GLOBAL PROBLEMSWATER

By: James Prae Liclican

WATER

Covers 70% of the Earths surface.

97% is salt water.

3% is fresh water

Water like any other Resources are Renewable.

But 2% of the total Fresh water is frozen and only 1% remains sustainable and are mostly found under ground

WATER RESOURCES

Are sources of water that are useful to humans.

The uses of water includes agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. all of these require fresh water.

Fresh water is renewable resource just like soil and air. The world is supplied by clean and fresh water and it is decreasing. Water is one of our most critical resources, but around the world it is under threat.

Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world and as the world population continues to rise, so too does the water demand.

WATER RESOURCES

Surface water are found in rivers, 

lakes or fresh water wetlands.

 It is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through the discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface seepage.

Quantity of the water depends on the storage capacity of the lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirsQuality depends on the permeability of the soil, the runoff characteristics of the land, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors affect

the usefulness of the water

Surface waters can be used by Men but the usefulness of it depends on some factors

Sub-surface water or Groundwater

The natural input to sub-surface water is the seepage from the surface water. The natural outputs from sub-surface water are springs and seepage to the oceans

is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks.

Frozen Water

Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water.

Desalination

Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.

Water Governance Water governance is defined by the political, social,

economic and administrative systems that are in place, and which directly or indirectly affect the use, development and management of water resources and the delivery of water service delivery at different levels of society. Importantly, the water sector is a part of broader social, political and economic developments and is thus also affected by decisions outside of the water sector.

Government Manipulation

Distribution

Socio-economic systemEcosystem

The use

Equity, Efficiency, and service allocation.

Management and Development of Water

Implementation of policies

In Africa.

Other illustrations of Water Governance

WATER IS AFFECTED BY WEATHER AND CLIMATE.

By The annual evaporation and precipitation of water

Water Scarcity In the SocietyLack of water to meet the demand.Lack of safe access to fresh water.

Quantity or Economic Scarcity and the

Quality or Physical scarcity.

Economic Scarcity is the Governance of Water in utilizing the precious amount of water resource and finding more water resource to sustain the society.Physical scarcity is the limited access of the society to clean water

Causes of Water scarcity

1. Population-The population is ever growing, so does the need of clean fresh water.

2. Sanitation-Pollution affects the overall cleanliness of the bodies of water.

3. Climate Change-People need to take action by making a change, by conservation!

Water scarcity

Pollution and

sanitation

WATER POLLUTION Sources of water pollution

NONPOINT

SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban Develop

mentWaste water

treatment plant

Rural home

sCropland

Animal feedlot

Factory

Point sourc

es

Sources of water pollutions are:Agricultural Activities (non-point sources) Housing Developments (non-point sources)Industrial Facilities (point-sources)

POLLUTION SANITATION

Eutrophication An increase in chemical nutrients — compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus — in an ecosystem, and may occur on land or in water. However, the term is often used to mean the resultant increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

Hypoxia•A phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments as dissolved oxygen (DO; molecular oxygen dissolved in the water) becomes reduced in concentration to a point detrimental to aquatic organisms living in the system. •Oxygen depletion can be

the result of a number of factors including natural ones, but is of most concern as a consequence of pollution and eutrophication in which plant nutrients enter a river, lake, or ocean, phytoplankton blooms are encouraged.kill beneficial sea grasses, use up

Eutrophication- is the increase in chemical nutrients…Too much nutrients means more food for plants to grow and in time more decay or decomposition, which will again mean to more nutrients which will not suitable for animal populations.Hypoxia- is a phenomena occurring in water environment where oxygen is being depleted.

IndustryNitrogen oxides from autosand smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.

CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.

Urban sprawlBacteria andviruses from sewersand septic tankscontaminate shellfish beds and closebeaches; runoffof fertilization fromlawns adds nitrogenand phosphorus.

Constructionsites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight.

Farms Run off of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus.

Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals.

Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish.

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight, oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders.

Closed shellfish bedsClosed

beach Oxygen-depleted zone

Marine Debris

•Human-created waste that has deliberately or accidentally become afloat in a lake, sea, ocean or waterway. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the centre of gyres and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as beach litter.•Plastic bags, balloons, buoys, rope, medical waste, glass bottles and plastic bottles, cigarette lighters, beverage cans, Styrofoam, lost fishing line and nets, and various wastes from cruise ships and oil rigs are among the items commonly found.

Marine Pollution•Entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, or the spread of invasive organisms.

•Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff and wind blown debris.•Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. •Toxins are concentrated upward (bio magnification) within ocean food chains.

Pollution

•Water from ballast tanks can spread harmful algae and other invasive species.

Ship Pollution ¨ Spills from oil tankers and

chemical tankers ¨ Ejection of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere from exhaust fumes. ¨ Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. ¨ Noise pollution that disturbs natural

Ocean Acidification•The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.•Human activities such as land-use changes, the combustion of fossil fuels, and the production of cement have led to a new flux of CO2 into the atmosphere.•Dissolving CO2 in seawater also increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the ocean, and thus decreases ocean ph.Change in sea surface pH caused by anthropogenic CO2 between the 1700s and the 1990s.

Runoff flowing into a

Surface Runoff•Surface runoff can be generated either by rainfall or by the melting of snow or glaciers. •It is the water flow which occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources flows over the land. This is a major component of the water cycle.•When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up soil contaminants such as petroleum, pesticides (in particular herbicides and insecticides), or fertilizers that become discharge or nonpoint source pollution.

storm water drain.

Thermal Pollution•The rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. •A common cause is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.•Warm water typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen in the water . The decrease in levels of DO can harm aquatic animals. •May also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food.

Urbanization and Surface Run Off

¨ Urbanization increases surface runoff, by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings, that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer. It is instead forced directly into streams or storm water runoff drains, where erosion

and siltation

can be major problems, even when flooding is

not. Increased runoff reduces groundwater recharge, thus lowering the

water table and making droughts worse,

especially for farmers and others who depend on water wells.

Water Stagnation•Occurs when water stops flowing.

•Malaria and dengue are among the main dangers of stagnant water, which can become a breeding ground for the mosquitoes that transmit these diseases.

SANITATION

Waste Water Viral Infections

Bacterial Infections

Parasitic Infections Protozoan Infections

Here are some of the most popular actions by the Governments around the world…

Safe Drinking act 0f 1974

Regulates Plumbing for distribution and regulated the Drinking Water treatment Process.

Clean water act of 1972

Regulates the discharge of Industrial facilities and farms. Regulates Sewage treatment and maintains the physical, chemical and biological integrity of water

Uses of water

Agricultural: It is estimated that 69% of

worldwide water use is for irrigation, with 15-

35% of irrigation withdrawals being

unsustainable. Aquaculture is a small but

growing agricultural use of water. • Industrial: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide

water use is industrial. The distribution of industrial

water usage that is varies widely, but as a whole is

lower than agricultural use.

• Recreational water: use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs.

Environmental: Explicit environmental water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.

Household: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water use is for household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, sanitation, and gardening.

Saving water tips.

Bath time! • Bath time is no longer Fun time. It wastes an unnecessary amount

of water. an average shower uses 1/5 the amount of water that is needed for a bath!

Using the Toilet as a Garbage Can• Do Not Do This! Throw out everything in a garbage can, even if it

is tempting to just throw it in the toilet. Hot Water• Only use hot water when absolutely necessary. Hot water uses a

lot more energy, and it isn’t always necessary

Brushing Teeth and Washing Dishes • DO NOT keep water running while brushing your teeth/ doing

the dishes. If Its Yellow, Let it Mellow. If Its Brown, Flush it Down• Some people are bothered by this, but it is essential. Every time

you flush the toilet, you waste 10 gallons of water.

Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth.

Check your faucets and toilets for leaks.

Take shorter showers.

Data resource

Anemé Malan, anemem@statssa.gov.za, www.statssa.gov.za. For African water profile

Weather app for windows 8 modern: presentation of weather and climate, world and Philippines

Slideshare for powerpoint and word files used as data basis resource

WWF understanding water risks pdf file used as basis and picture resource

Wikipedia water problems search string

http://www.africanwater.org/drought_water_scarcity.htm

http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/606

http://thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-india.asp

http://www.unesco.org

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/e

THANKS FOR YOUR

COOPERATION!!!

Enjoy the rest of the day!!!