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Presentation Plus! Glencoe World Geography

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The Land

Section 2 Climate and Vegetation

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

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GWG Regional Atlas 10.ppt

GWG Reference Atlas.ppt

• Describe the dominant landforms and natural resources of Southeast Asia.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

• Discuss Southeast Asia’s climate and vegetation.



As you read the chapter, visualize places in Southeast Asia that are discussed in the chapter. Write entries in your journal that describe the region’s prominent physical features. Use vivid images and details in your entries.



The Land

• Describe how tectonic plates and activity from volcanoes and earthquakes formed Southeast Asia.

Objectives


• Explain why the region’s waterways are important to its peoples.

• Summarize how rich natural resources affect Southeast Asia’s economy.




Terms to Know

• cordillera

The Land

• archipelago

• insular

• flora

• fauna




• Indochina Peninsula

Places to Locate

• Malay Peninsula

• Annam Cordillera

• Irrawaddy River

• Chao Phraya River

• Red River

• Mekong River

The Land



Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.



Although the Philippines includes over 7,000 islands, the archipelago’s total area is only 115,831 square miles (300,001 sq. km), about the size of Arizona. The islands that make up the Philippines together have a coastline that measures 22,554 miles (36,289 km). The two large islands of Luzon and Mindanao account for about 66 percent of the country’s land area.



Peninsulas and Islands

The collision of three tectonic plates millions of years ago produced the peninsulas and islands of Southeast Asia. Straddling the Equator, Southeast Asia has mountainous terrain with a predominately tropical climate.

(pages 719–721)




Peninsulas and Islands (cont.)

• Mainland Southeast Asia About half of Southeast Asia’s 11 countries are located on the mainland.

• Malaysia is both a mainland and an island country.

• Laos is the only landlocked country in the region.

(pages 719–721)





(pages 719–721)





• Island Southeast Asia Southeast Asia’s island nations include Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines.

• Indonesia–the largest island country in the region–is made up of more than 13,500 islands that span 3,000 miles (4,827 km) and two oceans, the Indian and the Pacific.

• Singapore consists of one large island and 50 smaller ones.

(pages 719–721)




• The Philippines is made up of more than 7,000 islands, 11 of which are home to 95 percent of the population.

(pages 719–721)



Why do you think so many of the region’s islands are not settled?

Possible answers: The small islands do not have resources to support populations; therefore, they are not developed. Some islands are too rocky and inhospitable.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


(pages 719–721)




Physical Features

• Mountains Southeast Asia’s many mountains create geographical and political boundaries.

(pages 722–723)

• Some of them are active volcanoes, forming part of the Ring of Fire.

• Over time, mineral-rich volcanic material has broken down to provide farmers with rich, fertile soil.




• Volcanoes of Indonesia and the Philippines Java, an Indonesian island, is one of the Ring of Fire’s most active areas.

Physical Features (cont.)

• It is home to 17 of Indonesia’s 100 active volcanoes.

• In 1883, the eruption of Krakatau (Krakatoa) in Indonesia caused massive destruction and great loss of life.

• In 1991, the Philippines’s Mount Pinatubo erupted, burying the surrounding area under a foot of mineral-rich volcanic ash.

(pages 722–723)





(pages 722–723)




• Rivers Southeast Asians rely on waterways for transportation, communication, and food.

• Mainland rivers originate in the northern highlands and flow south toward the Gulf of Thailand.

• Major rivers include the Irrawaddy in Myanmar, the Chao Phraya in Thailand, the Red River in Vietnam, and the Mekong River, which flows through the Indochina Peninsula before emptying into the South China Sea.


(pages 722–723)



• The rivers on islands are generally shorter and flow in various directions.


(pages 722–723)





(pages 722–723)



Compare and contrast the physical features of these islands with those of other islands you have studied, such as Great Britain, various Mediterranean islands, or Hawaii.

Possible answers: Great Britain is much cooler and has no volcanoes. It does have a network of rivers, like those on these islands. Hawaii is very much like the Southeast Asian islands–tropical, mountainous, and volcanic.



(pages 722–723)




Natural Resources

• Energy Sources Southeast Asia has a plentiful supply of coal, oil, and natural gas.

(pages 723–724)

• Indonesia, one of the leading producers of oil, is a member of OPEC.

• Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei also have fossil fuel resources.



• Minerals and Gems Southeast Asia has abundant mineral resources.


Natural Resources (cont.)

• Indonesia mines nickel and iron, and copper is mined in the Philippines.

• Other countries in the region, especially Malaysia, mine tin.

• Sapphires, rubies, and pearls are also found in large quantities in Southeast Asia.

(pages 723–724)



• Myanmar has substantial deposits of minerals and gems, but mining employs less than 1 percent of Myanmar’s workers.


(pages 723–724)



• Flora and Fauna A vast array of flowers and plants contributes to the region’s economy.


• Thailand is one of the world’s leading exporters of orchids.

• Malaysia is a source of much of the world’s rubber, and Indonesia is the world’s largest supplier of plywood.

• Southeast Asia has a wide variety of animals including elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, and orangutans.


(pages 723–724)



• Animals exclusive to the region include the Komodo dragon, an Indonesian lizard, and the bearded pig.


(pages 723–724)



• Fishing More than 2,500 species of fish swim the tropical waters of Southeast Asia.


• Southeast Asians consume seafood at almost twice the world’s average rate.

• Fish farming is important to local economies.

• Concern about overfishing has risen because local fishers must now compete with large fleets of trawlers.


(pages 723–724)



Why do you think Myanmar has not tapped its mineral and gemstone resources?

Possible answers: Myanmar may lack the technology or infrastructure to exploit its resources. Political conditions may limit Myanmar’s access to foreign expertise and investment.



(pages 723–724)



Checking for Understanding

__ 1. constituting an island, as in Java

__ 2. a group or chain of islands

__ 3. the plant life of a region

__ 4. parallel chains or ranges of mountains

__ 5. the animal life of a region

A. cordillera

B. archipelago

C. insular

D. flora

E. fauna

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

B

D

A

E

C

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.



Critical Thinking

Identifying Cause and Effect Rich soil makes Southeast Asia a productive agricultural region. What makes this soil so fertile?

Possible answer: The soil is fertile because of the fertile river plains and deltas and the effects of volcanic lava.




Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Southeast Asia has a diversity of peoples and cultures. How might physical geography have shaped this diversity?




Critical Thinking

Making Generalizations What special challenges does the location of Laos, the only country in the region without a coastline, present?

Possible answer: Mountains to the north are an obstacle, lack of a coastline limits trade and other interactions with island countries, and absence of river deltas means limited access to the delta’s fertile soil.



Analyzing Maps

Location Review the text and analyze the physical-political map below. Note the geographic features found on Southeast Asia islands. What geographic features do the islands of Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea share?




Analyzing Maps

They all are large islands with mountainous interiors.



Applying Geography

Effects of Water Write a paragraph explaining why the abundance of water in Southeast Asia can be both an asset and a challenge for the region’s population.


Possible answers: Benefits may include that abundant water contributes to meeting basic human needs, fertile soil, and transportation through rugged terrain, and dense forests. Challenges include danger to people and destruction to property from flooding as well as barriers to trade and communications.



Close

Reread “A Geographic View” on page 719 of your textbook. Tell how you visualize the landforms, flora and fauna of Southeast Asia based on this written description.



Climate and Vegetation

• Identify the weather pattern that influences Southeast Asia’s climate.

Objectives


• List the region’s main climate types.

• State the main type of natural vegetation found in Southeast Asia.




Terms to Know

• endemic


• deciduous




• Shan Plateau

Places to Locate

• Myanmar

• New Guinea

• Borneo




Malaysia includes mainland and island areas: West Malaysia, primarily on the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, and East Malaysia, on the northern part of the island of Borneo. Both areas, however, have similar natural features: coastal swamps or mangrove forests, lowland rain forests, and interior mountains.



Tropical Climate Regions

• Southeast Asia’s rain forests depend on the moisture brought by the summer monsoons blowing in from the south and west.

(pages 725–729)



- Most of Southeast Asia has a tropical rain forest climate.

- Temperatures are fairly constant, averaging 79°F (26°C).

- Humidity is always high, and annual rainfall is between 79 and 188 inches (201 and 478 cm).

- The rain forests feature more than 145,000 species of flowering plants.

- Other types of vegetation include peat swamp forests, mangrove swamp forests, and evergreen trees.


Tropical Climate Regions (cont.)

• Tropical Rain Forest Climate

(pages 725–729)




• Singapore Singapore, once covered by dense rain forest, is now almost entirely urbanized.

• Nearly 80 percent of the trees now growing there are imported, some originating from such distant places as Central and South America.


(pages 725–729)




• Tropical Savanna Climate Parts of the Indochina Peninsula and the islands of Indonesia have a tropical savanna climate, with alternating wet and dry seasons and tree-covered grasslands.

• The dry season may last from four to eight months per year.


(pages 725–729)





(pages 725–729)



• Humid Subtropical Climate Northern Myanmar and Vietnam, most of Laos, and part of Thailand have a humid subtropical climate, with a cool dry season lasting from November to April.


(pages 725–729)



What geographical factor accounts for the fairly constant year-round temperatures in Southeast Asia?


The region is near the Equator, where there is little seasonal variation in the amount of sunlight or day length.


(pages 725–729)




Highlands Climate Region

• Highlands climates predominate in mountainous areas of Myanmar, New Guinea, and Borneo.

(page 729)

• Temperatures are cooler here.




Highlands Climate Region (cont.)

(page 729)



Why did Singapore replace much of its original habitat?


Singapore’s main island became highly urbanized and densely populated. As development continued and the population increased, the need for living space led to the gradual elimination of the rain forest.

Highlands Climate Region (cont.)

(page 729)



Checking for Understanding

__ 1. trees, usually broad leaved such as oak and maple, that lose their leaves in autumn

__ 2. native plant or animal species

A. endemic

B. deciduous

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

A

B




Critical Thinking

Analyzing Information How do monsoon winds impact climates and seasonal changes in Southeast Asia?


North of the Equator, monsoons bring rain from May through October. The rains benefit agriculture, but can endanger lives and damage property.




Critical Thinking

Identifying Cause and Effect Why are wet and dry seasons in Southeast Asia reversed on different sides of the Equator?

The time of the seasons is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere.




Analyzing Information How does a humid subtropical climate differ from a tropical rain forest climate?

Critical Thinking

Tropical rain forest climate is hot and wet throughout the year. Humid subtropical has hot, humid conditions for six months of the year.



Analyzing Maps

Climate Regions Study the map of climate regions below. Which of the countries in Southeast Asia has the most varied climate?




Analyzing Maps

Myanmar and Indonesia have the most varied climate.



Applying Geography

Climate and Vegetation Review Southeast Asia’s climate regions and natural vegetation. How might these features influence the region’s economic activities?


Possible answer: Heavy rains limit transportation and industry, but are favorable to certain kinds of agriculture, such as rice farming.



Close

Predict what you will learn about the region in the rest of this unit, based on what you know about the region’s physical geography. Your instructor will record your predictions on a piece of poster board or overhead transparencies, and refer to them as you study the reminder of the unit.



Section 1: The Land (pages 719–724)

• Southeast Asia’s mountains were formed when the Indo-Australian, Philippine, and Eurasian tectonic plates collided.

Key Points


• Straddling the Equator, Southeast Asia includes the Indochina and Malay Peninsulas as well as the 20,000 islands of the Malay Archipelago.

• About half of Southeast Asia’s 11 countries are located on the mainland. The rest are island countries, except for Malaysia, which is both a mainland and an island country.



Section 1: The Land (pages 719–724)

• Mountains and rivers dominate the region’s landscape. The island mountains are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Key Points


• Rivers on the mainland of Southeast Asia are important for agriculture, communication, and transportation.

• Southeast Asia contains abundant natural resources, including fossil fuels, natural steam, minerals, and gems.



• Monsoons cause two main seasons in Southeast Asia, one wet and one dry.


Key Points

• Southeast Asia’s major climate is tropical rain forest, although parts of the mainland and some of the islands have other types of climate.

• Humid subtropical climates predominate in Laos and in northern areas of Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.

• Highlands climates are found in the mountains of Myanmar, Borneo, and New Guinea.

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation (pages 725–729)



• Southeast Asia’s lush vegetation is characteristic of tropical rain forest and tropical savanna climate regions.

Key Points

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation (pages 725–729)




Reviewing Key Terms Insert the key term that matches the definition below.

archipelago cordillera deciduous

endemic flora and fauna insular

1. ___________________ group of islands

2. ___________________ system of parallel mountain ranges

3. ___________________ island

4. ___________________ native to a particular area

5. ___________________ trees that lose leaves in autumn

6. ___________________ plants and animals

cordillera

insular

endemic

archipelago

deciduous

flora and fauna




Which Southeast Asian countries lie partially or entirely on the Indochina Peninsula?

Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land

Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar lie partially or entirely on the Indochina Peninsula.




Name the five insular countries.

Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land

Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines are five insular countries.




What geologic activities created Southeast Asia?

Reviewing Facts

Volcanoes and earthquakes created Southeast Asia.

Section 1: The Land




Explain why waterways are important to Southeast Asia’s people.

Reviewing Facts

Waterways are important to Southeast Asia’s people because they provide transportation, communications, and food.

Section 1: The Land




Name a Southeast Asian resource found underground, another resource found underwater, and a third resource found in a tropical rain forest.

Reviewing Facts

Minerals such as petroleum and gold are found underground. Fish are found underwater, and wood and spices are found in a tropical rain forest.

Section 1: The Land




What are the four main climate regions of Southeast Asia?

Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation

The four main climate regions are tropical rain forest, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, and highlands.




Where are the region’s oldest forests found?


The oldest forests are found in Malaysia.




Where can highlands climates be found?


Highlands climates can be found in Myanmar, Borneo, and New Guinea.




How is weather north of the Equator different from weather south of the Equator?


The wet and dry cycles are reversed.




What is unusual about most of Singapore’s vegetation?


Nearly 80 percent of the vegetation is imported.




Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions What geographic factors explain the large number of islands in Southeast Asia?

Volcanoes and earthquakes explain the large number of islands.




Critical Thinking

Making Inferences How might volcanoes affect the region’s economy?

Volcanoes produce fertile soil and could be a source of geothermal energy.




Locating Places Match the letters on the map with the places and physical features of Southeast Asia.

__1. Singapore

__2. Irrawaddy River

__3. Thailand

__4. Malay Peninsula

__5. Mekong River

__6. Vietnam

__7. Philippines

__8. Java

__9. Sumatra

__10. Borneo

E

G

H

D

A

B

J

F

C

I




What do you think is a good reason for classifying the nations of Southeast Asia as a region?

The nations of Southeast Asia share a location, climate and vegetation, and have similar landforms.



Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

Choose the best answer for the following multiple-choice question. If you have trouble answering the question, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

1. About how much tin does Indonesia produce each year?

A 55,900 metric tons

B 55,000,900 metric tons

C 55.9 million metric tons

D 55.9 billion metric tons


Test-Taking Tip In order to understand any type of graph, look carefully around the graph for keys that show how it is organized. On this bar graph, the numbers along the left side represent the exact number shown. You do not have to multiply by millions or billions to find the number of metric tons.

Despite Irian Jaya’s tropical location, high mountains with snow-capped peaks occupy three-quarters of the Indonesian province. Irian Jaya’s highlands contain Asia’s only tropical glaciers.

Cambodia During the rainy season, overflow from the Mekong River increases the depth of Cambodia’s Tonle Sap, or Great Lake, from about 7 feet (2.2 m) to as much as 35 feet (11 m).

Cambodia Language: Khmer, French

Population: 13,100,000

187 per square mi.

72 per square km

Landmass: 69,900 square mi.

181,041 square km

Currency: Riel

Government: Constitutional Monarchy

Construction Materials

Major Export

Major Import

Timber

Writing About Geography

Writing well is an essential skill. In school you write research papers and answers to essay questions. Beyond the classroom you may have to write business letters or reports. The writing process can help you put your thoughts on paper.

Learning the Skill

The writing process has several steps: prewriting, writing, revising, proofreading, and publishing. Following this process allows you to organize your ideas and complete the writing task in a logical manner. Use the following steps to help you write about geography:


• Prewriting is the research, writing, and organization you do before you begin your essay or report. Select a topic, and define your purpose for writing about it. Identify the audience who will read your final product. Then do research to gather information. Organize your ideas using a graphic organizer such as a chart, a web diagram, or an outline.


Learning the Skill


• Revise your draft. Look for places where you can add transitions between ideas, combine or rearrange paragraphs or sentences, or cut repetitive or unnecessary sections.

• Proofread your draft. Check your draft for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

• Write your first draft. As you write, follow the plan you created during the pre-writing step. Do not worry about grammatically correct sentences in this stage. Focus on getting your main ideas and supporting details down on paper.


Learning the Skill


• Publish your draft. Create a clean draft, and present it to your audience.

Practicing the Skill

You have been assigned to write a travel brochure for a Southeast Asian country for an advertising agency. Answer the following questions about the writing process.

1. What will you need to do before you begin writing the first draft of your brochure?

Before writing, you should do prewriting including researching to gather information and organizing ideas using a graphic organizer.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answer.




2. Why might it be a good idea to let a day pass between writing and revising your brochure?

Waiting a day allows the writer to step back and look at the draft with a fresh perspective. This may inspire new ideas and make it easier to see points that need clarification or additional information.




3. What are two resources you might use while proofreading your brochure?


You might use a dictionary, a thesaurus, or a grammar and composition handbook.



Maps

Southeast Asia: Physical-Political

Southeast Asia: Climate Regions

Southeast Asia: Natural Vegetation

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