ger detailed

8/13/2019 GER Detailed

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THE BUCHAREST ACADEMY OF

ECONOMIC STUDIES

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH METHODSFINAL PAPERWhat is the Gross

Enrollment Ratio in

EU Member

Countries?

Moroianu Sorin

Bucharest

2014


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1. The Research Question

The purpose of my analysis falls into the category of descriptive research. The objective of

my research was to accurately describe the development of the educational system in the

European countries.

Gross enrollment rate is the total enrollment in primary school, regardless of age, in a given

year, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population for primary school.

The purpose of the gross enrollment rate is that it shows the general level of participation

in formal schooling by the childhood population. A gross enrollment rate value of 100 percent

indicates that a country is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-aged population.

GER can be used instead of the net enrolment ratio (NER) when data on enrolment by

single years of age are not available and it can also be used together with the NER to measure the

extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment.

2. Relevant literary review

The Millenium Development Goals are eightinternational developmentgoals that were

established following theMillennium Summit of theUnited Nations in 2000, following the

adoption of theUnited Nations Millennium Declaration.

The second goal in the United Nations Development Goal is to achieve Universal Primary

Education, more specifically, to ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike

will be able to complete a full course ofprimary schooling." Currently, there are more than 75

million children around the world of primary school age who are not in school. The majority of

these children are in regions ofsub-Saharan Africa andSouth Asia and within these countries,

girls are at the greatest disadvantage in receiving access to education at the primary school age.

Since the Millennium Development Goals were launched, many developing countries, such
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Summithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Summithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development


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asChina,Chile,Cuba,Singapore andSri Lanka, have successfully completed a campaign

towards universal primary education.

A great factor that contributes to a childs lack of access and attendance toprimary education

is location. In certain areas of the world it is more difficult for children to get to school. Forexample; in high-altitude areas of India, severe weather conditions for more than 7 months of the

year make school attendance erratic and force children to remain at home

In these remote locations, insufficient school funds contribute to low attendance rates by

creating undesirable and unsafe learning environments.

3. Explanation of the selection of variables and dataObviously the selection of the Gross Enrollment Ratio as a variable in my analysis is directly

related to the research question.

GER shows the overall coverage of an educational system in relation to the population eligible

for participation in the system. This ratio is useful for those who are interested in the overall

participation of the school-age population, including both primary and secondary levels .

GER can also be used for comparing two or more countries and urban and rural areas.

3.1. How to calculate GERFor example, if a nation has 900,000 people enrolled in school in the academic year 2005/06,

this number is divided by the total number of school-age individuals. Suppose this number is

1,000,000. This means 90 percent of the people are enrolled; or that 90 percent is the Gross

Enrollment Ratio of that nation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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GER = number of actual students enrolled / number of potential students enrolled

=

=

A combined gross enrollment ratio (CGER), incorporating all three levels of education, is used to

calculate theHuman Development Index (HDI),an annualgauge of well-beingforUNmember

states.Amongst other measures used in the calculation, the CGER is given one-third weight in

assessing theknowledgecomponent, represented by gross enrollment, while the

adultliteracyrate is assigned two-thirds weight.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_well-beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_well-beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_well-beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_member_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_well-beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index


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4. Summarized Sample Data using descriptive statistic measures.By applying the Descriptive Statistics feature from Excels Data Analysis Add-in feature on my

GER, I have obtained the following results:

GER

Mean 105.8953612

Standard Error 1.894879258

Median 105.1765914

Mode #N/A

Standard Deviation 7.579517033

Sample Variance 57.44907845

Kurtosis 4.969407011

Skewness 1.930754788

Range 31.13358848

Minimum 97.56938228

Maximum 128.7029708

Sum 1694.325779

Count 16

Confidence

Level(95.0%) 4.038839534

margin of error 3.713963346

upper limit 109.6093245

lower limit 102.1813978

c.of Var 0.071575534

Regarding the measure of the central tendency, the value of the median indicates that

50% of the GER values are above 105. This indicates that more than a half of the European

countries are theoretically able of accommodating its school-aged population.


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Moving on to the measures of variability, we can observe that the range( indicator of

dispersion, higher score=higher deviations) is 31.1 which means that the difference between the

highest and the lowest value is 31.1

The measure for dispersion of variability, the variance is around 57.4, while the standard

deviation, another measure of dispersion is square root of variance, 7.57.

In order to find the relative dispersion we can calculate the coefficient of variation

using the following formula:

Coefficient of variation =

= 0.07

In order to observe shape of the distribution, I have used a histogram that is allowing us

to observe that the data is not normally distributed

Bin Frequency

97.56938 1

105.3528 7

113.1362 6

120.9196 1

More 1

This conclusion can also be reached by examining the values of the mean, median and

mode. Since these values are not equal, the shape of the distribution is not normal.

02468

Frequency

Bin

Histogram

Frequency


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The shape of the histograms distribution is not normal due to the fact that kurtosis(which

shows peakness or flatness of distribution) and skewness(symmetry of distribution) are not close

to 0 but they are both positive so the shape is Right Tail Extremes.

5. Population mean variable with 95%Through the use of the Excel Data Analysis Tool, the confidence level has been identified

as 3.713963346, so the confidence interval will be:

- 3.713963346+ 3.713963346

That means that belongs to the following interval [102.1813978, 109.6093245]

I am 95% confident that the mean belongs to the previously mentioned interval.

6. Scatter Diagram

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

Correlation between GER and Enrollment

GER

(Y)

Enrollment(X)


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7. Covariance and Correlation

Correlation Enrollment GER

Enrollment 1

GER 0.529017 1

Covariance Enrollment GER

Enrollment 2427851

GER 6049.333 53.85851105

The value of the sample covariance is 6049.333. Due to the fact that it is a positive

number, both x and y tend to move in the same direction.

The coefficient of correlation is 0.529017. This value is closer to 1 and that means that

there is a strong linear relationship between the two variables. The relationship appears strong

due to the fact that the value of the coefficient exceeds 0.5

Interpretation: Countries with high primary school enrollment population also tend to

have a high Gross Enrollment Ratio

Bibliography:

http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/mdgs.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Primary_Education

http://www.unsiap.or.jp/ematerial/ematerial_other/PCD_M2_fiji/PCD_M2_4_P2.pdf

http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v19n2/doane.pdf
http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/mdgs.htmlhttp://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/mdgs.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Primary_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Primary_Educationhttp://www.unsiap.or.jp/ematerial/ematerial_other/PCD_M2_fiji/PCD_M2_4_P2.pdfhttp://www.unsiap.or.jp/ematerial/ematerial_other/PCD_M2_fiji/PCD_M2_4_P2.pdfhttp://www.unsiap.or.jp/ematerial/ematerial_other/PCD_M2_fiji/PCD_M2_4_P2.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Primary_Educationhttp://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/mdgs.html

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