getting rid of wastes
TRANSCRIPT
These metabolic wastes are:
Carbon dioxide and water
Excess nitrogen
solutes
produced by the body in some ways.
Here’s why..
To get rid 0f the
metabolic wastes
and
To regulate the
concentration of
solutes and water to
achieve osmoregulation
Vocabulary check:
Osmoregulation is the ability to regulate water and solute concentrations.
This is made possible by an
organ systemthat allows organisms to
excrete metabolic wastes,
at the same time,
regulates the concentration
of solutes and water
in their body.
At the end of this lesson, we will be able to
• Know the structure and structure of
different excretory organs/systems
• Determine the different types of
excretory organs in animals
• To identify the different nitrogen
excretion in animals
• Medical aspects concerning excretory
organs
This is his contractile vacuole.
It fuses with the membrane of the protozoan and the water is expelled to the environment.
ATP is required for both entry of water into the vacuole and for the emptying process.
The
nephridia
for
rotifers
annelids
larval mollusk
flatworms
Annelid worms
Vocabulary Check:
Nephridia are tubular excretory organ found in many invertebrates .
There are two types of nephridia
protenephridia is the primitive kind.
Greek protos, first + nephros, kidney
metanephridia is the advanced kind.
Greek meta, after + nephros, kidney
This is what a protonephridia look like
They exist as closed, or blind-ended, tubules, and which do not connect with the coelomic cavity.
Vocabulary check:
Coelomic cavity is a body cavity formed in animals which is lined
with mesodermal tissue.
The cell which forms the tip of the blind-ended tube is ciliated. If it contains a single cilia it is called a solenocyte, whereas if it contains several cilia it is called a flame cell.
Identify the parts.
Here’s how it works.
Cilia within the tubules beats up
Body fluid is drawn to the tip of the tubule
Fluid passes to the cell membrane
Ultrafiltration occurs
Reabsorption and secretion
Excretory pores
Ultrafiltration : filtration of body fluids which results in the formation of a protein-free filtrate, i.e. the filter allows all molecules, with the exception of proteins, pass through it.
And this what it looks like.
They have a ciliated opening called the nephridiostomeand which ends in pores which open to the external environment, called nephridiospores.
Blood enters the membrane Ultrafiltration occurs
Fluid produced enter coelomicspace
Fluid enters metanephridiathrough nephridiostomes
Initial urine goes reabsorption and secretion
Hypoosmotic urine leaves through nephridiospores
Here’s how it works.
Hypoosmotic: less concentrated
Here’s a Malphigian tubule.
They have a closed end which lies in the fluid-filled activity known as the hemocoel, and an open end which opens into the gut between the midgut and the rectum.
K+ ions, Na+ ions, nitrogenous waste products and amino
acids enters the tubules
Urine enters the midgutand rectum
Solute and water reabsorption
Urine is excreted – semi-solid
Here’s how it works.
There is a tremendous amount of water reabsorption in the rectum and the uratesprecipitates as uric acid.
Here’s a crustacean green gland
(Find it, actually. It’s green.)
Consists of blind-ending sac called the end sac connected to a tubule, the nephridial canal, which terminates in a region called the bladder which exits to the external environment via an excretory pore situated near at the base of the antenna.
Coelomic fluid surrounds end sac
Coelomic fluid is filtered and stored in antennal glands
Initial urine is producedUrine passes through
nephridial canal
Bladder Excretory pore
Here’s how it works.
initial urine produced doesn’t have substances with high molecular weight, such as proteins
water and solutes are reabsorb in nephridial canal
You might be wondering why
the respiratory system
included here.
If you are
then, you must have forgotten that
the respiratory system
excrete
Carbon dioxide
So, I heard you’re familiar with
The respiratory system
It is responsible for providing oxygen and for the elimination of carbon dioxide.
We all know how it works.
Nose Larynx Trachea
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli sacs
Nose Larynx
Trachea Bronchioles Bronchi
The exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli sacs wherein the carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated blood diffuses inside its capillaries and is eliminated through the nose.
The digestive system
Produces feces – waste materials that consist largely of undigested foods, digestive juices, mucus, and bacterium
The skin,
like everyone says, is the largest outer organ in an animal’s body.
Because it covers everything in them to protect the animal and for the regulation of temperature in their bodies.
The skin,
contains 1.6 to 4 million of sudoriferous glands or sweat glands.
Sweat glands: small tube-shaped gland in the skin of most parts of the body from which sweat is released
Cells under the eccrine sweat glands produces sweat
Moves to the coiled duct connected to the skin
Salts are reabsorbedSweat surfaces and
evaporates
Sweat: mixture of salt and water, with little amounts of metabolic wastes that are produced when someone’s body is hot or due to anxiety, fear, illness or strenuous activity
Here’s how it works.
Do you know why the
The liver
is included here?
Because it excretes metabolic wastes to form bile to be used by the body in emulsifying fats.
Bile is released to emulsify fats
The gall bladder produces the mucous, salts and bile salts, proteins, hormones and enzymes for the bile
Blood enters the liver through hepatic artery
Blood enters the lobules
Wastes are removed, bile is produced
Bile goes to the gall bladder
The are
- shaped organs
and are the major/main excretory organ used by the vertebrates . They are responsible in removing wastes in the body and in regulating the amount of fluids in the body
Nephron is its functional unit. It filter the blood and cause wastes to be removed as urine.
Nephron performs ultrafiltration,secretion and absorption.
Filtration occurs in Malphigianbody, which is composed of a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus together with the cupped end of the renal tubule called Bowman’s capsule.
Loop of Henle is the region of the nephron of a kidney where the production of concentration gradients allows the kidney to produce concentrated urine.
Blood enters the renal artery
Arterioles Capillaries of glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule , where ultrafiltration
occursRenal tubuleUrine is produced
Renal cavity ureters Bladder
Urethra
Here’s how it works.
Other functions of the kidney
Regulates the water on the blood through antidiuretic hormones; also called vasopressin
Helps regulating the blood’s sodium and potassium through hormone aldosterone
Adjusts the acid-base balance
Secretes the hormone erythropoietin that influences the production of red blood cells
These metabolic wastes are:
Carbon dioxide and water
Excess nitrogen
solutes
produced by the body in some ways.
It all starts with this statement:
AnimAls cAn’t excrete excess Amino Acids
Therefore, these amino acids are subsequently metabolized to produce glucose. This is called deamination and it
leads to the production of ammonia.
And take note:
Ammonia is a
highly toxic
compound.
So, it’s very dangerous to animals.
And they have to deal with that newly-formed substance.
They deal with it in three ways:
By excreting it unchanged
By converting it to urea
before excreting it
By converting it to uric acid
and then excreting it
Animals who excrete
ammonia unchanged are the
Aquatic animals
and they are called Ammonotelic.
Because ammonia is soluble in water, it easily diffuses through the gills to the immediate environment.
The term uricotelic,
applies for the terrestial animals,
that excrete ammonia through urea.
This one’s and other mammals are uricotelic. Urea is very common and abundant in their urine.
And lastly, animals who excrete ammonia in the form of
Uric acid are called
Uricotelic.
These three are uricotelic.
Excreting is very important to an animal
especially on humans.
But there are those times wherein excreting is very hard to do.
Just like having..
Urinary tract infections
which are usually caused by bacteria.
This usually cause pain in urinating.
And it actually can cause..
Kidney stones
which are small, crystallized substances, such as calcium, that form in the kidney or other parts of the
urinary tract.Treatment is to get rid of these stones before things get worse.
And some people, unfortunately,
can’t Perspire.
They have
Anhidrosis.
Their sweat glands don’t work properly and it’s genetic.
There’s no treatment. Just the lifestyle.
So
Do you know now what is
Excretory system,
and its importance ?
its different structures
I hope you do.
Because without it…
References
• Ian Kay, “Introduction to Animal Physiology”, 1998, pp. 160-174
• "Liver." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
• "Kidney." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
• Edelson, Richard L. "Skin." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.