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Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good Judgment Grand Rounds September 21, 2011

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Page 1: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Getting the Most Out of Simulation:   Debriefing with Good Judgment

Grand Rounds 

September 21,  2011

Page 2: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Our Learning Objectives

• Explain the role of the Debrief when using  simulation as a teaching strategy.

• Differentiate among 3 debriefing styles• Debrief using the Advocacy/Inquiry technique• Demonstrate the use of Debriefing with Good 

Judgment to stimulate self‐refection and  enhance learning

Page 3: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debrief:  A Conversation after Simulation

Simulation

• Technical Skills                 

• Emergency Drills             

• Role Playing Interviews  

• Team‐based scenarios   

Debrief

Immediate feedback/coaching

Checklist, apply protocols

Self‐Assessment, comment

Interactive group discussion, 

teaching riffs and take‐home 

messages

Page 4: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debrief:  Aims

• Stimulate self‐reflection

• Share ideas, raise awareness of alternative  approaches

• Teach specific skills:  procedural, cognitive,  communication, collaboration

• Behaviour change

Page 5: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing Begins with the “Pre‐Brief”

• Welcome learners

• Introductions, clarification of roles• State the “Basic Assumption”

• Orientation to the simulator, acknowledge the  “fiction contract”

• Orientation to the simulation session/ clarify  learning objectives and expectations

• Set the scene:  who, what, where, when, why?

Page 6: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debrief:  Basic Structure• Phase One: Reaction

– Get initial reactions• Phase Two: Understanding/Reflection

– Stimulate reflection on behaviour/performance• What was working and what did not?

• Phase Three: Summary – Do a “Teaching Riff”– Review take‐home message 

– Give an “Education Prescription

Page 7: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debrief:  Styles

• Judgmental

• Non‐Judgmental

• Debriefing with Good Judgment

Page 8: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing Styles: 1. The Judgmental Debrief

• Debriefer/teacher is the authority• Positive and negative feedback is given to the 

participant

• Pros:– Directed, efficient, transparent 

• Cons: – May be threatening, little opportunity for self‐

assessment

Page 9: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing Styles:  2. The Non‐Judgmental Debrief

• Open‐ended questions by facilitator• Attempt to “draw out”

information by the 

Socratic Method

• Pros:  – explores participant reactions and facilitates self‐

reflection

• Cons:  – “Dirty Questions”

in which the facilitator knows 

the answer but makes the participant “Guess  what I’m thinking”.

Page 10: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Rudolph JW, Simon R, Dufresne R, Raemer DB. There is no such thing as a “non‐judgmental”

debriefing:  a 

theory and method for debriefing with good judgment.  Simulation in Healthcare 2006;1(1):49‐55.

Page 11: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing Styles:  3. Debriefing with Good Judgment

• Advocacy:  Facilitator identifies a specific  behaviour or event and makes an objective 

statement about• Inquiry:  Facilitator then poses a brief 

question to the participant in the spirit of  genuine curiosity (Inquiry)

• Follow‐up inquiry or teaching riff• Facilitates learner self‐assessment without 

playing “Guess what I’m thinking?”

Page 12: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing Styles:  Debriefing with Good Judgment

• Pros– Strengthens our ability understand where the learner 

is coming from 

– Creative way of encouraging reflection and self‐ assessment

• Cons– Cannot be used when discipline is needed– Not appropriate when you cannot hold the basic 

assumption

Page 13: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing with Good Judgment

• Does

allow you to share observations,  opinions, judgments

• Does not assume that the leader has a  monopoly on knowledge and good ideas

Page 14: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

How to Debrief with Good Judgment:   Advocacy and Inquiry (AI)

• Advocacy:  Statement– Make notes while observing simulation session

– Be prepared to state your perspective clearly– Link debrief to simulation by referring to specific 

events that occurred (usually 2 or 3)

– Use “First Person”

sentences

“I observed ….”

“I am concerned/pleased because…”

Page 15: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Debriefing with Good Judgment:   Advocacy and Inquiry

• Inquiry:  Pose a Question– Be genuinely curious– Aim to discover the learner’s perspective

– Use short, open‐ended questions“I am curious how you see it?”

“What was happening at that point?”

“How did you experience that?”

“I wonder why.”

Page 16: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Example of Debrief:  Peri‐Mortem  Cesarean Section Scenario

• Scenario: There is a witnessed maternal  cardiac arrest in the ER.  Obstetrical residents 

must perform an emergency cesarean section  during the resuscitation in order to save 

mother and baby. (The ER physician, ER nurse  and medical student were collaborators in the  scenario). 

Page 17: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Learning Objectives:  1.

Resuscitate the pregnant patient in accordance 

with the latest American Heart Association  guidelines. 

2.

Perform a timely cesarean section with equipment  available in the ER

Page 18: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient,  obstetrical residents called STAT to the ER

Page 19: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

CPR is performed in the ER under  the direction of the ER physician

Page 20: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

• Residents trouble‐shoot as initial  resuscitation not successful

Page 21: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Residents perform a cesarean  section during CPR with limited  equipment

Page 22: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

• Successful resuscitation after  baby delivered 

Page 23: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

• Happy outcome for  mother and baby  

Page 24: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Example of AI Debrief• Reaction phase: how are you feeling right 

now? 

• Understanding phase: what they need to  learn

– CPR is difficult in a pregnant woman because of  the compression of the IVC by the pregnant 

uterus. 

– CS needs to be started at the 4 minute point after  the arrest if initial CPR is not successful

Page 25: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Example of AI Debrief

• Advocacy Statement – It looked like some of you were attempting to get 

the patient into a left lateral tilt during CPR.

• Inquiry– What was your thought process at that point in 

time? 

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Example of AI Debrief

• Reflection– The residents discuss the problem of IVC 

compression by the gravid uterus and its potential  compromise of CPR.

– Relief of IVC compression may require evacuation  of the uterus on an urgent basis

Page 27: Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good ... · PDF filecommunication, collaboration) ... • Riley, R. H. ... Getting the Most Out of Simulation: Debriefing with Good

Example of AI Debrief

• Summary phase– “Teaching Riff”

on strategies that may address IVC 

compression problem

– Take home messages

– Education prescription 

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American Heart Association Guidelines  2010 for Resuscitation of Pregnant Women 

• Perform BCLS and ACL according to standard  protocols

• Cardiovert

if indicated but remove scalp clip first

• Manual left lateral displacement of uterus

• Obstetrical and Neonatal teams prepare for  emergency cesarean

delivery within 5min of arrest

• Continue CPR during and after cesarean

delivery

J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011;33(8):858–863

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Conclusion• Simulation can be used to build clinical skills in 

multiple domains (technical, cognitive,  communication, collaboration)

• Debriefing enhances learning opportunities  and stimulates self‐reflection

• Debrief in three phases:  decompression,  feedback and summary 

• Debriefing with good judgment is performed  using advocacy statements paired with inquiry

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• Bradley, Paul (2006).The history of simulation in medical education and possible 

future directions. Medical Education. 40, 254‐262.

• Dyche, L., Epstein, R., (2011). Curiosity and medical education. Medical Education, 

45, 663‐668.

• Ende, J. (1983). Feedback in clinical medical education. JAMA, 250(6),

777‐781.• Fulton, D. (2011). Teaching and learning through reflective practice. New York, NY, 

Abingdon, England: Routledge.

• Fanning, R. M., and Gaba, D.M. The role of  debriefing in simulation‐based 

learning. Simulation in Healthcare, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer 2007.

• Gigante, J., Dell, M., & Sharkey, A. (2011). Getting beyond "good job":

how to give 

effective feedback. Pediatrics, 127(2).

• Harden , R., & Crosby, J. (2000). The good teacher is more than a lecture ‐

the 

twelve roles of the teacher. Medical Teacher, 22(4), 334‐347.

• Knowles, M. R. (1980). The modern practice of adult education. New York: 

Cambridge University Press.

• Kyle, R. R., Bosseau, W.M. (2008). Clinical Simulation: operations, engineering and 

management. London: Academic Press.

References

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• Maran, N.J., & Glavin, R.J. (2003). Low‐

to high‐fidelity simulation – a continuum of 

medical. Medical Education. 37, 22‐28.

• Merrill, M.D. (2001). First principles of instruction. Utah: Englewood Cliffs: 

Educational Technology

• Riley, R. H. (2008). Manual of simulation in healthcare. New York: Oxford Press

• Rudolph, J., Simon, R., Dufresne, R., & Raemer, D. (2006). There's no such thing as 

nonjudgmental debriefing: a theory and method for debriefing with good 

judgement. Simulation in Healthcare, 1(1),

• Rudolph, J., Simon, R. , Rivard, P., Dufresne, R., & Raemer, D. (2007). Debriefing 

with good judgement: combining rigorous feedback with genuine inquiry. 

Anesthesiology

Clinics, 25, 361‐376.

• Rudolph, J., Simon, R., Raemer, D, Eppich, W. (2008). Debriefing as formative 

assessment: closing performance gaps in medial education. Society for Academic 

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References