geothermal energy in the world and the un sustainable

Geothermal Energy in the World andthe UN Sustainable Development Goals

Lúdvík S. Georgsson

UNU Geothermal Training Programme

SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal ResourcesLake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, November 13 – December 3, 2019

Contents

SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources Nov. 20, 2019 / LSG

1. UN Sustainable Development Goals

2. Use of geothermal energy in the World - statistics and future scenarios based on WGC 2015 in Melbourne, WEC 2019 and some recent additions

3. Examples of use of geothermal energy with emphasis on Africa and Iceland

4. UNU Geothermal Training Programme

Energy plays a key role in all three dimensions of Sustainable Development:

• A principal driver of macroeconomic growth Energy is needed to produce economic growth

• A source of environmental stress (all types – but in different quantities!) Climate change, acid rain, smog, subsidence etc.

• A prerequisite for meeting basic human needs Human development and wellbeing closely linked to access to high quality energy

Energy is a core component for global sustainability

Focus on Energy - why?

Social

Economic Environmental


World Energy Situation in 2019(WEC, 2019)

• At present, 1 billion people, of the 7.6 billion people living on our planet (2018) have not access to electricity (WEC, 2019):

• World population expected to grow to about 10.2 billion by 2060

• Key issue to improve standard of living is to make clean energy available to everybody at affordable prices

• World energy consumption is expected to continue increasing

• A large share of the increase is expected to come from renewables

• A key question is: Are we ready to pursue energy solutions needed to control climate change? – i.e. limit „the increase in global average temperatures to well below 2°C“ as agreed to at COP21 in 2015

For that we must increasingly turn to the renewables !!SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources Nov. 20, 2019 / LSG

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)


Where Does Geothermal Come in??

Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls


Goal 7: Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All

Affordable: Geothermal energy is affordable in comparison with other energy sources

Reliable: Geothermal provides reliable base load power with a high capacity factor

Sustainable: Appropriate management of resources can ensure long term utilization

Modern: As modern as any thermal power plant

Access: Definitely accessible – but still one billion people on the planet are without access to electricity – in the developing countries


Utilization of Primary Energy in the World in 2015

Total utilization 565 ExaJoules (WEC, 2019)

Energy source Primary Energy, EJ %

Fossil fuel 462 81.9

Oil 179 31.7

Gas 123 21.8

Coal 160 28.4

Renewables 77 13.6

Biomass 55 9.7

Hydro 13.7 2.4

Other renewables 8.1 1.4

Nuclear 26 4.6


WEC Future Scenarios for 2060 (WEC, 2019)

Three quite different scenarios!!

Modern Jazz – market-led, digitally disrupted world with faster-paced and more uneven economicgrowth. May accelerate clean energy access on both global and local scales.Total utilization predicted to be 677 EJ or 20% increaseShare of renewables predicted to become about 29%Fossil fuels still fairly dominating with 63%

Unfinished Symphony – A strong, coordinated, policy-led world with long-term planning and unitedglobal action to address connected challenges, including decarbonisation.Total utilization predicted to be 640 EJ or 13% increaseShare of renewables predicted to reach about 35%Fossil fuels still fairly strong – but utilization lowered to 50%

Hard Rock – fragmented world with inward-looking policies, lower growth and less globalcooperation.Total utilization predicted to be 774 EJ or 37% increaseShare of renewables predicted to reach about 23%Fossil fuels still very much dominating with about 70%

No scenario achieves the Paris Agreement targets of 2°C


Electricity Production vs. Energy Sources 2015-2060 (WEC, 2019)

2015 2060 – MJazz 2060 – USym. 2060 – HRock

TWh % TWh % TWh % TWh %

Coal 9,341 39 2,403 4 1,219 2 8,137 19

Gas 5,561 23 21,372 37 14,749 25 11,070 25.5

Hydro 3,903 16 6,540 11.5 7,660 13 6,786 16

Nuclear 2,571 11 4,811 8 7,818 13 5,394 12.5

Oil 990 4 526 1 92 0.2 594 1.5

Oth. renewables 1705 7 22,246 38.5 27,543 47 11,033 25.5

Total 24,072 57,898 59,082 43,012


Electricity Production from Renewables in 2015-2060 (WEC, 2013**/2019*)

Production/a*MJazz – 2060Product./a*

USym – 2060Product./a*

HRoc – 2060Product./a*

Capacity factor**

TWh/a % TWh/a % TWh/a % TWh/a % %

Hydro 3,903 69.6 6,540 22.7 7,660 21.8 6,786 38.1 39

Biomass 527 9.4 2,567 8.9 2,872 8.2 2,017 11.3 54

Wind 840 15.0 9,523 33.1 10,786 30.6 4,443 24.9 21

Solar 256 4.6 8,821 30.6 11,773 33.4 3,943 22.1 10

Geothermal 80 1.4 599 2.1 859 2.4 365 2.0 72

Other 2 0 736 2.6 1253 3.6 265 1.5

Total 5,608 100 28,786 100 35,203 100 17,819 100 37


Electricity Cost of the Renewables(Taylor et al., 2015*)

Costin 2014*

US¢/kWh

Installation cost 2014*

USD/kW

Capacity increase in early 2000s

% per year

Hydro 2-15 450-3,500 2

Biomass 3-14 400-6,820 3

Geothermal 7-15 1,900-5,100 4

Wind-Onshore

Wind-Offshore

6-12

13-20

1,340-2,330

2,700-6,53030

Solar-photovoltaic

Solar-therm./conc.

12-24

19-39

1,690-4,250

3,550-8,760

30

5

Tidal 8-15 0


Technical Potential of Renewable Energy Sources (EJ/Year)

EJ per year

50276

1575

640

5000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Hydro-power

Biomass Solarenergy

Windenergy

Geothermalenergy


Geothermal is

Beautiful


Geothermal is Comforting


Geothermal is Spectacular


Geothermal isStrange


Geothermal isTerrifying


Geothermal isAncient


Geothermal Provides Electricity


Geothermal is Fun


But is Geothermal our Solution for Sustainable Energy Development ??


Geothermal Energy 2015(Lund and Boyd, 2015, Bertani, 2015)

• A clean, renewable and environmentally benign energy source based on the heat in the earth

• Used in 82 countries of the world, known in over 90

• Electricity generation in 24 countries – installed capacity 12,635 MWe

– utilization 73,549 GWh/a

• Direct use in 82 countries – installed capacity 70.3 GWt

– utilization 587,786 TJ/year

• Geothermal was number four of the renewable energy sources in world electricity production after hydro, biomass and wind; but solar energy passed it some years ago.


Geothermal Utilization 2015 Electrical Production – Top Twelve

(Bertani, 2015) - Red Numbers Recent Updates

MWe GWh/a

USA 3,450 – 3650 16,600

Philippines 1,870 9,646

Indonesia 1,340 – 1919 9,600

Mexico 1,017 – 951 6,071

New Zealand 1,005 – 980 7,000

Italy 916 – 944 5,660

Iceland 665 – 755 5,245

Kenya 594 – 850 2,848

Japan 519 – 542 2,687

Turkey 397 – 1345 3,127

Costa Rica 207 1,511

El Salvador 204 1,442SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources Nov. 20, 2019 / LSG

25

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

MW

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Geothermal Electricity

Country Trends 1995-2015 (Bertani, 2015)


26

Geothermal Electricity Near-future Perspectives (Bertani, 2015)

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

24000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

MW

World Geothermal Electricity

13 GW

22 GW

15 GW


Geothermal Utilization 2015 Direct Use – Top Twelve (Lund and Boyd, 2015)

MWt GWh/a

China 17,870 48,435

USA 17,416 21,075

Sweden 5,600 14,423

Turkey 2,886 12,536

Iceland 2,040 7,422

Japan 2,186 7,259

Germany 2,847 5,426

Finland 1,560 5,000

France 2,347 4,408

Canada 1,467 3,227

Hungary 906 2,852

Italy 1,014 2,412


Geothermal Direct Use in 2015(Lund and Boyd, 2015)

• Geothermal energy use – 587,786 TJ/year:• 55.3% for ground-source heat pumps

• 20.3% for bathing and swimming

• 15.0% for space heating

• 4.5% for greenhouse and open ground heating

• 2.0% for aquaculture ponds and raceway heating

• 1.8% for industrial process heating

• 0.4% for snow-melting and cooling

• 0.4% for agricultural drying

• 0.3% for other uses (desalination, bottle washing, animal farming and spirulinacultivation, etc.)


Geothermal Direct Use 1995-2015(Lund and Boyd, 2015)

2015 2010 2005 2000 1995

TJ/yr 587,786 423,830 273,372 190,699 112,441

MWt 70,329 48,493 28,269 15,145 8,664

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

Cap

acit

y, M

Wt

Uti

liza

tio

n, T

J/yr


Worldwide Direct Use (TJ/yr)(Lund and Boyd, 2015)

SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources Nov. 20, 2019 / LSG0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Uti

lizat

ion

, TJ/

yr

2015

2010

2005

2000

1995

1 - Geothermal Heat Pumps2 - Space Heating3 - Greenhouse Heating4 - Aquaculutre Pond Heating5 - Agricultural Drying6 - Industrial Uses7 - Bathing and Swimming8 - Cooling / Snow Melting9 - Others

Utilization – Modified Lindal Diagram

Source: Gehringer and Loksha, Geothermal Handbook: Planning and Financing Power Generation, ESMAP 2012

The resource temperature limits the possible uses

Cascade and combined uses enhance the feasibility

Examples: Use the same geothermal water

first for industrial heating and thereafter for space heating (cascade uses)

A geothermal plant that produces both electricity and hot water for district heating (Combined Heat and Power - CHP)


Geothermal Hot Spots – East Africa –

• Acute energy need – abundance of indigenous geothermal energy associated with East African Rift System

• Kenya Vision 2030 aims at putting 5000 MW on-line in year 2030

• Ethiopia has also started drilling and is preparing for serious development

• Rwanda has been drilling but without success so far.

• Djibouti has just started drilling again and Tanzania is preparing for it.


Olkaria - KenyaProduction started in 1981

Reached 202 in 2010

In 2014 two 140 MWe plants and ~ 50 MWe of well-head generators commissioned by

KenGen and 26 MWe by OrPower in Olkaria – taking

capacity to 594 MWe.

With Olkaria V coming online 2019 producing 160 MW,

Kenya is now above the 800 MWe mark in geothermal

electricity

Olkaria IV – 2 x 70 MWe

Nov. 20, 2019 / LSGSDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal ResourcesOlkaria – wellhead generators

• Modelled after the Blue Lagoon

• Construction started in 2011 and completed in 2013

• Enjoys increasing popularity among tourists

Olkaria Geothermal Spa, Kenya


Oserian Greenhouse Farm, Kenya

Produces cutflowers for European markets

Started geothermal heating plus CO2 addition in 2003 to improve quality

Now biggest geothermal greenhouse farm in world with 50 ha. heated w. geothermal


Geothermal Greenhouses in Sahara, Tunisia

Replace cooling towers to cool irrigation water from deep wells in the oasis from 75°C down to 30°C.

Geothermal a biproduct of irrigation.

First UNDP experimental greenhouse in 1985 - Steady expansion –reached 244 hectares in 2014

Main products tomatoes and melons for export to Europe

Many jobs created for local men and women


Bathing and Washing in EritreaMai Wuye – 60-70°C

Primary Energy Consumption in Iceland 2017(Ragnarsson, 2018)

Primary energy consumption 730 GJ/capita

1 PJ = 1000 TJ = 1,000,000 GJ

1 kWh = 3,600 kJ

1 toe = 41.868 GJ

PJ Ktoe %

Hydropower 50.6 1,209 20.3

Geothermal 152.2 3,635 60.9

Oil 42.2 1008 16.9

Coal 4.8 115 1.9

Total 249.8 5,966 100

Hydro20.3%

Geothermal60.9%

Oil16.9%

Coal1.9%


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Svartsengi 74.4 MW

Krafla 60 MW

Bjarnarflag 3.2 MW

Nesjavellir120 MW

Húsavík 2 MW

GWh/year

Hellisheiði 303 MW

Reykjanes 100 MW

Þeistareykir 90 MW

Geothermal Electricity Generation1970-2017 (Ragnarsson, 2018)


The Svartsengi Power PlantCo-production of Electricity and Hot Water in 5 Different PPs

Total Installed Capacity in 2018 –150 MWt (450 L/s) and 75 MWe


Theistareykir Power Plant, NE-Iceland

• 1st unit 45 MWe commissioned in Nov. 2017, and 2nd unit 45 MW in April 2018

• 18 wells drilled to average depth 2700 m

• Mainly supplying electricity to a new silica production plant at Husavik at the coast –producing about 33 000 tonnes/year


Thanks to Geothermal District Heating Reykjavik is One of the World´s Cleanest Capitals

Reykjavik Energy supplies hot water for heating to the capital area and serves about 250 000 people or 70% of Iceland’s population. Total number of employees is 450 and turnover in 2015 about 320 million USD.

Total installed capacity 1 100 MWt –annual hot water production about 83 million m3 in 2015.

HS Orka serves 27 000 people on Reykjanes Peninsula.

Nordurorka serves 23 000 people in N-Iceland.

Reykjavik 1995

Reykjavik 1933


Source: Gunnlaugsson, 2015

Savings of CO2 Emissions in Reykjavikby Geothermal Heating


Outdoor Swimming

140 recreational swimming centres with geothermally heated pools, total of 34,000 m2

Mostly outdoor pools, open to the public throughout year with temperatures of 28-30°C

Reykjavik community –population 124,000 – visitors to the seven public swimming pools 1.9 million in 2017


Geothermal Water/Steam Used for Drying

• Reykholar, NW-Iceland – seaweed drying and processing – mainly used as animal fodder or fertilizer

• Reykjanes, SW-Iceland and Laugar, N-Iceland – indoor geothermal fish drying. Mainly fish-heads exported to Nigeria, where they are sold in markets and used as protein in soup

• Annual production approx. 12 000 tonnes of cod-heads


The Blue Lagoon Spa

• Byproduct of Svartsengi power plant at Reykjanes Peninsula –located in a hostile lava field, 10-15 km from nearest towns

• Holds 6 000 000 litres of 37-39°C brine, which is renewed every 40 hours

• Used by people suffering from psoriasis and other forms for eczema, seeking therapeutic effects from the silica rich brine

• Extremely popular by tourists – in 2017 over 1 300 000 visitors, or 2/3 of all foreign tourists came there


Blue Lagoon CosmeticsNon-energy Products from Geothermal Fluids

The Blue Lagoon Cosmetics

Products created from the geothermal brine - enjoying increasing market success, especially – not least the skin products


UNU Geothermal Training ProgrammeOur Purpose is …

… to assist developing nations with significant geothermal potential to build up geothermal expertise to be able to develop these important renewable energy resources for the benefit of its people

… to provide university graduates engaged in geothermal work with intensive on-the-job training in their chosen field of specialization

… to enhance the skills of the Fellows by working side by side with geothermal professionals in Iceland

… to tailor-make the training for the individual and the needs of his institution and country


Our Organization today

• Operated at Orkustofnun (OS) – the National Energy Authority of Iceland on a special contract between United Nations University (UNU), Government of Iceland (GoI) and Orkustofnun (OS)

• Five full time staff members

• Annually, about 100 lecturers and support staff are hired from Iceland‘s leading geothermal institutes, universities, engineering companies or energy companies in line with the needs of the programme and its trainees at each given time

• Financed by the Government of Iceland


Selection

Candidates for 6-month training are selected by personal interviews usually during site visits to the respective country or at short courses

Candidates should.. have a permanent energy position.. have some practical experience in geothermal work.. be fluent in English.. have a university degree in science or engineering (or economics).. normally be under 40 years of age

All candidates adhere to these criteria including those privately sponsored


6-Month TrainingReviewed Time Schedule from 2015

• A new study line introduced: Project Management and Finances• Others reorganized to fit 8 different lines• Group work introduced into the introductory lecture course


Yearbook

Dec. 2, 2019/LSG

Research projects of 6-month GTP fellows are published in our yearbook since 1994:

Geothermal Training in Iceland

with the publication code:

ISBN 978-9979-68

Sent to libraries of most active geothermal institutions in world

All reports are also available on our website and the UNU online library in an open distribution:

www.unugtp.is


MSc and PhD studies

• Carried out at the University of Iceland (UI) or Reykjavik University (RU)

• The 6-month training can fulfil 25% of requirements for an MSc degree

• MSc Fellowships cover costs associated with living and studying in Iceland – 5 fellowships awarded per year

• Research projects are published by GTP

• PhD studies at UI or RU – 1 Fellowship awarded per year


Participation in GTP in Iceland

• 718 scientists and engineers from 63 countries have completed the 6-month specialized course – now given in 8 different lines of study – 24 were enrolled in 2019

• Thereof 169 are women (24%) – in 2010s female participation has been 33%, and 40% in the last 4 years

• MSc programme – 67 graduates – 10 presently enrolled

• PhD programme with UI from 2008 – first two defended PhD thesis in 2013 and 2016 and one is due to defend in December. Five are pursuing their studies

• Support to former Fellows to attend WGC and GTP anniversaries, and other conferences

1979 – 2019

Asia 35%

Africa 39%

America& Caribbean14%

Europe11%

Oceania 1%


Dec. 2, 2019/LSGSino Icelandic Geothermal Training Program

Home Countries of GTP Fellows 1979-2019


Kenya 45

Tanzania 5Burundi 1

Romania 5

Greece 3

Egypt 4 Jordan 6

Mongolia 9

China 72

Russia 9

Philippines 31

Indonesia 24

Turkey 10

Thailand 5

Ethiopia 26

Poland 14

Honduras 2

Uganda 13

Eritrea 6 Djibouti 5

Vietnam 5

Latvia 1

Lithuania 2

Slovakia 2Ukraine 2

Georgia 1

Iran 20

Pakistan 4

Nepal 2

Algeria 4

Tunisia 6

Macedonia 1

Serbia 3

Nicaragua 8

Costa Rica 16

El Salvador 28

Guatemala 3

Bulgaria 5Azerbaijan 1Albania 2

Yemen 3

Rwanda3

Zambia 1

Kenya 134

Tanzania 19Burundi 2

Romania 9

Greece 3

Egypt 4Jordan 6

Mongolia 12

Mexico 8

China 90

Russia 9

Philippines 43

Indonesia 38

Turkey 10

Thailand 5Ethiopia 45

Poland 14

Honduras 3

Uganda 17

Eritrea 7

Djibouti 19

Vietnam 7

Latvia 1Lithuania 2

Slovakia 2Ukraine 2

Georgia 1

Iran 25

Pakistan 4

Nepal 2Algeria 4

Tunisia 6

Macedonia 1Serbia 3

Nicaragua 13

Costa Rica 18

El Salvador 42

Guatemala 3

Bulgaria 5

Azerbaijan 1Albania 2

Yemen 4

Rwanda 12

Zambia 2

Comoros 2

Dominica 2Nevis 3

Morocco 1

Sri Lanka 4

Bangladesh 5

India 5

Malawi 4

Papua New Guinea 5

St. Vincent 2

Ecuador 5

Sudan 1

Bolivia 5

Portugal 4

Congo 1

Hungary 6

Saint Lucia 2

Montserrat 1

Nigeria 1

GTP Fellows in Iceland 2019

Sino Icelandic Geothermal Training ProgramSDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources Nov. 20, 2019 / LSG

Short Courses in Support of the UN Development Goals

• A special contribution of the Government of Iceland

• Series of Annual Short Courses on Geothermal Exploration and Development given in two continents, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

• UN Millennium Short Course series given during 2005-2015 – in Africa a total of 12 events and 8 events in LAC, adding 1 single event in China

• Close cooperation partner in the African series Kenyan geothermal company KenGenand in the LAC series, the Salvadorian energy company LaGeo

• Series relaunched in 2016 in line with the agreed upon UN Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs with the same main partners

• Through these events about 1500 individuals have enjoyed shorter geothermal training


SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources Nov. 20, 2019 / LSGSino Icelandic Geothermal Training Program Dec. 2, 2019/LSG

Gender Equality

• Gender equality and gender issues are a key element in Icelandic foreign policy and

also for UN

• Energy related research and development is still quite male dominated, not least in

the developing part of the world

• Through the 40 years of 6-month training at GTP in Iceland, only 24% of the Fellows

have been women – the ratio is improving and has been 40% in the last 4 years

• GTP actively promotes Gender Equality - by a gender balanced candidate selection,

cooperating with our sister programme GEST on special gender and energy lectures,

• GTP will continue to increase the share of women selected for training and studies,

with the ultimate goal to reach gender equality in our activities as soon as possible


Changes: UNESCO – GRÓ – GTP

• Government of Iceland (MFA) has decided to discontinue the cooperation with UNU from start of 2020 – instead seeking cooperation with UNESCO

• A new institution is being formed which is expected to become a UNESCO Category 2 Centre and act as an umbrella over the 4 UNU programmes located in Iceland

• The name of this institute will be GRÓ

• So in future UNU-GTP will become UNESCO – GRÓ – GTP

• The Government of Iceland is fully committed to the future support of the Geothermal Training Programme

• I will retire as Director at the end of the year – becoming 70 years later this month.

• The Director of UNESCO – GRÓ – GTP will be Dr. Gudni Axelsson

• We are confident that the operations of GTP will continue in a similar way


GTP is focussing on a Geothermal Future

Our base programme is the 6-month training – 24 participants in 2019

Increased number of fellowships for MSc studies and PhD studies in Iceland

The annual SDG Short Course Series have a sharper focus on the UN SDGs

The Customer-Designed Short Courses are also a important in our operations

Active participation in the running of the 5-month geothermal Diploma Course

at UES has strengthened GTP’s status in the Spanish speaking part of world


Selected References

Bertani, R., 2015: Geothermal power generation in the world 2010-2014 update report. World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19 pp.

Lund, J.W., & Boyd, T.L., 2015: Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015, worldwide review. World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 31 pp.

Ragnarsson, Á., Steingrímsson, B., and Thórhallsson, S., 2018: Geothermal Country Update for Iceland. Proceedings of the 7th

African Rift Geothermal Conference, Kigali, Rwanda, 13 pp.

Taylor, M., Daniel, K., Ilas, A., and Young So, E., 2015: Renewable power generation costs in 2014. International Renewable Energy Agency - IRENA, 164 pp.

WEC, 2013: World energy scenarios. Composing energy futures to 2050. Prep. by the World Energy Council, London.

WEC, 2019: World energy scenarios, 2019. Prepared by the World Energy Council, London.Website: www.worldenergy.org/publications/entry/world-energy-scenarios-2019-exploring-innovation-pathways-to-2040


Thanks for the attention

geothermal energy in the world and the un sustainable

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