ranging from decades tomillions of years

may be a change in average weatherconditions, or in the distribution of

weather around the average conditions.


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Causes Internal forcing mechanismsNatural changes in the components

of Earth's climate system and their

interactions are the cause of internalclimate variability, or "internal forcing's.

Ocean variability. The ocean is afundamental part of the climate system, somechanges in it occurring at longer timescales

than in the atmosphere, massing hundreds oftimes more and having very high thermalinertia


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External forcing mechanisms

Orbital variations. Slight variations in Earth'sorbit lead to changes in the seasonal

distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's

surface and how it is distributed across the

globe.

Solar output. The Sun is the predominant

source for energy input to the Earth. Both

long- and short-term variations in solar

intensity are known to affect globalclimate.


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Volcanism. Volcanic eruptions releasegases and particulates into the

atmosphere. Eruptions large enough toaffect climate occur on average severaltimes per century, and cause cooling (bypartially blocking the transmission of solarradiation to the Earth's surface) for a period

of a few years.

Plate tectonics. the motion of tectonicplates reconfigures global land and oceanareas and generates topography. This can

affect both global and local patterns ofclimate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.


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Human influences. anthropogenic factors

are human activities which affect the

climate. These anthropogenic factors is theincrease in CO2 levels due to emissions

from fossil fuel combustion, followed

by aerosols (particulate matter in the

atmosphere) and cement manufacture.


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Physical evidence for andexamples of climatic change

Temperature measurements and proxies

The instrumental temperature record from

surface stations was supplementedby radiosonde balloons, extensive

atmospheric monitoring by the mid-20th

century, and, from the 1970s on, with global

satellite data as well.


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Glaciers are considered among the most

sensitive indicators of climate change.Their size is determined by a massbalance between snow input and meltoutput.

Vegetation. Some changes in climatemay result in increased precipitation andwarmth, resulting in improved plantgrowth and the subsequent sequestration

of airborne CO2.


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Pollen analysis. Palynology is the study of

contemporary and fossil palynomorphys,including pollen. Palynology is used toinfer the geographical distribution of plantspecies, which vary under differentclimate conditions.

Sea level change. altimetermeasurementsin combination withaccurately determined satellite orbits

have provided an improvedmeasurement of global sea level change.

global unemployment, food insecurity

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