global development of aquaculture: where does …...mexico city, 25 – 26 november 2013 dr lahsen...
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3er Foro Económico de Pesca y Acuacultura: La Acuacultura: un alterrnativa para la alimentación
Mexico City, 25 – 26 November 2013
Dr Lahsen AbabouchDirector, Policy and economics DivisionFisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture OrganizationRome, Italy
WHERE DOES THE MONEY COME FROM?
Global development of aquaculture: challenges and opportunities
WELCOME TO
FAOTHE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Eradicate hunger, food
insecurity and malnutrition Eliminate rural poverty through
socio-economic development
Sustainable management and
utilization of natural resources
4
Sustainable management and utilization of natural resources
Global GoalsEradicate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
Elimination of poverty through economic and social progress for all
SO1: Contribute to the eradication of hunger, foodinsecurity and malnutrition
SO 4: Enable more inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems at local, national andinternational levels
SO 3: Reduce rural poverty SO 5: Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threatsand crises
SO 2: Increase and improve provision of goods and services from agriculture, forestry and fisheries in a sustainable manner
Organizational Outcomes
Organizational Outcomes
Organizational Outcomes
Organizational Outcomes
Organizational Outcomes
Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
FAO Enabling Environment
Development outcome indicators for monitoring progress, which measure the long term effects to which OOs contribute
Organizational Outcome indicators to measure changes produced from the use of FAO outputs, among others
Enabling functions for improved corporate performance monitored by key performance indicators
Output indicators for monitoring FAO deliverables
Outreach Efficient and effective administrationInformation Technology FAO Governance,
oversight and direction
4
Objective on technical quality, knowledge and services, including the cross‐cutting themes: gender and governance
HOW DO WE GETTHE JOB DONE?
Putting information within reach
Sharing policy
expertise
Providing a meeting place for nations
Bringing knowledge to the field
Producing food and providing nutrition
Fishery production and utilizationFish production
(million tonnes live weight)Per capita fish supply (kg)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012
Aquaculture for human consumption
Capture for human consumption
Non‐food uses
Per capita food fish supply
Contribution of fish to human diet (2009)
22.6
19.3
11.6
11.0
7.4
7.0
24.2
16.5
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Asia
Africa
Europe
Oceania
Northern America
Latin America & Caribbean
LIFDC's
WORLD
Fish as percentage of total animal protein intake
A complete nutrient package
• Major source of animal proteins and micronutrients for many coastal populations
• Unique source of poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA) for optimal brain development and the prevention of coronary heart disease
• Unique & complete source of micronutrients (calcium, iodine, zinc, iron, selenium,...)
• Source of vitamins (A, D, B group)generally scarce in rural diets
Fish: Information
Examples of the importance of micronutrients
Micronutrient deficiency
Level of micronutrient in 100 g edible part
Recommended daily intake for
children:250 million preschoolchildren are vitamin A deficient
Small sized fish eaten whole, good source; > 2 500 µg RAE in 100 g Mola
(Amblypharyngodon mola)500 µg RAE
54 countries are still iodine-deficient
Seafood nearly the only natural food source of iodine;
250 µg iodine in 100 g Cod (Gadhus morhua)120 µg
Iron deficiency affects about 2 billion people
Small sized fish eaten whole, good source; 45 mg iron in 100 g Chanwa pileng (Esomus
longimanus)8.9 mg
800 000 child deathsper year are attributable to zinc deficiency
Small sized fish eaten whole, good source; 20 mg zinc in 100 g
Chanwa pileng (Esomus longimanus)3.7 mg
Fish: Information
Generating employment and adding value
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1961 1967 1973 1979 1985 1991 1997 2003 2008
Million tonnes (live weight)
Utilization of world fisheries production (1961-2008)
Non-food purposes
Canning
Curing
Freezing
Marketing as fresh produce
Socio‐Economic importance of the fish and seafood value chainEstimated Total Value 818 US $ billion in 2008
FisheriesUS $ 100 billion Primary
processing
US $ 90 billion
Secondary processing
US $ 180 billion
Distribution
US $ 350 billion Aquaculture
US $ 98 billion
13
Employment in fisheries and aquaculture:- 54.2 million persons in fisheries and aquaculture 2010
-- 195 million along the value chain-- 660 - 880 million persons (12%) depend on the sector for their
livelihoods
Employment & Livelihoods
Social Aspects ‐ Employment
• An Example from Thai shrimp sector in 2007:– Highly diverse– Many opportunities– Many people are involved
Enabling trade
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Billion
s of U
S$
Developed countries Developing countries
Export of fish and seafood: 1976 – 2012 (US $ billion)
Source: GTIS ® (2012)
Net exports of developing countries
Moderately exploited
‐20
‐10
0
10
20
30
Milk Meat Rice Tobacco Tea Banana Sugar Cocoa NaturalRubber
Coffee Fish
US$ billion
1990
2000
2010
Development of Aquaculture
Fishery production and utilization
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013
2011: 62.7 million tonnes2012: 66.3 million tonnes2013: 69.9 million tonnes
million tonnes live weight
2012: estimate; 2013: forecast
Surpass by 2015
Million tonnes (live weight)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Total capture
Capture for human consumption
Aquaculture
Aquaculture vs agriculture
Annual growth rate %
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1972‐1981
1982‐1991
1992‐2001
2002‐2011Fruit
Milk
Eggs
Meat
Cereals
Vegetables
Aquaculture
Aquaculture vs meat
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1972‐1981 1982‐1991 1992‐2001 2002‐2011
Aquaculture
Poultry Meat
Sheep and Goat
Beef and BuffaloMeat
Annual growth rate %
Aquaculture productionAmericas, Europe, Africa, and Oceania Combined. 9%
[Million Tonnes]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
China61%
Asia91%
Aquaculture Fish Production (2003‐2010)
Source: FAO (2010)
Shrimp aquaculture Production (1991‐2010)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Millions of m
etric
tonn
es
Other
Africa/Middle East
India & Bangladesh
Americas
China
Southeast Asia
Source: FAO (2010)
World production of bivalves by species
0
4
8
12
16
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Million tonnes
Mussels
Scallops,pectens
Oysters
Clams,cockles,arkshells
World production of bivalves by species
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Scallops, pectens
Clams, cockles, arkshells
Mussels
Oysters
AquacultureCapture
Main producing countries (2010)
Source: FAO (2010)
Current and Future Drivers for Aquaculture Development
Demographic growth Enlargement of the middle class Increasing fish demand Stagnation of production from capture fisheries Investment in innovations (feed, breeding, genetics, bio‐security) Political commitment to introduce investment promotion policies and processes
Evolution de la classe moyenne million (%) (OECD, 2010)
2009 2020 2030North America 338 (18%) 333 (10%) 322 (7%)Europe 664 (36%) 703 (22%) 680 (14%)Central and South America
181 (10%) 251 (8%) 313 (6%)
Asia and Pacific
525 (28%) 740 (54%) 3228 (66%)
Sub Saharian Africa
32 (2%) 57 (2%) 107 (2%)
Middle east and North Africa
105 (6%) 165 (5%) 234 (5%)
Total World 1845 (100%) 3249 (100%) 4484 (100%)
Growth rate of fish production by decades
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Aquaculture Capture
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-2010
2011-2020
Least-squares growth rate (%)
Source: FAO
Perspectives of fish supply
Fish supply (mt) 2010 (baseline)
2030 (projection)
Aquaculture 59 123
Capture fisheries 88 88
Total supply 147 211
% of aquaculture:40 (48 for
human consumption)
58
Source: Estimation of FI Department
Source: FAO FISHSTAT
Risks• Increased risks of diseases and of international pathogen transfer
• Increased competition for water, land and oceans
• Environment pollution from nutrient dispersion, genetic interactions and biodiversity impacts
• Feed availability and price• Carbon footprints and sustainability • Climate change
Fishmeal and Fish oilHigher prices
USD/tonne
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Fishmeal
El NiñoFish oil
Fishmeal production
El niño
Million tonnes (product weight)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022
From fish by‐products
From whole fishEl Niño
Examples of FAO’s work to tackle the challenges
• Normative work• Technical assistance• Global Blue Growth Initiative (GAAP)
FAO SubCommittee on Aquaculture(3rd Session. New Delhi, India, 2006)
• Expressed concern over the emergence of a wide range of certification schemes and their cost/benefit value
• recognized the need for globally accepted norms for aquaculture production to serve:1. as a basis for improved harmonization and 2. to facilitate mutual recognition and equivalence of such
certification schemes; • Requested FAO to:
1. convene Expert Workshop (s) and 2. to play a lead role in facilitating the development of
guidelines for certification in aquaculture
Process• COFI‐SC: AQ/III – 8‐12 September 2006 – New Delhi, India• January 2007: Secretariat, Advisory Group, E‐mail recipient list, Website • Bangkok Workshop – February 2007 Guidelines ‐ Draft 1• Fortaleza Workshop – September 2007 Guidelines ‐ Draft 2• Cochin, India meeting – November 2007• London meeting – February 2008 Guidelines ‐ Draft 3• Silver Spring, Washington D.C meeting – May 2008• Beijing meeting – May 2008 Guidelines ‐ Draft 4• COFI/AQ/IV – 6‐10 October 2008 – Puerta Varas, Chile• 28th Session of COFI, 2 – 6 March 2009, Rome, Italy• Comments by members ‐ January 2009 Guidelines Draft 5• Technical consultation March 2010 Guidelines Draft 6 • 5th Session of COFI: SC on Aquaculture, Phuket, June 2010• 29th Session of COFI, Rome, January 2011 Final Guidelines• 6th Session of COFI: SC on aquaculture, Cape Town, South Africa, March
2012 Update on implementation
Guidelines for aquaculture certification1. Background2. Scope3. Terms and Definitions4. Users5. Application
6. Principles 7. Minimum Substantive Criteria
7.1 Animal Health and Welfare (OIE) 7.2 Food Safety 7.3 Environmental Integrity7.4 Social Responsibility
8. Institutional and procedural requirements8.1 Governance8.2 Standards Setting8.3 Accreditation8.4 Certification
9. Implementationhttp://www.fao.org/fishery/about/cofi/aquaculture/en
Samalanga Cluster
41FAO Aceh 601/ARC Jun
2010
Economics (US$ per ha)
Profit Doubled over the year
Gross Revenue increased by 14%
42
Progress: 2007‐2009
2007 2008 2009 2010
Villages11 34 84 93
Farmers47 260 1100 2656
Ha22 184 1027 2442
43FAO Aceh 601/ARC Jun
2010
Intensification (Asia Regional)Sustainable intensification of aquaculture in Asia with focus on social, economic, environmental and climate change aspects
Development(Africa Regional)Development of African aquaculture through policy assistance, aquaculture service and technology provision, commercial seed and feed development, and strengthening aquatic biosecurity
Diversification (Latin America Regional)Sustainable diversification of aquaculture in Latin America through implementation of IMTA and EAA concepts, improving sustainability of tilapia, shrimp and salmon sectors
Capacity Development (Central Asia Regional)Establishing aquaculture in Central Asia through policy and legal assistance and institutional and human capacity development
Support to Europe (Europe Regional)Technical assistance for aquaculture production for appropriate countries based on the new EU guidelines on aquaculture development
Sustainable Feeds (Global)Sourcing sustainable marine resources and producing more innovative marine resource supplements for aquaculture feeds industry
Investment (Global)Identifying investment opportunities in commercial aquaculture and assisting financial agencies to develop investment programmes in support of national development economic programmes
Technical Assistance (Global)Improving knowledge and building capacity at national levels in specific key priority technical areas
Global Fund for Aquaculture (Global)Global fund to support investment in innovations and start ups to address key gaps and to provide bridging and investments prior to commercial investment
Minimising Environmental Risks (Global)Potential GEF-6 supported programme assisting member countries to reduce environmental and biodiversity impacts of aquaculture in shared water bodies
Establishing Aquaculture(SIDS-South Pacific)Technical assistance for the South-Pacific islands for assisting establishing aquaculture through policy, technology, legal and institutional strengthening. South-Pacific sub-regional.
Sustainable Production(Gulf Region-Near East)Networking and legal and institutional strengthening towards increasing aquatic production through sustainable aquaculture
45Global Aquaculture Advancement ProgrammeDiversification - Latin America Regional
Diversification (Latin America Regional)Sustainable diversification of aquaculture in Latin America through implementation of IMTA and EAA concepts, improving sustainability of tilapia, shrimp and salmon sectorsSupport not sure?
46Sustainable Feeds (Global)Sourcing sustainable marine resources and producing more innovative marine resource supplements for aquaculture feeds industry
Investment (Global)Identifying investment opportunities in commercial aquaculture and assisting financial agencies to develop investment programmes in support of national development economic programmes
Technical Assistance (Global)Improving knowledge and building capacity at national levels in specific key priority technical areas
Global Fund for Aquaculture (Global)Global fund to support investment in innovations and start ups to address key gaps and to provide bridging and investments prior to commercial investment
Minimising Environmental Risks (Global)Potential GEF-6 supported programme assisting member countries to reduce environmental and biodiversity impacts of aquaculture in shared water bodies
