gis for sustainable development, volume 2

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Sustainable Development

November 2010

GIS Best Practices

Volume II


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Table of Contents

What Is GIS? 1

Rosario C. Giusti de Prez Brings Urban Planningto the Slums of Venezuela 3

The UN's Global Urban Observatory 9

MapAction Awarded for Applying GIS to Humanitarian Aid 13

Rebuilding after a Disaster 15

Restoring Angola's Electricity Network 25

Ghana Project Leverages GIS-Based Title Registrationand Microfinance to Alleviate Poverty 29

Early Warning Planning for Mosquito-Borne Epidemics 37


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Rosario C. Giusti de Prez Brings Urban Plan

Slums of VenezuelaThe United Nations Center for Human Settlements reports that more than onethe world live in slums and squatter settlements without adequate shelter and Worldwide, slums are considered to be residential areas in urban geographic ainhabited by the poor. Because of these characteristics, urban planners can usgeographic data about slum areas to show relationships, elevations, landmarksources, and other attributes that affect these urban populations.


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With this thought in mind, Giusti de Prez developed a framework for sustaplanning with the ultimate goal of advancing the residents' quality of life. Th

this planning approach is to introduce what she calls "friendly interventionsenvironment. In this model, residents agree on behavioral and building rulewaste disposal to maintain clean open space and limiting building height sonatural light. These are simple resolutions. Of course, squatter communitiecomplex issues, such as unstable slopes, inadequate utilities, and insufficiallows planners and residents to visualize the answers to the questions thewould happen if we put a concrete fascia on the slope? How can we run seWhere is the best location for an elementary school?


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Proposed infrastructure systems for barrio Petare.

In 2008, Giusti de Prez coauthored the book Analyzing Urban Poverty: GWorld, published by Esri Press. In it, she and Ramn A. Prez offer a stepto working with squatter communities and improving their neighborhoods. Tseveral rules for using GIS to support sustainable communities. One rule isfor involving communities in collecting the information required for identifyiopportunities. This will help planners with the problem of lack of data. Anotthe social relations and interactions of the populations with the open space


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Giusti de Prez is hoping to expand the use of GIS models for urban redevelopromoting its capabilities to identify real, sustainable solutions for improving th

millions. She is truly a GIS hero.

(Reprinted from the Spring 2010 issue ofArcNewsmagazine)


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The UN's Global Urban ObservatoryGIS Promotes Socially and Environmentally Sustainable Habi

Highlights

Observatory monitors urban indicators.

Policy makers use GIS to meet sustainable city objectives.

UN-HABITAT adds urban observatory to Good Practice list.

In the last half century, the human population has grown at a phenomenal ratethe world's cities bursting at the seams and often without the resources to careFrom 1950 to the close of the century, earth's human population doubled. The(UN) estimates that one-half the world's population (an estimated 6 billion peoand predicts that by 2050, two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities.50 percent of these urban dwellers live in slum conditions with little access to ssanitation, education, or health services.

Because sustainable urbanization is one of the most pressing challenges facincommunity in the 21st century, the United Nations launched the United NationsProgramme UN-HABITAT. Its aim is to help policy makers and local communitiand lasting solutions for developing human settlements. UN-HABITAT promoteenvironmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequa

UN-HABITAT is building a worldwide urban knowledge base via its Global Urbwill make it possible to monitor and evaluate urban conditions and trends. Thisis supported by a network of local urban observatories, which are designated w

develop monitoring tools used for urban policy making. GIS is proving to be a monitoring economic, social, and environmental development.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's cosmopolitan city Jeddah Municipality launche


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Staff can easily use JUO's GIS tools for spatial manipulation, simulation, adisplay urban indicators. These indicators have spatial dimension. Indicatoof poverty, environmental degradation, provision of urban services, deterioinfrastructure, access to secure land tenure, and adequate shelter. To date80 urban indicators and plans to define and generate 200 more.

The information technology infrastructure that supports JUO consists of twservers, 10 PCs, a local area network, and a high-speed DSL Internet conncomprises ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS Server software. Through the use applications, JUO indicator data can be accessed and benchmarked at regglobal levels. JUO has become the most important source of socioeconom

GIS outputs help staff target need, monitor urban inequalities, assess the dservices, identify trends, and target resources for more effective allocationadult illiteracy thematic map shows the percentage of male and female aduof 15 who are illiterate. A transportation model displays various transport tydistricts. A population density indicator map applies dots and graduated copopulation distribution across the city's districts. Although the GIS-based sadvanced results, its tools are user-friendly, so it can be easily adopted by

communities.UN-HABITAT recognized Esri Lebanon's JUO project by adding the uniquemonitoring initiative to its Good Practice list for cities to assess, identify, anconditions. The performance of JUO is being monitored by His Highness PRegion as well as by Jeddah's mayor and municipality officials. "Jeddah cimain beneficiaries of the project," concludes Manal El Sayed, Esri Lebanomanager, "as analysts and policy makers assess the extent of the city's prothe policies and interventions needed for achieving sustainable urban habi

For more information, visit Esri Lebanon at www.esrilebanon.com.

( f S 2010 f A N )

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Rebuilding after a DisasterAceh Province, Indonesia, Continues GIS Work Five Years aft

By Karen Richardson, Esri Writer

Efforts continue to supply aid to the victims of last January's earthquake in Haithe homes, roads, and other damaged infrastructure. Several organizations artechnology to obtain supplies and food, assess damage, and start to reconstruhow Esri is supporting these organizations' efforts.)

The article below details how GIS was used in Indonesia after a disaster of sim

Five years ago last December, on theday after Christmas, a magnitude 9.1earthquake in the Indian Ocean setoff a devastating tsunami. From thebeginning, GIS played an important rolein mapping the impact of the disaster,guiding emergency responders to the

devastated areas, and coordinating therelief effort. Now the technology is beingused in the process of rebuilding.

Waves of up to 30 meters high struckSoutheast Asia during the tsunami.Almost 230,000 people in 14 countrieslost their lives. But most of the damagewas centered in Aceh province on thenorthern tip of Sumatra. The coastalregion was leveled. Water rushed inlandas far as four kilometers, in one instance

i ith it 2 600 t b d d iti it t l i h i d

The tsunami in Southeast Asia ripped apart b


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Seeing the region today, little evidence remains of the devastation, as Aceh coonly recover but also, as the government's motto says, build back better.

The United Nations brought in GIS technology to assist in rebuilding Aceh. Thegovernment and more than 65 nongovernmental organizations relied on the tefacilitate relief efforts, strategize management of health care, and begin to rebuThe organizations used GIS to produce maps for humanitarian work, includingpopulations, damage assessments, and displaced persons. Among the most vthat UN HIC produced was a map of where each organization was working, sobe communicated quickly to relief workers scrambling to aid those affected by Today, GIS continues to help Aceh province manage assets, reduce illegal log

Sumatran forests, and incubate new industries such as tourism.

International AidAgencies Rely on GISfor Fast and Efficient

Emergency Response


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Today, GIS continues to provide necessary insight into the information thatmanage assets, reduce illegal logging of the Sumatran forests, and incubasuch as tourism.

To begin coordinating the relief effort, emergency responders needed to bedamaged by the tsunami. Maps were required to visualize where supplies organizations would be able to assist.

Since the tsunami tore up the shoreline, it was a challenge to find current ageographic data for the region. The national mapping agency Badan KoordPemetaan Nasional (Bakosurtanal) provided 1:50,000-scale maps, but wha

mapped infrastructure for the province was not always up-to-date.


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"Unfortunately, disasters happen when we least expect them," said Erik van deadviser for the spatial planning and environmental management component ofand Tsunami Emergency Support Project (ETESP). The ETESP is supported bDevelopment Bank (ADB).

"This emergency really exemplified the importance of countries investing in naagencies to provide the information necessary to respond to catastrophes sucZee said.

Where maps were rendered uselessby either changed infrastructure or the

tsunami's impact, the United NationsHumanitarian Information Centre (UNHIC) turned to high-resolution satelliteimagery to supplement the vector basedata. Since a complete image of the areawas unobtainable due to heavy cloudcover, older topographic maps were alsoscanned.

Days after the tsunami, the UN set upHIC. Based in tents at the heart of thecatastrophe, HIC collected data from theIndonesian government, nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs), and internationalagencies. UN HIC delivered GIS dataand maps to the responding humanitariancommunity, allowing workers to deliver

assistance more effectively immediatelyafter the emergency.

Satellite Imagery of the Changed


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Apart from providing informative topographic maps to coordinate relief effospecific sectors during the initial response to the disaster.

The most immediate concernswere to contain disease outbreaksand prevent more people fromdying of starvation. Officialsneeded to know the location andnumber of survivors, as well as theextent of their injuries, to providethem with food, water, and medical

supplies.

The UN HIC team, working withthe UN World Health Organization(WHO), collated and evaluateddata using GIS to create anaccurate picture of the damageand prioritize needs. Activities

were coordinated and prioritized;field hospitals and mobile healthclinics were set up where needed.No major outbreak of diseaseoccurred. There were few deaths,contrary to expectations after adisaster of this magnitude.

GIS Used during TsunamiDisaster Response

Health

UN HIC worked with the World Health Organizationusing GIS to create an accurate picture of the d


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Since the main west road and all seaports inAceh province were unusable, transportingfood, water, and medical supplies seemednearly impossible. GIS was used to routetrucks and prioritize shipments.

Many groundwater reservoirs were polluted,sanitation at temporary shelters was an issue,and drinking water had to be trucked in to thearea. GIS was used to identify risk areas anddevelop management plans.

Mobile ResourcePlanning

Infrastructure

GIS was used to route trucks and sthroughout the region. (Credit: Joer


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Since 50 percent of the schools in Aceh province were damaged or destroyto decide where best to build new schools based on population density andfacilities. Damaged facilities were assessed to identify which schools couldquickly.

GIS maps helped agencies rebuild and repair more than 100 educationfacilities in the region, allowing children to return to school.

Education


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The simple act of providing shelter presented many challenges. More than a hwere left homeless when land washed away and traditional landmarks vanisheremained had to be cleared of millions of tons of debris and silt before it could and many areas were no longer suitable housing locations.

Workers from the international aid communitywent into the field to map where houses oncestood and determine who owned the properties.Pseudo land titles were issued with thesignatures of all neighbors and the village leader.

Initially, there was no mandate to coordinaterebuilding among the various agencies.Government staff used GIS to coordinateactivities including spatial planning, villagemapping, community planning, engineeringdesign, and house building.

NGOs and the government worked togetherto rebuild Aceh's infrastructure, from houses

to schools, hospitals to markets, and roads tobridges. Together, using GIS, the organizationsmade collecting, managing, and sharinginformation as timely as possible between manydifferent stakeholders.

Housing

A sample map displaying infrastructuenvironmental projects was developtalking to community members and


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Restoring Angola's Electricity NetworkGovernment Seeks 100 Percent Electrification in Urban Areas

60 Percent in Adjoining Areas

Highlights

Electricity planning moves forward with the updating of 20-year-old maps.

Improved information leads to electricity service for more than 6,500 house

GIS improves transparency and stakeholder participation in municipal plan

Angolans have suffered three decades of civil war, and only in recent years hato begin the slow process of reclaiming their nation by rebuilding both the physinfrastructure necessary for peace, security, and economic growth. A critical coprogress is the restoration of the electricity network. The government of Angolprovide 100 percent electrification in urban areas and 60 percent electrificationby 2012. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is assisting in reaching this target. A pilot project is under way to address the electrification

innovative methods to improve electrification in the adjoining areas.

To address this need, the Academy for Educational Development (AED), a leaorganization working globally to improve education, health, civil society, and ecdevelopment, is working with Empresa Distribuidor de Electricidade (EDEL), Aelectricity distribution company, and two municipal governments to provide traiplanning, engineering, and capacity building through the USAID-funded AngolProgram (AESP).

Up-to-date maps are essential for planning and managing municipal infrastrucmaps are critical for granting land titles and acquiring data necessary to estabconnection. Prior to the launch of AESP, the most recent cadastral maps availaback to 1989 a serious barrier to the design and implementation of electricity

ClosingInformation Gaps


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The newly created maps contain information on land plots and existing electricare providing EDEL with vital information, such as street addresses, meter numhouses are connected to the electrical system. That information will help EDELaccurate electricity bills, provide better customer service, and extend the netw

A further breakdown of the layered datasets provides information detailing the electrical infrastructure. With this information, AED and local stakeholders werand analyze trend information and establish a concrete understanding of who from electricity, differentiating between legal and illegal connections and identihouseholds were not electrified.

In addition to upgrading the quality and type of information available, there is acomponent to AESP. To date, EDEL and municipal government staff have beeuse and application of ArcView software and GIS principles. The training was sand the software so usefulthat EDEL has secured its own ArcView software

As this project continues, training has been expanded to local stakeholders, inbusinesses, civil servants, and residents. Within a forum of open dialog and tramunicipal governments will have increased opportunities for iterative planningadjustment. This will lead not only to improved electrical infrastructure but also

capacity through collective engagement, planning, and improved governance p

Community members in the AESP pilot areas place a high value on the informbecome available to them through the application of GIS. Equipped with informgroups and individual households are better able to communicate their needs advocate improved service.

GIS has forged new paths and shed new light on underutilized power sourceslong-term capital planning. AESP has increased access to electricity or improvservice for more than 6,500 households. Another 25,000 households will be suelectricity in 2009.

A SustainableIntervention


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Ghana Project Leverages GIS-Based Title Re

and Microfinance to Alleviate PovertyBy Peter Rabley, International Land Systems, Inc.

Highlights

The project was presented to the United Nations Commission on the LegaPoor.

System incorporates ArcGIS functionality to link title information with the di

Title and parcel data for loan processing is batched and provided to the mi

A pilot project under way in the African nation of Ghana seeks to demonstrate formalization of landownership can play in helping the poor take a crucial first poverty. Focused on one of the poorest areas in the capital city of Accra, the platest geospatial technologies to create a land titling process and GIS-based lawhere neither existed in the past.

Impetus for the Ghana pilot comes from the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), stapresident Bill Clinton to challenge some of the world's leading organizations anmake commitments that positively impact global health, poverty, climate changAccepting the CGI challenge to work toward alleviating poverty was First Ametitle insurance and real estate information provider based in Santa Ana, Califor

With an extensive background in land titling, Craig DeRoy, then president of Fiembraced the economic theories described by Dr. Hernando de Soto in his ac

The Mystery of Capital. The Peruvian economist is among the first to identify arelationship between the formal recognition of property rights and the fight agasaw the CGI challenge as an opportunity to put de Soto's ideas into action.


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for its clients seeking land registration. This use of the private sector serves toand accelerate a process that is often stymied by overwhelming governmentalbureaucracy."

In recent years, microfinance lenders have been looking to expand their reachlarger amounts of money for a variety of uses beyond entrepreneurial busineslending often requires an asset to be offered as collateral. More often than notexperience the other side of the situation described by de Soto. They want to lpoor, but the only asset is untitled land, which can't be used to secure the tran

This oft-repeated scenario provided Opportunity International an incentive to fa

as a means of growing the potential market for its microfi

nance product offerinIn 2007, the participants chose a very poor area known as Ashaiman on the ouGhana, as the pilot location. Ashaiman is home to about 400,000 people in a 4kilometer region where most of the structures can best be described as shacksIt was considered ideal for the pilot because Opportunity International is activein microfinance there and had already been considering developing loan progrhundreds of private schools located in the area.

Operation of private schools is a growing business in Ghana, and the owners ato build additional facilities and accommodate more students. From a mappingthe schools were appealing for the pilot because the boundaries of their land adefined. The decision was made to target only private schools in the initial pilopresented the best opportunity to demonstrate the mutually beneficial link thatbetween formalized land registration, microfinance, and poverty alleviation.

Although the Ashaiman pilot is being conducted in close cooperation with the GLands, Forestry and Mines, the project is relying solely on private funds. In thisassociated with land titling will be rolled into the cost of processing the loan, soup-front transaction expense for the school operator to register a title. Economprocessing multiple titles are expected to reduce costs significantly as the land

TargetingGhana's Schools


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Implementation of the pilot began in March 2008, and land titling had beenmore than half of the 51 private schools in the pilot zone by August. This ainvolves surveying the school property with GPS-based mobile GIS equipmdescription of the land, and collecting property ownership information fromand neighbors via personal interviews conducted by members of the local owner has sought to become part of the land registration pilot and actively required procedures as part of the loan processing.


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As the interviews and fieldwork are completed, ILS is uploading the data into itMultiCadastre package, an off-the-shelf product that incorporates ArcGIS functhe title information with the digital parcel map. This system is already managin

registration process and workflow in a fully automated environment. For the pisystem will be maintained at the Sambus office and will generate paralegal lanprovided to the participating schools for use in securing private loans.

Using ILS MultiCadastre, all surveyed schools can be viewed. The ILS document scanningplug-in allows for documents and images associated with each property to be examined a


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While the overall aim of the Ghanaian project is to continue to rely on private-sperform the land surveying and title recording work in support of microfinance are simultaneously assisting the government in modernizing its land titling and

capabilities with many of the same GIS-based systems being implemented in tand parcel data collected for loan processing is batched and provided to the Mfor its own land registry, which the team believes will be among the world's moadvanced.

According to DeRoy, this project demonstrates the true effect of what is called factor." Given the rapid pace of technology development, those who come to ima system of land registration today and are not burdened with existing infrastru

bureaucracy can gain the maximum benefit from streamlined and cost-effectivwhile leveraging proven solutions.

"It is terrific that microfinance has matured to the point of being accepted as a banking solution for the emerging markets of the world," says DeRoy.

Peter Rabley is president of International Land Systems, Inc., with more than 2experience designing and implementing land information systems around the w

Further reading: "The Power of One," Timemagazine, July 16, 2007, by MadeHernando de Soto.

(Reprinted from the Fall 2008 issue ofArcNewsmagazine)

About the Author

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Early Warning Planning for Mosquito-Borne GIS, High-Resolution Remote Sensing Help Evaluate Degrees

in Senegal

By Yves M. Tourre, Delphine Fontannaz, Ccile Vignolles, Jacques-Andr NdioJean-Pierre Lacaux, and Murielle Lafaye

Highlights

GIS tools and remote sensing were used to detect potential breeding pond

In situ observations validated the indexes.

Using ArcView, researchers calculated mosquito density and evaluated cro

Fifty years of successful efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disehave inspired confidence and optimism in modern medicine and technology. Nepidemics remain a conspicuous challenge to public health today. In the conte

and rapidly increasing population, some epidemics are even reemerging.For example, the Ferlo region in Senegal, Africa, became prone to Rift Valley flate 1980s when virus-carrying mosquitoes Aedes vexansand Culex poicilipeslatter species proliferate near temporary ponds and neighboring humid vegetaoutbreaks in livestock cause spontaneous abortions and perinatal mortality. Sodisease symptoms are often limited to flu-like syndromes but can include moreencephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers. As a result, local socioeconomic resourcaffected.

Professor P. Sabatier at the University of Grenoble indicated that this growing urgent need for a local early warning system (EWS) for RVF epidemics in Sento use specific GIS tools and remote-sensing images/data to detect potential b


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MEDIAS-France implemented the RVF project in the Ferlo region under the auFrench Spatial Agency (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). MEDIAS-France corporation that coordinates research groups studying global environmental is

including the Mediterranean Basin and subtropical Africa.

In the Ferlo region, the abundance of mosquitoes is linked to rainfall, ponds anand the presence or absence of vegetation in ponds (e.g., water lilies, wild riceEnvironment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) 4.3 imagery processing software frInformation Solutions was used for spectral analysis of high-resolution (~10 mto locate the ponds. First, image registration tools were used to warp the imagimplement relative georeferencing for all SPOT 5 images collected, with furthe

to minimize spatial errors. Then, new indexes were obtained by using the classDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI) transform tool to allow the combination of bands (such as the middle infrared [MIR] and the near infrared [NIR] red and gThe Normalized Difference Pond Index (NDPI) allowed detection of all ponds; Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) allowed the evaluation of water transparencysitu observations by participants from the Center for Ecological Monitoring (CeEcologique) in nearby Dakar validated the indexes using GPS and GIS.

Using these methods, small ponds were located with precision, making it furthmap RVF risks from zones potentially occupied by mosquitoes (ZPOM) followifrom entomologists on flying ranges and spatial distribution of mosquitoes.

Project Descriptionand Preliminary

Methods


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A false-color composite of a 10 m SPOT 5 image (left) and ENVI 4.3 software were u

a new pond index (NDPI). From the NDPI, ponds (in blue) were precisely located (cenThe 500 m zone potentially occupied by mosquitoes (ZPOM) is shown in ora

Further refinement and simplification were needed, however, because of ththe pond distribution and to develop an effective usage strategy for local heservices. Researchers wanted to identify degrees of risk from isolated andcalculate the target risk coverage area, and evaluate risk by mosquito denszones.

Because of researcher Delphine Fontannaz's GIS expertise and the availainformation in the zones, the GIS approach became an obvious solution foArcView software and tools (e.g., conversion and data management for sptransformation as well as overlay and proximity vector data analyses) ma

GIS Methods


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ArcView conversion, data management, and analysis tools enable the display of an improved threfor potential Rift Valley fever risks. The very high-risk zones are red-hatched to identify underlyin

The initial ZPOM was first divided into three bands chosen for defining risk lev


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The analyses using GIS technology allowed researchers to see that risks iare close to each other. Using GIS technology, researchers created a new,more useful ZPOM. GIS tools provided new products and information for u

warning systems in the prevention of disease.

This technique might be improved by adding digitized ecological zone layeusers can benefit from this data by using it to choose strategic positioning according to RVF risks. This new methodology is also being transferred to for varied types of mosquito vector research.

Tourre, Fontannaz, Vignolles, and Lacaux are affiliated with MEDIAS-FranNdione is affiliated with the Centre de Suivi Ecologique (CSE), Laboratoirel'Atmosphre et de l'Ocan, Universit Simon Fongang, Dakar, Senegal; awith the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Toulouse, France.

For more information, visit the Web site at www.redgems.org. This article hfrom the Esri e-newsletterArcWatch, November 2007, www.esri.com/arcworiginal references.

(Reprinted from the Spring 2008 issue ofArcNewsmagazine)

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