Global Emission Standards This analysis displays the allowable limits for vehicle exhaust emission elements. As human activity increases, local air degrades. However, as economies become affluent, people can afford automobiles with sophisticated pollution control technology.

Source: IHS Anubhav Dhiman | LinkedIn | October, 2015

Common tailpipe emissions

from burning fossil fuels in

internal combustion engines

consist of chemical

compounds of particulate

matter (PM), NOx, SO2, CO

& lead.

Lead & PM are the

elements of highest

concern regarding the

improvement in human

health.

Lead can cause problems

with the central nervous

system & PM can become

lodged in the human

respiratory system, causing

irritation and, possibly,

respiratory disease.

Standard HC NOx CO PM HC NOx CO PM

Euro 2

Euro 3

Euro 4

Euro 5

Euro 6

Japan '00 & '02

Japan '05

Japan '09

Japan '09 with WLTC

LEV I

LEV II

LEV III

Tier I

Tier II, Bin 2

Tier II, Bin 4

Tier II, Bin 5

ULEV

Gas Diesel

Global Emission Standards Simple emission controls and progresses toward more exacting limits. Each country provides a technology deployment road map along with the expected time frame for legislation enforcement.

Source: IHS Anubhav Dhiman | LinkedIn | October, 2015

Region Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Europe Czech Republic Euro 5

France Euro 5

Germany Euro 5

Hungary Euro 5

Italy Euro 5

Poland Euro 5

Russia Euro 3

Slovakia Euro 5

Turkey Euro 5

United Kingdom Euro 5

Greater China China - Beijing

China - Other

China - Taiwan

Japan/Korea Japan

South Korea Euro 5

Middle East/Africa Iran

South Africa

North America Canada

Mexico - Gas

United States

United States - California

South America Argentina Euro 4

Brazil - LCV Diesel

Brazil - Otto Euro 4

Soth Asia Australia Euro 5

India - Capital Area Euro 6

India - Other Euro 6

Indonesia

Malaysia

Thailand

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 4

Euro 5

Euro 5

Euro 4 Euro 5

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 6

Euro 5

Euro 4

Japan '09 Japan '09 with WLTC

Euro 6

Euro 4

Euro 2 Euro 4

Euro 4 Euro 6

Tier II, Bin 5 Tier II, Bin 4 Tier II, Bin 2

Tier II, Bin 5 Tier II, Bin 4 Tier II, Bin 2

Euro 4 Euro 5

LEV II LEV III

Euro 5

Euro 5

Euro 5

Euro 4 Euro 5

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Euro 2 Euro 4

Euro 2 Euro 3

Euro 4

Historical progression of exhaust emission

components for engines with 125cm³

*Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2011

Nine governments worldwide — Japan, EU, US, Canada, China, South

Korea, Mexico, Brazil & India have established or proposed fuel

economy or greenhouse-gas emission standards for passenger vehicles

and light-commercial vehicles.

The regulations in these markets, covering 80% of global passenger

vehicle sales in 2013, influence the business decisions of major vehicle

manufacturers around the world, and are among the most effective

climate-change mitigation measures to have been implemented over

the past decade.