global parliamentary-network-oct2014 education-at-a-glance

1

Education at a Glance 2014

Qualification levels have risen markedly…

…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

2

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

A world of change – higher education

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

1995

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

1995

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply

United States



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2000

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

United Kingdom



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2001

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2002

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2003

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2004

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2005

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2006

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2007

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2008

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2009

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2010

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2011

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)




0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2011

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)


Iceland Poland

UK

Australia

New Zealand



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2011

Expen

diture

per

stu

den

t at

ter

tiar

y le

vel (U

SD)


US

P

China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion

Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Slo

veni

a

Icel

and

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Hun

gary

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Irela

nd

Japa

n

Spa

in

Finl

and

Den

mar

k

Kor

ea

Nor

way

Can

ada

Isra

el

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

EU

21

aver

age

New

Zea

land

Pol

and

Chi

le

Italy

OE

CD

ave

rage

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Sw

eden

Chi

na

Gre

ece

Luxe

mbo

urg

Aus

tria

Turk

ey

Mex

ico

Total <25 years old ≧25 years old

Chart A2.1

%

In many countries those without an upper secondary education face an increasing unemployment risk

Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Kore

aM

exic

oBr

azil

Nor

way

Chi

leAu

stra

liaLu

xem

bour

gN

ew Z

eala

ndN

ethe

rland

sIc

elan

dAu

stria

Switz

erla

ndTu

rkey

Den

mar

kIs

rael

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Can

ada

Finl

and

Belg

ium

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Italy

Swed

enG

erm

any

OEC

D a

vera

geFr

ance

Slov

enia

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Portu

gal

EU21

ave

rage

Pola

ndEs

toni

aH

unga

ryLa

tvia

Irela

ndG

reec

eC

zech

Rep

ublic

Spai

nSl

ovak

Rep

ublic

2012 2005 2010

Below upper secondary education

Chart A5.2 - BS

%

Qualification don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

22

Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries

Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Japa

n

Net

herla

nds

Finl

and

Swed

en

Aust

ralia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Flan

ders

(Bel

gium

)

Nor

way

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Aver

age

Pola

nd

Aust

ria

Engl

and/

N. I

rela

nd (U

K)

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Den

mar

k

Irela

nd

Kore

a

Can

ada

Esto

nia

Spai

n

Italy

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Below upper secondary educationUpper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educationTertiary education

Chart A1.4

The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries

Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Japa

n

Finl

and

Net

herla

nds

Swed

en

Aust

ralia

Nor

way

Flan

ders

(Bel

gium

)

Engl

and/

N. I

rela

nd (U

K)

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Aver

age

Pola

nd

Can

ada

Aust

ria

Ger

man

y

Irela

nd

Fran

ce

Den

mar

k

Esto

nia

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

Kore

a

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Spai

n

Italy

Below upper secondary educationUpper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educationTertiary education

%

Chart A1.5

The rising tide has not lifted all boats…

…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down

25

Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents

Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cze

chR

epub

lic

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Italy

Nor

way

Den

mar

k

Eng

land

/N.

Irela

nd (U

K)

Spa

in

Ave

rage

Aus

tralia

Japa

n

Sw

eden

Est

onia

Can

ada

Net

herla

nds

Pol

and

Irela

nd

Fran

ce

Flan

ders

(Bel

gium

)

Finl

and

Kor

ea

Rus

sian

Fede

ratio

n

Downward mobility Upward mobility%

Chart A4.3 - Mob

In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations

Proportion of upward mobility across age groups

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34

Upw

ard

Mob

ility

Age groups

Average Italy United States

Graph Mobility A4

Europe is now driving international student mobility…

…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.

28

In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1

Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Worldwide OECD G20 countriesEurope North America Oceania

Million students

In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)

United States¹ 16%

United Kingdom¹ 13%

Germany 6%

France 6% Australia¹,³ 6% Canada² 5%

Russian Federation 4%

Japan 3%

Spain 2% China 2% Italy 2%

Austria 2% New Zealand 2%

South Africa 2% Switzerland 1% Netherlands 1%

Korea 1% Belgium 1%

Other OECD countries 8%

Other non-OECD countries 17%

Chart C4.2

New players are emerging in the international education market

Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination

0

5

10

15

20

25

Uni

ted

Stat

e

Uni

ted

King

dom

Ger

man

y

Fran

ce

Aust

ralia

Can

ada

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Japa

n

Spai

n

Chi

na

Italy

Aust

ria

New

Zea

land

Sout

h Af

rica

Switz

erla

nd

Net

herla

nds

Kore

a

Belg

ium

Oth

er O

ECD

Oth

er G

0 an

d no

n-O

ECD

20002012

Market share (%)

OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries

2000 2012

Chart C4.3

More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)

Asia 53%

Europe 23%

Africa 12%

Latin America and the Caribbean 6%

North America 3% Oceania 1%

Not specified 3%

Chart C4.5

Education remained a priority during the crisis…

33

Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions

Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Cze

ch R

epub

licN

ew Z

eala

ndD

enm

ark

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Bra

zil

Finl

and

Aus

tralia

Irela

ndN

ethe

rland

sJa

pan

Sw

itzer

land

Ger

man

yS

love

nia

Chi

leC

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aP

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gal

Mex

ico

Kor

eaO

EC

D a

vera

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aS

pain

EU

21 a

vera

geN

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ayB

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ance

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Isra

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nite

d S

tate

sus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Pol

and

Est

onia

Italy

Hun

gary

Index of change (2008=100)

Change in public expenditure on educational institutionsChange in Gross Domestic ProductChange in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP

Chart B2.3 - T

Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries

Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011

Brazil Mexico Chile Hungary

Slovak Republic Estonia Poland Czech Republic Israel Portugal

Korea Italy Spain Iceland Japan Finland

France Australia Germany United Kingdom Ireland Canada Denmark Netherlands Sweden Belgium

United States Austria

Switzerland

Norway

New Zealand

R² = 0.2707

01 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 000

10 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 00016 00017 00018 00019 00020 000

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)

Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

OECD average

Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary

OECD average

Chart B1.5 - PS

Few countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education

38

In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education

Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Finl

and

Den

mar

kN

orw

ayC

anad

aSw

eden

Esto

nia

Aust

riaSw

itzer

land

Belg

ium

Net

herla

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Fran

ceEU

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vera

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gent

ina

Irela

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zech

Rep

ublic

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enia

Ger

man

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ain

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ndN

ew Z

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Portu

gal

Hun

gary

Uni

ted

Stat

esBr

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elM

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d Ki

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ussi

an F

eder

atio

nC

olom

bia

Slov

ak R

epub

licC

hile

Italy

Kore

aAu

stra

liaJa

pan

% of GDP

Tertiary education

Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions

OECD average (total expenditure)

Chart B2.2 - T

Mobilising resources for education

Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Chi

le

Kor

ea

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Japa

n

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Aus

tralia

Isra

el

Can

ada

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Italy

Mex

ico

Por

tuga

l

OE

CD

ave

rage

Net

herla

nds

Pol

and

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Spa

in

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Est

onia

Irela

nd

Fran

ce

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ger

man

y

Slo

veni

a

Aus

tria

Sw

eden

Bel

gium

Icel

and

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Nor

way

% 2011 2008 2000

Chart B3.3 - T

Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities

Public support for tertiary education (2011)

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Uni

ted

King

dom

Uni

ted

Stat

esSl

oven

iaD

enm

ark

Italy

Chi

leSl

ovak

Rep

ublic

Aust

riaG

erm

any

Portu

gal

New

Zea

land

Belg

ium

Latv

iaFi

nlan

dAu

stra

liaO

ECD

ave

rage

Net

herla

nds

Irela

ndH

unga

ryPo

land

Nor

way

Isra

elSw

eden

Spai

nFr

ance

Switz

erla

ndC

anad

aM

exic

oBr

azil

Turk

eyKo

rea

Esto

nia

Indo

nesi

aC

zech

Rep

ublic

Arge

ntin

aJa

pan

Icel

and

% of total public expenditure on tertiary education

Student loansTransfers and payments to other private entitiesScholarships/ other grants to households

Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary

Chart B5.3

A smart investment for individuals and countries

Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

500 000

Turk

ey

Den

mar

k

Spai

n

Esto

nia

Swed

en

New

Zea

land

Gre

ece

Kore

a

Japa

n

Can

ada

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

Pola

nd

Nor

way

Isra

el

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fran

ce

Aust

ralia

Finl

and

OEC

D a

vera

ge

Portu

gal

EU21

ave

rage

Aust

ria

Uni

ted

King

dom

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Belg

ium

Slov

enia

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Hun

gary

Irela

nd

Equ

ival

ent U

SD

Private net returns Public net returns

Chart A7.1

43

43 Thank you

Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014

– The publication – The methodologies – The complete database

Email: [email protected] Twitter: SchleicherEDU

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