GERMANYPresented By: Group- 3Sukriti Sharma (30)Divya Vij (41)Sagarika Roy (28)

GEOGRAPHY• Location:

Western Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north, to the east by Czech Republic and Poland, south by Austria and Switzerland and to the west by France,, Belgium and the Netherlands.

• Geographic coordinates: 51 00 N, 9 00 E• Area: total: 357,022 sq km country comparison to the world: 62 land: 348,672 sq km water: 8,350 sq km• Land boundaries: total: 3,621 km• Coastline: 2,389 km

QUICK FACTS• Federal Parliamentary Republic of 16 states.• President: Christian Wulff, Chancellor: Angela Merkel.• Berlin is the capital and the largest city.• Member of UN, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OCED.• 4th largest economy by nominal GDP, 5th by PPP, 2nd largest exporter, 3rd largest

importer in the world.• German is the official language.• Currency is Euro.• Recognized as a scientific and technological leader in several fields.

RESOURCES• Natural resources: coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium,

potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land• Land use: arable land: 33.13% permanent crops: 0.6% other: 66.27% (2005)• Irrigated land: 4,850 sq km (2003)• Total renewable water resources: 188 cu km (2005)• Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 38.01 cu km/yr (12%/68%/20%) per capita: 460 cu m/yr (2001)• Natural hazards: flooding

STATISTICS• Population: 82,282,988 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 15• Age structure: 0-14 years: 13.7% (male 5,768,366/female 5,470,516) 15-64 years: 66.1% (male 27,707,761/female 26,676,759) 65 years and over: 20.3% (male 7,004,805/female 9,701,551) (2010 est.)• Median age: total: 44.3 years male: 43 years female: 45.6 years (2010 est.)• Population growth rate: -0.061% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 205• Birth rate: 8.21 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 220

• Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41• Net migration rate: 2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 39• Urbanization: urban population: 74% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 0.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)• Sex ratio: at birth: 1.055 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)• Infant mortality rate: total: 3.95 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 206 male: 4.36 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

• Ethnic groups: • German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of

Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)• Religions: • Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or

other 28.3%• Literacy: • definition: age 15 and over can read and write• total population: 99%• Education expenditures: • 4.6% of GDP (2004)• country comparison to the world: 82

HISTORY• Roman commander Julius Caesar referred to the unconquered

area east of the Rhine as Germania.• Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by

the Roman Empire.• Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the Franks subdued the

other West Germanic tribes• In 843, the eastern part became East Francia, ruled by Louis the

German.• Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the

medieval German state.

• In the early 16th century, Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) left vast areas depopulated.

• Peace of Westphalia of 1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire.

• After the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), an Austrian-led German Confederation of 39 states was formed.

• A German Empire that excluded Austria was formed in 1871 under the leadership of Prussia and its "Iron Chancellor", Otto von Bismarck.

• By 1900, Germany's economy was by far the largest in Europe.• The Empire was replaced by the democratic Weimar Republic

(1918–1933) due to the defeat of Germany in WW1 (1914-1918)

• During the Great Depression (1929–1933) , German politics divided into Communists and Nazis.

• In 1933, the Nazis under Adolf Hitler gained power and imposed a totalitarian regime.

• The Holocaust was prevailing during that time.• World War II (1939–1945), Germany was again defeated, but this

time divided between capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany.

• Cold War started between the East and West Germany.• They got united in 1989 with the collapse of Communism.• Germany has become increasingly integrated into the European

Union in 1992.

CULTURE• The land of poets and thinkers.• The UNESCO inscribed 33 properties in

Germany on the World Heritage List.• Various German authors and poets have won great renown,

including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. • German philosophers have helped shape Western philosophy since

the Middle Ages, like Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the establishment of classical German idealism by Immanuel Kant

• German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky . Also the Berlin Film Festival, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals. The Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam are the oldest large-scale film studios in the world and a centre for international film production.

• Germany claims some of the world's most renowned classical music composers, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Johannes Brahms and Richard Wagner

• Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, home to some of the world's largest media conglomerates, including Bertelsmann, the Axel Springer AG and ProSiebenSat.1 Media

• Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide.

• Great cuisine, fine wines, and excellent beers form an integral aspect of life in Germany.

• Germany is a modern, cosmopolitan, creative society, shaped by a plurality of lifestyles and regional differences.

ECONOMIC SUMMARY

ECONOMIC FACTORS• GDP (purchasing power parity):

$2.925 trillion (2008 est.)country comparison to the world: 6 $2.887 trillion (2007 est.)$2.817 trillion (2006 est.)note: data are in 2008 US dollars

• GDP - real growth rate: • 1.3% (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 167 • 2.5% (2007 est.)• 3.2% (2006 est.)

• GDP - per capita (PPP): • $35,500 (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 33 • $35,000 (2007 est.)• $34,200 (2006 est.)• note: data are in 2008 US dollars

• GDP - composition by sector: • agriculture: 0.9%• industry: 30.1%• services: 69.1% (2008 est.)

• Labor force: • 43.6 million (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 14 • Labor force - by occupation: • agriculture: 2.4%• industry: 29.7%• services: 67.8% (2005)• Unemployment rate: • 7.8% (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 106 • 9% (2007 est.)• Population below poverty line: • 11% (2001 est.)

• Investment (gross fixed): • 19.2% of GDP (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 121 • Budget: • revenues: $1.591 trillion• expenditures: $1.591 trillion (2008 est.)• Public debt: • 66% of GDP (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 20 • 65.8% of GDP (2004 est.)• Inflation rate (consumer prices): • 2.7% (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 31 • 2.3% (2007 est.)

INDUSTRIES

• Among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

• Industrial production growth rate: • 0.1% (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 131 • Agriculture - products: • potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs,

poultry

ENERGY COSUMPTION• Electricity - production: • 593.4 billion kWh (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 8 • Electricity - consumption: • 547.3 billion kWh (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 7 • Electricity - exports: • 61.7 billion kWh (2008 est.)• Electricity - imports: • 41.67 billion kWh (2008 est.)

• Oil - production: • 150,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 46 • Oil - consumption: • 2.569 million bbl/day (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 7 • Oil - exports: • 582,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 26 • Oil - imports: • 2.777 million bbl/day (2008 est.)• country comparison to the world: 6

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS• Exports: • $1.498 trillion (2009 est.)• country comparison to the

world: 2 • $1.35 trillion (2009 est.)• Exports - commodities: • machinery, vehicles, chemicals,

metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles

• Exports - partners: • France 9.7%, US 7.1%, UK 6.7%,

Netherlands 6.6%, Italy 6.4%, Austria 5.4%, Belgium 5.2%, Spain 4.4%, Poland 4% (2009)

• Imports: • $1.232 trillion (2008 est.)• country comparison to the

world: 3 • $1.079 trillion (2007 est.)• Imports - commodities: • machinery, vehicles,

chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals

• Imports - partners: • Netherlands 12.5%, France

8.3%, Belgium 7.5%, China 6.2%, Italy 5.7%, UK 5.4%, Austria 4.3%, Russia 4.2%, US 4.2% (2008)

TRANSPORTATION• Airports: • 550 (2009)• country comparison to the world: 13 • Railways: • total: 41,896 km• country comparison to the world: 6 • Roadways: • total: 644,480 km• country comparison to the world: 11 • Waterways: • 7,467 km• country comparison to the world: 19 • Pipelines: • gas 24,364 km; oil 3,379 km; refined products 3,843 km

(2008

• Telephones - main lines in use: • 51.5 million (2008)• country comparison to the world: 3 • Telephones - mobile cellular: • 107.245 million (2008)• country comparison to the world: 8 • Television broadcast stations: • 373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) • Internet users: • 61.973 million (2008)• country comparison to the world: 6

POLITICAL SYSTEM• Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic

republic.• President is the head of state and Chancellor is the head of

government. President of Bundestag is the second highest in order of precedence.

• The Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor) heads the Bundesregierung (Federal Government) and thus the executive branch of the federal government.

• Germany, like the United Kingdom, can thus be classified as a parliamentary system.

• The Chancellor cannot be removed from office during a four year term unless the Bundestag has agreed on a successor.

Federal legislature • Federal legislative power is divided between the Bundestag

(Federal Diet)and the Bundesrat (Federal Council).• The Bundestag is directly elected by the German people,

whilst the Bundesrat represents the regional states.• The Bundestag is more powerful than the Bundesrat and only

need the latter's consent for proposed legislation related to revenue shared by the federal and state governments.

• The Bundestag (Federal Diet) is elected for a four year term and consists of 598 or more members

Office Name Party Since

President Christian Wulff

Christian Democratic Union

30 June 2010

Chancellor Angela Merkel Christian Democratic Union

22 November 2005

Other government parties

Free Democratic PartyChristian Social Union

Main office holders

CHALLENGE

29

The First World War:

•War involving nearly all the nations of the world

•1914-1918

What?

• When?

30

The First World War:• Why?

Long term -

1. Alliance system

2. Imperialist Competition

3. Stockpiling of Weapons

Short term - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914

31

The First World War:• Who?

GermanyAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireBulgaria

RussiaFranceGreat BritainItalyJapanUnited States (1917)

Central Powers: Allies:

32

The First World War:• Where?

The impact of the First World War on Germany’s Economy

•DIRE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES

• COST INCURRED: $40 Billion

• INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT : - 40%

•PHYSICALLY UNFIT WORKFORCE •FOOD SHORTAGES

•“GERMANS ATE DOGS,COWS,ZOO ANIMALS AND RODENTS”

• UPTO 35% ILLEGAL TRADE

• SHORTAE OF RAW MATERIAL

• FORBIDDEN TO DRIVE CARS (From 1915 until the end of the war)

• VERSAILLES EFFECT ON GERMANY:

• First clause: Germany was forced to pay for the whole of WWI.

• Second clause: Germany had to disarm.

• Third clause: Territory of Germany had to be greatly reduced.

• The Treaty of Versailles set the scene for the chain of events which led to WWII.

The impact of the Second World War on Germany’s Economy• Germany got divided into four zones

(American, British, French and Soviet).

• Berlin was divided into four sectors.

• Germany east of the Oder and Neisse rivers was transferred to Poland and Soviet Union.

• The German population of other regions was expelled and forcibly moved to Germany.

• Hyperinflation: Prices rose by about 85% in the twelve months from December 1944.

• The process of 'denazification' was felt to be very degrading.

• The infrastructure had been very badly damaged by British and Americas bombing.

• Germany was *morally* bankrupt.

• Shortage of food.

• To clear rubble from the streets of the cities that resisted the carriageway.

• The Soviet Union didn't return all POWs till 1955.

• It was above all the Cold War and the long postwar boom that pulled Germany out this mess.

THANK YOU