-1--

s^pEslgJg_cwlr-Y_q.-$_0Jr*_!aBllai.ns

Expt. No. 1

A I i.i 3 To deternine the specific gravity of soil- particles' . cf the gi.'er, sanple passing 4,75r:n siev_e.

TFIEGY: the speci.fic gravity is the ratio of treight i! atrof a gircn volunie of ciry.soil scltds to the vrieight

in air of an equal- Yolune of dlstilled water at ain

tenperaturs of Z7o C i,e.. Gs = i"'l ro, " i

The speeiftc gralvity of the soil particfes is useful

nail].y i.or deriving ot,her needed l4operties of sol1s

fike void rattor Brain size distribuiion etc. Fqr sand

grains the arrarage value of specific gravity is about

2.65 ancl fcr cl-ay particles it varies flom 2.5 to 2.9

r.rit'h a statistical average of about 2.7. The values of

the specif ic gravity of sotTle of the conunon nineral-s arr:

given in Table 1.1.

APPAIIATUS: SOC cc density bottle, va.cuui'll punpr balance, therno-

rteter , distilled rvacer , r+ash bot'r,l-d .

3ElcEquRE:

1o Derrerriliile the natur2f irat':r con8tent ,cf tlrq .Sry-en---

s-ofl sanple (say w) if oven dxierl sanple is not

supplied .

2. Dly the clensity bottl-e thorougl-ttI and f ind its rnass

r.riih cap (m1).

3. Ta'rte about 10O g of i;hs given soil- into the density

bottle and'f jxd-the nass of the densi'r,y bottle uith

soil- corre ctlY (rlZ)

4. Adcl suff icient r+ater (uptbo aboltt half the capa.city of

density bot tte) to cove'i'i the sor1. .

5 o sl.ralie il:e iensiiy bcitle i+ell- a-nd connect 1l to a vacuut:t

punp to l€l:lcve the en-traPPed a-ir ' Allo'r the air bo-,be

evacuated fir: l-5 ninLites shaiciiig b't-re den6ity bottle. occasicnall:;,

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3 +:'#jag's4s#"'''de:"'+=s

r,*iiii6*djl+'t

-2-'6 . Ila.ke sure that all the entrappetl air has been axperled

out and then diseqxnect the punrp and fll-t the bottle

conrPletelY wlth water

V . I,lar.k a heiZor-rtal Ilne on the s1-r'n of the density bottle

aJrd f ill up the bottle e"'ch tine upto ttre lnark'

g. i{i-peout any excess $ater on tho outer surface o! t!e- ;

bottle arrd find out ,r.ts mass Ong)..Note also the tern- i

pcjrature of tha suspqnsion Tt fu degree C '

g'; Thrcr.,ar. out the contents of the density uottre and Hash

: it,thoro.rghlyi-.ir.'10. FiII th€ densify bottle eoripletely tlith lrater

rface of tnett'. 'rtripe off any excess water qx the outer su

bottle End fi-nd its nass (n4) and the correspontling

tenPeraturo of va'cer ( Tw)

:.|2. Take the avarage value of atl-eastttree* se.tsof readings.

Reportthespeclficgravii;y'of,thesoilcorrespondingtothe standard temparature of noc'

__ __=:_

:

Inaccuracies j-n hreighting the f ailur.e to conrpletely

ellrninate tl'e entrapped ai'r are the nrain sor'rses of

error. Avoid thenr by care:ful ucrlting.

"Te.st .I-

t cr- \^i 1

'Cn:f t*',i.-iu, )-[L.o-r- w.1

-2eq,-i-rre : '{,i,t:.ilrc- \sc1*'( +t( --';'t:i')

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*3b

LE_183]t.I,t4_rlql*gE*qpE,glglq"q-L4lgti

SoiI TTested k .,ftJr+ K--"-.""n/

ypety

:D

u

1

2. lias s of i

I. Descriptionut

-,--J'';-

. i.la.t,er conte-nt of the soi]'sanple irr % (t"t)*

, n"' "t "i-rii; u"7u"r*iT*i;;

I1h --'f g.' i -'

.Np

Tesb.l(r\ -

l&o

. Tes t-2 . :,l(.':-). s;J---;-'-

l6oI'lass of ttG denslty botteie +.soi1 n2 6.

4. Ilass of the dry soi1-ta.ken (Mo) .g , 1^l:_ flfu -l&o 3Ao -l8o

5. l'lass of density bottle +soil + watl .(n2g; ,r -:i, r^r3 46r' 81"

6 . Iempeaaturg.coriespondirig testep 5-.1nr.q"e. c (?s)

7f l'lass of density bottle +'' l,Iater. (M_4) ig,. tA4 flo 7t5

8. Tenpgraturb. Corres nond.insto step (7) Tw in 6c "

9. l,Iass oq-dffiafitre +wate:: (mu ) a. at T"

l-0. Speclfic grsvity correspond-ing to T. (C.)

11. SPeclfic pravlty corresnond-ing to 27o c (ca

oW.t"" content is tothen

I{ass of containerl.{ass of contatne:: +l"Iass of conrtainer +l.lass of waterOtur. r-rf dry soil

i.,lg=M2-Mt1 + (1V100)

"l= *n-Mr)

be deterniined. If

wet so11(Oven dry so11)

oven-dry soil is supplled,

r(d T's *M1 trn @ T*t

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4tr!!?t <l,:t#_'r.'" _-_"-

a4r

Gq=GsX, ""@ t"

Fe density

@ 270

r.rater (r'*)

I1I

of at diff . tenpl See Table 1.2t,'

lnhytb'lteAr agcnite

Augi'[eBentonit eBtotite.Ca].ctie

Chlorlt'e

Dolonlte

Q"thoclase

Plaglocla3e:

Glbbs iteGypsun

3.0

2,*L '..

3.2-3;e.'2itr3-2.183.0 - $.f2,8. - 2r9.

2.6 - 3.0

2.w'2,5? i.

2.62 - 2,'76

2.3O _- 2140

2.32

llaua{;ite

ilomb16rde

fLU-te

Kaolln itetlnontteMagneiite

Mtcas

Mortt-nqr.iLLo-hlteItts coylte

OLlvene

Quar.ta

Ta1c

;:,4iq9 :'. s1.:o

3.2 --3.5'

?.4.:i

.2.6

3.8 ,

5.17

2,7 - 3.1

2A

2.8 -3,tl -216

2.1 -

219

i.gz ,

2.,8. : '

3;88- Sidegi€e--. 3..83

d

Hf,

1

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-. 1.. rl- I

I I .Cyl x I

I r E St 'a j(9 lr) co Er + , l

i.i 3 l:'$,8,: $$ s: ittllril

I r E !i;^ca J o, Fr N h :

i.i q:',lqqq.ttEe i

I j o od.;.;. o o cid r

lln

; , g Q"* .., F! 6 ,Ai": ::E$qqqnqB i

Fl rIuooooooc'c;l*l ' ;.. r\ d I

ei i.i, E B E g,* g s l F H iiit...., li-il' r.'.trl ! r . q? c- I'"ll , i I H b d N F. (o o) (4 r

ai i.t e g,E $ g H q $ q E i".Hf j : rr o J d J d o c o cj ,nl

el t ,t ' co F. ar r-

dl ' , H'S F' F n m r

oi to, E E q q q q ,

Ei , \.r o o o o o o I

8i t I I

[+;l I r Ir+i

""i '_, I b F -d B 3 i..rr c?' E B B q q 8i r

Fi ; ' I J o o o o ,tr-rl

Lji t t l-,;Jlr I . I-r, Nr H $ S F s' g t, , q q q q qE .

r I o o o ,c o i;. I

llI

Ita@F.Nc{r\l, ilr d E S R n il |

. q q q ": q{ ,

lrooooc'dlI .-. I I

lrIlrg,JrJqncCcomlr r S E '{ } i[j

',o, ,4 zi q q q q i

ttOCr.-..OOOIIrlt ^o, S I g g g g i

tl.{ u)-l

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Expt. ltro. 2

AIM:

TTtr@Y:

To deternrine tire fi6ld density of soils

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-7-

A) SNTD RItrPLACEI.iENT I'IEIHCID

ru.4gu_s-:Sand pq:ring cyl.inde:: e cyUrdrical cal;lbrating eah,

uretal- tray vnth a.ciqcul"ar hoiei excavating tool-s like croq bq?

trowel e"c., balalic-- I irla:-ie sulf a.ce -rllce glass or persr€x Dlats,noisture can, clerur unif c,i'n1y $la.ded natural- sand (passlng through

1.0 nn anci retained on 6C0 nicrcn fS Si-eves).

88o@ryE:1'. Wei6h the trsy.rvittt centr.r.I hole 0,11)

2. C1-ear a flat oreol sppnoxinately 450nrn square r and trlnit dorrm to a leve]- surf ace.

3. Place the n€ita1 tray on 'r,ha prepared surface wtth itscentral hole over the petio: of the sol]- to.be excavated.

4. Iixcavate the soil using the hole in the tray as a patternto a depth of 125run. Co]-lect tbe excavatea sOil carefullyl-nto the tray leaving no loosg rnaterial Ln the ho].e andweish rt (Mz)

5. FilI the pouring cyllnder *riLr"\ sand so that the levef-ofttie sand i-n the cyJ.i{iggr is.wlthln about lOnnrt fron the top.it6-igh-the cylindei ,with sa;ra (t!3) , ._ _:

.6. Place the porn'ing cylj-nder such tha.t the base of thecylinder covers 'the hole centrally.

7. Open the shutter and a-1-1ot'the sand to run oui into thehole. Closs the shutter rvhen no fr.n:ther rtovenent of sandtalies Place.

8. Relrove = er:ld vDigh lt fte) .

9. Collect representative soil sanple in a noistur€' ca4 andput in the- oven a-l1d detr,'rtitine the nolsture content &'rl%)..

gArlrRArrgry -9F'

rrruEAryg :

1. Place the Pourln8 cylinder with the-renaining Sand oha plane surface (such as glass qr persler plate) openthe shutier. and a.]-lcnr the sand to run out. Close theshutter when no further novenent of sand takes placein the cy]lnder .

, 2, Renove the cylinder ca:'eful1y and l,elgh it (Mg).

3. Deternine tire internal volune (V) of the calitnatlrigcan froD the Masured internal dinensions. Find theweight of enPty can 0'tO).

4. F1II the pouring cylinder so that the level of thesand in bhe cylinder ts within about 10nn fron thetcp. _

5. Place the pouring cylinder centrafly on the tol: of - -the calibrai;lng gar. Open t're shutter and al1ow the 'seurd to run out. Cfcse the shutier when no further -'

novelent of sand taices pl-ace in the cylinder. Renovetlre pour tng cYl-inder .

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S. +z*\!*r*rs;*4a=-+.i7%r.&.*;:tt:z= F:r?{.i:E!+t*+€€g$i3+-}i+' ."r.;A;,,;;G;**

o- -ui

6. Rencve the excess aand ca1.efully, l,rith a stra.ighied.ge on the top of the can so-that flre top oe tnesand is flush vrith the can. ideigh it (ltr).Do not disturbed the can

B. gtsE--q!-=+3-i'qiqg

A-p,P.4Ltfl!f-:: Cylindrical cor:e cutter r,riih dolly, h**f", *.*r,trayr balance, straight edge, crow bal,

^oisture caJr.

PR OCEDURE:

1. Cl-ean the core cutter and do11y. ileigh the Corecutter JUf)f ar3d deicrmine. its volume (V). Appfygrease in5ide the core cutter ..

2. Clear a sna11 e,i'ea of _g::ound where the field densityof soll is to be found out and nake it 1eye1.

3. .Drive the core cutter (with doll_y fitted on top.)with har:lnbr to its full_ depih. Avoid over drivi-nq-,.:':: though the air vent p ovided in the doll-yi :i -

' ,4, Dig oui;'the core cuiter' with the help of- crov lcar- and ].if t it carefu]-ly fron ilr: Souni ryith ttre- Gip' of a tror^rel placed at the tottdi of the cutter .Trin the top and botion sr:::face of ihe sanple -with astraight edge;

5. Deteri:iine the veight of .bhe core cLltter uith s oi].(M2) .

6 . Find the noistr_ue conient of the s oil fu$)

CAICTILATIONS:

CaJ-culate the fie-Id densi'Ly (r ), r,rater

dry densrty (rO ) end voicl ratio ( e)

conten t Q,ff")

1

i!IIIII

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.- -9-

!g.u[FtulN4rl9u_0F FuTr DEI{s-Irr

A. (Sand relrlacenent ldethod)

Location:

Soil Type:

Qf

I"l-o; De s cr ipt'ion

1. Ilass of eupty bay (1h) g

2. Iiass of Tla,y excavated soil(tlr) a .

3. Mass of excavated soi]-(t-12 - If1) g.

4. .l'lass. of cylinder + S'and bef @e

. pouring iilio- plt (M3) a.5. llass- of cyl-inder+qand. af ter

pourlng lnto pit (lta) a.

6. l,Iass of sand flIItng'cori6 +Plt.0{3 -.M4) g.

7. Mass of cylinder-+ sand 4fterporg:ing into cone (lts) g,

q. l;Ug!$-- of sand filling cone(M+-_ uu) e.

9. llass-of sand, f1111.hg the Ptrt(lt, _ N4 * Mg) = M

foi Mass.sf_@ingcan (Mu) e.

11. l"Lass of can + sand flush uithcan (ltr) g '

12, I'Iass'of sand fil11n8 can(M? - l.16) I

13. DensitY of sarid used g,/cc(t"t? - MU)/V" = r. .rr

M, Vo]-ru:te of Pit = r'ls = V

'r-15. Volure of the can (V-) cE

16. Field densitY of solI = {Z:Ulv

i7 , Moisiure content (1t) in /"

18. Dey densitY g./ec = r ----1 + ft)/Ioo

*}Jotn" content detbrnination.a) 'Conbainer No.

"b) Mass of contailter + wet soi]-c) l.lass of container +dly soi]- =

Tested by :

Date:

t- - -ri-I Test-1 i Test-2,L _ - !- _ _

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B.+*tG*lssq*l+ tFFd*EaF ;'*i>X!!-4*+FF4F*EF

S1 .iIo. Des crlptionn-___;_

d) llass cf wdter = fe) Masr ot "o"i"in"j = t

S) ltass of dby;soltl. = (

g) uoisttire content.lW) =

. ** dia cf Can _ 9,_t -r

he iShi of can =

fnternal_ dia of 6ore ctitterfhight of Ccre cutter-l. l'[ass of

-core cutter

2. l.lass of core cutters oil (1,I2) I .

@4ru@B. (Core cutter llethod)

lest-2e!1l

cxt

$o-(1"I1)

+ l{et

.q - Ttrl lr

6.7.B;

glcrl3 ,.

9.

10.

ll .aa

42,

S. I1ass oJ wet solI (M2_ Uf) g .

4. Volwre of core cutter (V) c.c

density rO = I"!- M1

-T--M .0 . C ont ainer l,Io .

Mass of con-tainer + net soill{ass of container + dr^y sol1

Mass of r"i""Masjs of container

.I'{ass of dry sol1

Moistwe content Ln IE (U) =

13. Dry densityrdry= "b-'J= ffi\ g./cs3mo'

lbst-1

TestedDate:

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* l-l--

- ExPt' No. 3

.:r,: .LIQ,Up lrMrr J,IID-B!4S.IIC rn'{rT

A I1.I,: To deterluiae the T,iqu.i-d Linit of the given soil sanple.

llIEtsI: Liquid Linit is the uater conteni at which th€ soil has

- such a lor'' shear.strengtJr that it' flovls to close a groovs

of sLandard dinensions fcar a length of I2'.5m1 when iarred _

. 25 tirires using the slandard liquitl lir:rit device . (ft is the-water conten! corresponding to the boundany between liquid

and, plastl-c states of a soi1- mass) .t'- '

SEIAR-AIU8:. :i'Iiiquid Linit device arrd. grooving tools, spatulal porce-

, i., : -r lain,dishl balance of sensltiviti 0..0.1'g, and iontainert lTnoistrre content deterninalion, Aryrng ov€n1 beaker and mea-

Surilrg j'ar.'.

PR OCEDI]R'E:

I'; l.teigh about aN g.^of air dried Soi].nici on I .S . S ieve (O.aZ5sn size )

'.

2. : :take the soi-l 'th,'a porceldirr dish and add qlean water till'it becorres a paste . l'lix:,the'sdiI -tho1 opglly (certain .soils

.- : nrgy req.qire rnixing liPto 40 ninutes). -, _

3. Check ar+*=ad;i*rs+-the'f af,-1 of the llquid Iinlt devic-..Eup----to exastalr Lcrn; using the gau$e on thehandle of tlre---grooving,tool- . :-

.

'/.,/

4.

6.

1'.cin.

Usins the standardrniddLe of the soilinto tvo parts.

Plac'e the soil paste in ihe cup of Ilquid J-inlt devicean&:.1eve1-.it horizontaL with lowest edgq. o{ thb cupr withspatula so that the rnaxir'.:ren dePth cjf soll ln ttte cup is

passlng through 425

g1ooving tooJ-e rn6.ks a groove in'thealong the dlanetei, dividing the soil

'7.

Tr-:rn the handle of the Uqqtd 11nrlt devlce at the r-ate of2 revolut-tlons pelr secondr'tiI]. the two parts of the soi]-in tlre cup join together. ire.. -the gI'oove closes by l2nrulength. Ensure that the grooVg closes by f-lotr and not byslipping of soil on tte surface of the cup.

llote' the nunber of blows inrpart.ed 'to the cup. Repeat andrecheck this va1ue. Take a-sntrJ]- quantity (about 109. ofthe noist

"e11 f1on the centie of the groove irtto a rnoi.

sture deterrirination container 'and Cetelnlne ttie noisturecontent r .

sv Jtering* (increasitg) the water content of the ioil"ufia rep"ating ihe abovE operation, obtain five or Elx t

r+ater content deterninations f q.-blovrs in the range of

B.

15 to 35.

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10. Iirterex per rngn

the 1

+P-fj€E-gLof-tg-:\r+!:.3. Plot_trie r esurts of rheerlnent on a selli-Iog sheet. The ,i:ercentnrr^" ;f -e_\rrerrsrenE on a seru--l_og sheet. The percent;g"s ofnoisture content ar-e naikea as ordin;;'";"ilT;3 J.nietieal scale and--the "ori."" nona-irl!, nrrnrhor 6r .L.r ro.r

rrrc iruruerruages OIgqdirates on fhe ar.ithe-

marked as absjissae on th;-16g;ipondilg nunber of blcn^rs irecgaf ithnic s ee'l o - Trha \-6ir-i .au quotirDD@c urr urre roga_rr!ruI1c: sca1e. The ]raf_iouspoin,ls oblaiped q"^ joined.p""" rt"aidiri-IiiJ #i 'i"T,gl"!lo q

= gq'l e?! c orr es pond ijrg

*t 6 2s

-ii;r;-i! ffJi ot..r "*the llquid liniit of tlra- soLt."lii" " "*'"' !e qsrrvueLr ars

i"-tir.Bil-ii,iii]fi"ri_.,n rendino.c .-- Fll. f oyl-read]3s s Jrroura3sl-f l.I? r e adings .4"-

- a"sir.ti""," "iiiE:,;'J;;1: | " *+ gll r H: ^

1' ^ l* ll,'. as

- ri c+ -cunt;

. ^ ri "il

"1r; J' JI JiE "

usqralgnE llne ls lmq^m. as FLG.J CUnVE. It shalI--be-extendea.?l "

" llTl :l* " I ^: o_li

. ! "- i" t.;

" ;; t tr!" -"u.i"

s"*u "E * " " "

p ond,:.ing to 10:and 1oo p-las_. n";l;;; ;1-"tfii"'i#5;'#::J;;*'.,.^:1"^g^1{l"T-1"::_in.watrsr" i.*rai; "i ici-ir":";-;a ar 1oobtorvS shaltr'.be' reported "" [h* ii*r-i"d';" "i;;i...

ff:rtlijrltu* nav be catcula.ted ft'on the folroruin* equa-

rf =. (w1 - wil / torr-o ( N2 ,/ Nl )

i'iher b

11 = flow indgg

l'I1 = M-oisture content in fo-lNrt brovrs . '

Wo = I'loistnre content- tN2 | bl_ows..

lS denoted ars

E- - i{z

lo81o ( Ny'Nr)

correspcndlng to

in I cgnresponding to

(D . gerE,LENEE4Tr_W_MEIglq

TI$QJ: the basic grincip'le is to observe depth of pene tra-tions of netallic Cone of standard l,ieight and a.l"exangle into soi1s ai various initia].. noisture cc:s"tetits .

The Liquid waler conteni cqrresponds to n specj5iedaeilth of penetration.

APP.qRATUS! Cone poretrohaber viih an "on" "n.* angle o_fl -BOo

and a nass of,.80 g. Balance r,,ith sensitivily sg O_:_9fe.

cq:tainers for noisture contsnt deternination, Ov+n

. Spatula, Pcrcelain dish.IA,oCEDI]RE: l.v/eigh abou.t 1509. of so-i1 passing 425 t.Sj_eve,

2'. Take the soi]- irr a por;elain dish arrd, aaa distiUqd -vaterand tror'k well- into a paste.3. ?rans.fen, the _r vet soil paste into_ the cylindricil cupof cone penetro.t-f:tuJ"npgratus ensur.ihg that no airiaentrarce^d . ix ihe pr.ocess- f.evei tne-ref'3oii-ir,iJrr',lir6i= th"'top of cup plaqe ttre cup on tt" nase-oi-tfi"**inna6grs.

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_ F13-

4. the pb.netroneter so that Cone point Just Uouehes theCOr.61" 116 scif nastg in the _cup clanp the penetrorneter.

.:5: 'Adjust

lire infltal readinq o1 the graduated 3ca1e to zero.

to penebateI

6. 'Release' the vertical clanp; al-Icrwlng the cone

intoi!he- sol]. pgptq gddef i-ts ot^rn'tlelght'.

. . ...: .:, :...i.

n - Note the pefetritton of the.con<i aftei five seconds toI + ii"#e.[-nrfiriinet"r collect a botl sanple lih acondatr:ae[ernine g1p-:111eisture Qartent.

B; nepeai',ttie test at least f our Sines with cone penetration

. ;..9.'. DetermineTtt' :.on -

a best f': ing to c

the'and

r Determlrratlon No.

lorr-e P-,enetr attcn (ro

Cq+talner

Wetght of oven drYsoll (e)

Moisture ccmtent (l

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-44r

PrAsTfg-LrMI,r

Plastic. I d as the njrinulj noistut'econtent-at vhieh on;d int" a-t[;";d-;i:gfrh dianererj'ust begins !c the watet conteni--co"r",S'uonaf"g.to the boundaiy ic and semi-so1id states-of soi]. nar

IR OCEDTTE;

l. Ta'lce al-rout T_e. of the^a.ir _dried soil.passing throiigh'425 nicrcn I.S. sieve (0.425mn size)..

2. Place the soil jl a pcreelain dish and r:llx wtth suffi:eient- qlrarljtLtt of water uirtil the nasi .becornes plasticsaough to !e easily noulded with fingers.

3,: Take a portion. of the wetand rol-l it quickly cn ahand intc a ttread of unlcannot be rolled into tro'-- 6n flrst roiling bneak bethe ,initial tria climit of the soi erIt nore plastic. ueti1l the tlueads a,.

4. The soil is ogether j rerol.Je& again on theglass plate to crunble at 3rnr:,dlarleter.(The crurtbl ven vhen the thfead has a dia*.r.reter sligh 3m.) .

5; Talte sorne of itre crunbled.,soil pieeres and dedernrile thewater content.

6. Repeai lhe experinpni; f orwaber ccntent is recqidedsoil . :.

atleat 3 tinesao the. plastic

and the aver-ageIimit of 'uhe

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'.:+f i'+$:ziqZi:Jiti.4i,- j-..q!--a;€.:a*;,lrixr,€?,y;_lr:!r,r-r

-15-s 0I t llm CHAI'I I CL-tl BE A!-C. I

(A). Lrouip tp{rLESr

So11 .Iirpe: ctAS

Deterni:ration ,\o.

- - l{unber of blorrs

Container No,

l.It.of contt et b oi:

Wt. of ccr'Or.t..I rd cir,y

V,lt. of w

VJt. cf cle) -'hlt. of o'.re(e) _MoistureCqltent

Tested by: K. Arlai '6l"'<'.\r-Da.te : ral6/aauo

Deternf-nation l.r

Container No.

Wt. of containerI,i.:-r, 'b oiJ. (S)

ir'b . of ccnte.iner +

Orren di.I soi]. (g.)

l,It . of water (g.)

'l t . of Cont ainer (e . )

Wt. of dz.y soi]- (g.)

Mois'ur.:re corrtent (4) = P.L

B. PL.|SIiC LfMfT TEST

l_12

53a

A?.s"

!"-J>D

-.1S'so

&4.-fo

\'c o

J.o Ie=

+.384a,83

-Aoe F. L /. = J*t ro

3.

3t* i'^+!au

rtainer'+1 (e)

- 't71.3t45 2rt-8 3(.1 35'+

ontainer + .-/\,y sorr \g/ ai'so 35'Jc, .3t-so ?;*5i 3i'fi

a.ter (e .) 5'5o i+"as 4.so 3ss /+'3,,

ontai;rer {. . a3'13 a"+.st Al's+ .tt.la aa'+6

n dry soiJ- 'l 4'e? lo -a3 3 '5s 8'+s 8'"1+

(r;) I .*.*r 4t.sE 4's.ze fA-lt 4{. lo

81.8o I ao"++

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i-r ^^t4\-5S- 38.!) -er r.!-s ( sY+r) '- aa

' )

_16_Average of valueof P.L = &}.?clRESULT SU}.,["IARY:

(Natur a1 trater c ohtentltn/ = 4oof. a f iet-d soil sanple if any)

I

4a cdfiI

I

I

dld tS ,1e do,zo I

o.316 i o.asa 5.1/+8

iII

III

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-77-Expt. No.4

qEF"uigg.EJlijrq

lL I _Ll: To deterni-ne the sinr'furi.,:.ge ]im:i.i r-:f the giv_.n f ilregr dine rL s o1.1 s ample .

4Pl-lB$i.U$ r , Si1rinlr.,-€e di:l ; , giass cup, glas s plates ( orre plain andthe oiher vrith 'bhree netii pongs).i,,tercwy, porcelain

disir, berlance I desioca.ior a;rd spatr:Ia etc.f-dll]Rg: llre naximum .wate3 content

'qonteht itill'nct caiuse anass ls defined as Shrinlcthe Stuirkage 1ilni-tr'.,'the '

nka6e and exDansiveness;fyine exparsive clay.s

gE-qqE-UEg:

l. Tal;e about 30 g. of soil pass,U4 ,thr.ough 425 mlcron sie..'einto a porcelain dish and r:llx the. s-bil thoro.rghly withsufficient quantity of disii'IfH r^'atdr to such a consi-stency that -the soil nay flo,(|e .Vater conlen close t9.'the]iquid lirnit cn sligirily higher).- ,'

2. Coat the iaside of the Shrlnka6e dish witir a thin layerof vasel-ina/glease to Irevent the a<lheslcer of the scil-to thedish. - :

Si Fi11.: the soil paste ir:to the dlsh 1n three equal quanti-ties. Aftef plocing one-third quantity of soil Pdste eaehtirne, t6rl thel dish oh a firn surfa-ce cushioned by sev-dral].ayers of bloffilnEpaper or sinilar naterlals until thepaste istl'irough$'.cqmpqcteC and a1-]r snlt.ppecl air hasbeen l:nought to tha s\irf ace in the f cnr'l of 'bubbles. Rsfreatthe sane opelation f ,:r the next tvo lalErs, Strilie_off+vhe excoss soil paste with a straight edge and wipe offar11 soil e'dhe tn'ing to 'r,he outslde of the dlsh.

Talte the ueigllt cf tlre dish t'rii:h rve't soil (Mr) . Allowthe soi]- !9 dr++Fin:te'Lilt the colour of'the patchangeq frcm darkt€-ti6ht. Then Irut the dish ln ovenat 110oc rill its vei6ht becontes constant.

b. \:lzigh the shrinkage dish.r,rith dry soil pat $I) and alsoweigh the er"rpty dish (l'13).

4.

6.

7.

Fil.i tfe empty shrinlcage dish conpletely r,iith rnercury. Rei:rovethe axcess l:ercury by lressing a l'rlain glass pIa.te oirer.-thedish. Filrd the weight of the ruercury F n,.) iiffing thedish, vhich when dividcd by 13.6 vrould yreld voluns in c.c.This rnercLry volune 1s equal to the original volune (Vf)of the wet soi1- pat.

Place a glass cup full of ne:rcury ln a porcelaiR dish.hess a glass plate vribh three neital prongs r over thecup removing the excess nercluy into the icrcelaj-n dish.Carefnlly r€nove the g1-ass Flate anct r.reigS tire glass cun.fulI of rprcruy nctu' rernai-ning (l'16 6.).Again 1lJ-ace the 6lass ct : j-n ttkre dry so:-1 pat over the rrercthe dry soj-I p;ri into tlre glaspla*ue.' In this Iz'ooeSS the drythe nercury causing excess Itercelain dish. Aftep ensuring th

8.

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b*:-.g*ls*1iaEfr4te#-r.1r*FrJ$.*+Agx.l++5+i+i*;Q*'€**47>*r*84#i4t.+€r*S$€ 5,41+d;F:.!6

-18-

Iialt g4 tBe top cf the_glass cup and that no fwther leccurytends to eSeape, careiulllr.renovs the glass plate ana the soifpa,t and weigh the g1a.ss cup with'uhe bala.nce of nercury in lt(I'lz e . )

9. Ihe_.rueight,.of nercury displaced. by the dry soil pat 1's equalto Mj g. 0{s I Mo - l'rl) ur.l hence the vo]-ume of nne.-icurn d.ts-placecit _equd,]- to t[9 \'olul,re of the d:.y soil pa.t,(VZ) r cai Ue

. coaputed. rr2 = _H-.u_

10. Strinkage linit is ca.lculated'by the f ornrula:

{tj' = {- -\--Ya-=-- ,* *," ll-*-t{-l * ,ooI *r-tt, - Mz-ir-*1t--

= v,{" r ; lk "t) x 1oo!ldWherett.l ls the lnii,ial noisture e.oq!:egt and M6 ts ttre dry

, wetcht 9i, p.ne soir pat l '. ",,"'

11. Deberrntire':itrd'shrinlcage linit by three-trials.and take th]average value.

Str:inhageR-at-1o* ft =I'Ia.ss cf Oven dry Pat (g)

r/o1une of fuen dr y. po.i (rrl)

Volunetrle: Shinkage,Vbi - (Wf _ blg ) R

l.Ihere Y1 = given noisture conlent (%)

!;n*reV CD

Lr) r 1/

('II

iIL--

( t6- S.4t- f e. 14t)rc ll$ "

u:;ld 6'ro - .4 ?.So

':( o,4f3 - O. ilZ ]t"o',: e, a4-lt !-s-u .,. a+'\

*( ro - 66.so

6g.t-o- 4l.soP "t(

)--1

-tJ

sr.^^.ple p

9o*-,31e- @

8o.+- ?t'e o

?t.s-o-s1.,io

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?l*itajt+i.-+rc}i;isi-€i+45ir.t3*tJrtr:itr+il+u:IFr:J.*ru X,.*,ii+-.-4qiE\*.!g?*;1,.(ir;irir:i:-d*,:.tr4* ri,i 'ri +-:'4*h*i{" i4ts44l.,9df+b-r1alrE4$itg-9i.ts++.tsier€j*dq!*ii.l ;}rr***r4r+--:r*

-19_OBsinyASIoIrs FcR SHRDIIQ:GE. Lrl.tr.T

Date:

t>

-j4.fls's.

+.{{

3o

a.D.-

soil Type:

T,ocat ion;

De terninat

=.1t"", ",s o:11 (I

2 ^ l,t{s$of

!_t ' (,

f- lzcl^{

by: k .*\c..'l<-qqc.r-

arf ,:f asoo

o

!o

"+A

.o

Aver€ib:vu1us of furl

Shrinhage ratio(se)

volunettlc. sleintsage v, =(w1- t{o.tsR

dt!!"- A S':\L /.

1.568 ) l'+et- l"srs'

{u-t-ws4lc = l'/+++.

,:":*lnlr:T lt":. l'{ass of Shrinlca8b dish + wet

soi,,1 (Mt) a..!

_-.:+1r-'

. i,t{qqof rllsh + dry soil (ttr; ,

1- -16-

_- or-*"

6 E'to

3-

8}.

+6'

3. iiass of dish afohe (M3) g. 4t'so 55.t0 5e

3to't-=aa

. Ilass of nerctry to f 1I1'dlsh (M4) s;

theA,45,6 - 44'S

= 5&1' loe6?.'-- 4+.s

= i.&o.i

5l Cliginal(v]- =

volum of soi]- (V,1} ceMa

J-L- \'13.6

lLia+s lt,aa+ lu

6. Ilass of-rnqr-egry without drysor-l- psf, (Me ) e. - M6 .

7. I'lass of mercury after inurers.ionof soiJ- pat = g____- ''___-'_ _

l8o''4' I}-o'5 ts+8; Fi.:ral volu-ure of soi]. (dry pat

(Vz) c.c ce M-(Vq= ","o ),. '' i, - r-q-r-o-

lz.ebe ;1..,s3 T l3'5

. fiitia1' hdlsture',bontent (!Ifl)

u.f" =-M}_:", x 11ffi', !12-%

o-+t3zlt'\oY. 48'ze +7-

10. :Shrinkage llmlt $t:s% ,,', Ts

= t\f, - t"l ( ,L: ,h_l x roo

- -Mz--Me

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_20-

IEVE ANALYSIS

A. SIEVE ANAT,YSIS:

IR OCEDURE:

-4-_I_l'13 I-o- determine the_ gr-ain s i-ze dlstribution of the given:--- cobrse. s-oil ganpfe by coi.lducting sieve ana1ysiJ." - .-

A3$Arrrs,:,., Indian Standard Lest sieves with opening slzes of 4,TSt -

2.0O, 0'.600, OA25, O:2I2 and O.O?5 (att in-run), srtita6lesized 1j-d and panl cleaning h"ushes 2 balances, sieve-sha-king nnachine, bven, rubberipastle alia,ncntar, sinrpie- --

!:i s:rlitte::-'ete.

THEORY: .

,--'1 -

The resu].fs- of g'ain si?e analysis dre used 1n s"olf caa--ssificatlqrr 9qlign o! f i{!erq f oi- earth <lans; deternina-tion of suitability of soils for earthdn enbarilcrnents an{r--. road co4structioX. Soi]' frac!1on coarSdr.!hah:,O iOT5nrn-;Slae

f ine fractlon or f'lnes. Gravel (particfe si_zest cxea[Jr tfian4.75q9n, ancl sand 4,75 bietween 0.O?Snrn) f orn tlie"ccarse fra-ction td.Solls, whl1e siLts (slzes in betvreen O.O?Omln andO,OO2nn) and ciays (finee than O.002irn) f crn the fines.

lysis is nor:na1Iy rtone in two stages. Foractlonl sleve analysis ls used anO f ore,/hydrometer _analysis ls uged. 'vJhen theater than tQ% sieve anal:rsis' alcnq wou]-d-sUf,l alysts is a-ncne direct frethod rftrd bhes to the sizerof the sleve opening.

Expt. No. 5

1. Air dry the soil after pulverlslng lt. Pulverlsati'on J-sdone only to break the soil lunps and clds and not to

- sD].it . , individua-l soil.. sPlit --jndividua-1

-soi'l particles. Obtai@-' - -of-iEpr€-se:r.fative soil- eitlier by a ouarterlns or'--trslrr}-by 1 quarterlng orlrsirrg--sanple splitters (drivers), Oven arf ttre soii.

2. lrleigh the oven dry soil andon 75 nicron sieve, SoiI riweighed and used in the siection passing ttrorgh the snent which is pollected lnhdrone ter analysis.

3.. Clean the sieves with proper tnuqhes. Note thelr _sires andtalie their (enpty) r,relghts:

4' Arrangg the sieves vertieally such that each sleve ls' finer that the one above and- coarsel than the one tnfevr.Place a col-lecting pan under the finest sleve.

5. !-'ind the dry veight of the soi]. to be.used fcr the $tea,zeanalysis (ttris weight should preferably be not ereata;than 300_g.) place the soil on the coarsest (top noEi;sieve alrd cov=r i.t with the lid

6. Place the entire assenbly of sleves cn bhe sieve shalefand shake for -t-0 rnts. Alier.natively-sieving ean-be ffiZby h?mdy shaking each c-- the-'sieve- (startine frqr tli"-coarsest sieve) one at a. tlre f or about S rninutes.

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*21_

7 n lJeigh each of ,the sieves algng.wlt,h the soil retainlaon tt.. check thar bhe Jur,r.-or irrg;Jieii;r";i the soilsa'nrples rer'ained on all the. sieve"tii""iuJing the .pan)is equal to.. rlrb'*rohal .wei rht : ;i: ;;"' Joii*i l,,en f or the. steve analysis " (\% loss i. affowea)B. Enter the observa.tions in the. tabu1an -f orn pry.ovi.cled.ce.rrculate lfe gunry.larlve-puq!en[a!g

"f^ JfIr retatneaon each sievs on the basii of the"tot".f""6itr i;;ilT",the conbined grain slze analysis-.9._ CalcuLate the .(cur:ulative),plggntage finer. b%) "*."._-_!

pondi,fu to elach of .[he-sieve sizes.-

l-2" --ilon. the g.rain s,ize .deterrnjne the percentage of €Fave1,S.and and f lner fractton.

11.:.-::. 1.:,i1 . :-

--" --.,+: -.---.: --t .- - \'::1 ,r= ! .,:_.. _! _ _l

r:', -.-l _,; .l f o-it._.:,:,i

13. Deternl_ne (1) affective size:'n% by weight.'of the soil t(ii). ttre unif qrnity coefif ccbeffl_cient of i;,urVqture Cg

J _-:- j-:__-:_

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i#$*j'r{++*i'tffia'*

-:.

$oiL' type Sc'"'Y

i . - l"sted bY h'sn",^l'-**1

D ate " ecl a\2osu' '

- - -' '.'iu^=" or ! Currru--

l-atl-veCusu-l-ativeof sieve-+

re.tajled soil re-talned(c:)

sas9-.4" re-' l,al'"'€ .)

15'o'

coi]- fI ained(4.)

4 {1.5

*lz-*--

:

2.00 5oo.l , ,i.j.ir'

0.60

1.----'?'

o.425 3a5

o,2L2

o .0?5

PA}I

(i) &)<Fc'ro+t 3'i3c- of b'o'u gtcias

--*4'n lo vqi 6h!s0a 65sck bhese tr

e'td&t,,i".'".> Cr.^

9-, rr

-' o"rrt

ts

bsc- .Dto

iiil dJ*i'la'qrkY (5.i.)-- .

D6.rFstc'r;,,"i'io' Li3t"'tt-,rr

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;*i:r*:+4:s+a:*.+pl-!a.&.. tsgt+iA:;;a:* s,1*€$4r+,v':9.4:*9.++r4{!-r}id!@,* 'tCi,Aes!wq+p+i+ii?}}*{_i4g+?,*s€rj?9.;€;!+$F*=gtiF,t

" Expt, No, E

lll cCTCR rS STAND.oLD iCqtIPACTI @I' TEST AIID-.#G_

PLASTICNT NEEDI,E TESTr-r|€

':'" i." .

-L_t_!!i Io deternLne,'tl.re max:';;'.',rn den'sitX (rO ilax.) and optlrunnoisture con.titrt (O.li.C) gf q. girren soit sanpld ustng.the. ?r'octQr rs standmd uethcd and plastici-ty needle le.st.<._.rt l

cptiuun anount of warer to be. to ob(al-n rnaxinun conpa;ctlonor.t. ThJ.s r+i.11. ena.ble the-aield

cobpacttpn of soil to a deereeined ,tn tha labot atory' Uy Stitta-

b'l-1y attering the affecttve lift qr nunber pi p--assesuith the available rol.l-er. l,{axtnuh conipa.ctlqr isads t6-naxlnun dry derrsity and lrence '',he d-efortlation'and -stre=

, nglih characterlstlcs of th9,.so11 trun oqt to be the testposslble values.

;

::7'. !, . This.test 1s based on tlre nethod gLven by n.n. PROCTQIt ",., -(1933) and referred 'r,o'as Proct,or rs Standard conpaction

test. Ttrls-test ls sa.tLsfactory for Cohestve solis bui0oes not lend.itsetf we.I1 to the stud1l of coupactlon

...,: - -.' chac.acteristics' of clean s.ands and gravels whlch are' :. easity dlsplaced when conpacted with raJcneJ . I'lhere.hlgher, derisltids aie varranted as .tn the Case of f ornatfon !-q'

alrpott runvays, hlgher cornpaciive g.Jf orf becorses'necd-:-ssajry. For thls case Eloct.on rs and fleld conpactlor testis adopte4r, ,r: ,LRoCEDURE: .:

- j 'i::;*-==' ,,.- ',."- '-',:., . ,i' .a v); j 'i

l. Heigtr t1"g epptf.,nouldrrtl')., Fix the nould to base. Blate atrd atiach the' cofar, to lthe-pori[l liipii'lliin

.,r. ' 13lru" of. oi1 to the lnsioe:'.surf;,; ;i";h" ;fiid ;e^..i.-.. :Uhe . eollar

3 r.,.,.,'v i\i Btfia" "iif .irF iiit - ii' f ,,ln:Bir" :lier" p?ffi ll; li'* rl*.

. . :"':::. zs..eve.nly.nrstriuutAc ui"i"-"iin-tt"]"tElrrno'.o namnan ar

' between tt and theL off the norId. Thi;f v,l.l .,,.,.r--' " .. i,r.,:.' .' cted soil -fron ti:e.:--, ..-..,;"' .' ; '. Conduct Penetrati-o

:... - - '- I r -\

:--., ..-.:,. uenqucE rengElaElo/i'"-' .-, ., (See Part-B) rI-

' .;, j4.' ' Renove all loose seif arlh^artng','to the rnould and detachthe nould. (wr'l} conpactr:d. soif. ln lti i;oi-tt' uasep1a!e. -tlelgh the notrld ':lth the:,gornpactea--rolf 6;i.

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*2+S. lxtract iil .th Cub, i;hel' c.onpa.etqfl soil

sf.Eple 19i1 in qual. parts. ObtalU,,bciuaf -

anou.nt of s f 'centye., ana bottffi-;i;*:ou1. then t a c and deteri.riil" dn"- Iyiroeunoisture c ' l

(+_to 5 tfunes) ry- iat<ing freshancl ad<ling watar to rna.tre tUenore then the prevl9gg r,lagq;

t

I

I

6. Repleat this procedures,oil sa.np]-e each biln, iratir content 2 to 4i4c*rtent.

9A!9u_tArroN:

ctc

Calcr-rlate moist density (r-) froglof the soil and the'volune''qf theraie dry denslty (rd) torowlhs the'contcnt of :the sol]- . 'i: -

Cafculate the dry_riensitles f"?F the f9J-),.o1rring f,orrru1af or different assuned watel'-c6rttlnp"

Go*

(r + r-c,75;

$aw the follo\{ing graph!; .

A graph between nolsture cqltent anri the$rf.density ob!-a1-ned fnom tfr.e conpacilcnb6) Max. and'C[IC, ,- '.

coTres pond ingtests to find

2, A Sraph betwaen thei' 'dssuned w{t6r'i:so}.tenti_ anArrespbndi-ng tlri 3en ;it ie s catculateti fii 5iiltneThe curve is lmown'as zero air voids cur.ye.

the ceabcve fornula.

B ) B. oclqJ S _p. _rA-$jLLcJ TIEE_DIF* re s rA T M: 1o correlate the .penetration resistance.of a conpactedsoil with 1is noistr:re coqteqt. and_dt"]i' d.ensity

APP,qRATUS: The Prgctqrs statrc peneir-oridter with plastlcity*_ .-T$dle pOinis r Proctorts c^onpaction test apparutn","i"".fi-EQ.Yt

s_OcEDlxrg: .,

l. .Select a suitabte peietratlon needle and note down itr"cr os s sectlon at'ea and attach it to troneter . pus.h'the penetroneter qith penetration ne o the conpactbdsoil-nould at.a sbeed. of 12mn per se a.depth oi'Z5hrir.Record the ma:c'ir:urn pgnetr.atlon resi,s (kgi) obtatnedduri-ng the above Penetratic,l:r. '

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2,

3"

-.=-: -

Coeput<i. ,the',pe4eUlaif!-o;qc'esistai'tc_e_ pe.r. unl-t area (kC/sq.en)conraspcnctin[ to thl"nbfs'rure coht-eht ot the so11: -'

. r. -

6A^.-- -a -

-\. ' 'i-';---;-i;-r..-. --,-- '-.9-'J-.

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-2,6:._(A ) . €-T4Q$F!_-PR ocrcR's cct rpAcrr q{.*ryrlsf-

Date:

Ti-rsted bY:

S oil- type:

Te st lio .

I,leight of enpty noul-d (Mr:r) e.

pia.. cf the plasticity i:eed1-e( f:l1r.;

A-.rea of plas-u-i-city needle(sq.cn,

Dia cf nould:

lil, . of [ouId:

-r- |

cll.

.:*

4i sI

II

tI

(--t3l

I

!

t

!i;.. 'r '-ip'ia ..'G;i;"t;d ;ffiluJ{..16 :-tf - olrFact-st-so fl.-(ti1 - n'-) e.

ioT.*rj**ir' ;-l -- - -- -i-I(llt - M'!l),/ t g"lec I

-€>-- -t-.+4

Containrr No. II._-.....

iit . of Cc*n'tainer E't, ;:-- - --T*

il. ;;yJii-i-{;it;:- " i- T'il;;;;;;;,";;; -----l--I

',t"r;;;;;"t = -.--_ ----i--

,rt"--&Z-XS)X100 I

CTI;X 1 ) I

-i- r';---$r -i Y""_ - _-_ . Iu't- '. i.-__

_Penetrablon Resisiance (tt) i(1rg) i'i-'--*"

i

-t --_-_The qce.tlcal dry .density if or ZIW curvstr i

"d = -G--la (s/cc) I---l-+-G'fl'- IiP-oo i

-.-._J_ -_.___._^

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xifr*E!t#d-.S,'*t +1)#.6 r":t+!r&+:*W?:i6\vtt&$'+F4i&46e+'+14'i+xg#gs&44+:+6€"er'

Itrxpt . No "

DE TlRI4I}TA'MO'I

A I.I1-: To deter.nine -the ccefflci:nt of pertEebiltty ,of the givelundlsturbed or renoalded coarso grained 'sol1 sanple rritha cct-rstant hea.d pern'eamater ,

&8t-&a3$.3 Perneaneter 1.stop wi.tch, neasuring jar 1 scale, calip.ers Ithernonet:r, soil sanple etc.

..f.'he coeff tcient of perrneability (k) of s soll ts deflnedTIIDG,Y:

3Eep.nrnp:

1. Note the dinrenslbns of .the. i. i ' .. its Vo1une,.

2. For soil sznpl-e, obtdln tt" """pfoin saqple lf necessarjr and weLghthe 9-F.tng the veis5t of enoty'xcould.. det isturted sample. Dpterlrtire the

nat sannple from ,soll tnlnulngs.3. - Fon testlrlg renoulded sotl sanple dry

density of .soi]. a,t:tlle glvpn vold tr6itwei8ht of dr.y soil; (flnel than 9 uneof the nould and the ctry Censity ihesoll- into the nould h Ioyu"s r af to' its base pla'Le coirtalnirrg poious stcrrer and placlng theeoLlar on ioP '

4, Put a pqrous stone cn the top cf the sol3. and fix the topp1-ate which is J'novlded wlth an i@-ccclc.

_ ----+-secure both tlre base Plate 31rd €ha--top-31ate-$o tho utouldwlth sr:li:able clanps and rubber gaslcets to nake the enilTeassenbly water tlght..

5. Place thls assembly irr a shallov .r'retal tna! wtth an, outlet. Fll-I the tray vith t*'abor to subnerge the bdse

plate conpletely. AJ-l .the heads of vater uust be rneasuredr^rith resPect to the tal]- vatar ]-evel correspondlng to thecentre of the outl-et Plpe c'r crest of the out Iet ln the tray.

Frtreabill-ty. norld aird caiculate

6r Attach the cbnstant head wate.r tank wlth the sli-ding tnacketto a vertical star.d..'Ihis tank has tbee openlngs. Oorunect..one of then to a vatrr supply sarree, the-iecora to an ovet-flo* tube and the thtrd to the lnlet valve provlrled on the'-caP'of the pernedmeter. Adntt the water tnto the perrnea@ter.Renrove all the alr bubbles wlbh the help of the-ate cockprovlded on the top plate. A1low the'sol]. sanple to"sattn'ate.Check thls by obta.lnlng canstant values cf dlscharge collectedover a glven tLre under a glven head.

When steady state flor ls attainedr collect sufflclentquantlty of water (say about 600 c.c to 8OO c.c) andnoie the tlre interva'l . li,Ersure the quanttty cf lrateFexact!.y. Repeat the collectlcn of gbter twlce for the.saEE tlLE lntprval-. lieasrri'e the cQlrect hf<baulle h€ad.l{ote the tenperaturr., of '*ater . (Tec).

'l .

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-28---.-oua

J'j

ii'is$peat the test'the f ull r?.nge

. t or. + dllferent-?rydraufie,:heads coverlngof .head avaj-l-eble i.t [r.i.:rppiiliu.,f?il"Flil:"1ffi Ff[ii:l""' or p4rneabili-tv or soi] usrng

Q.rK=

._, h. A. tK = Coeiflctent c.f perneability c,f the soil (cny'sec)dt:'r qon tenper "tr";-f6Q = Quantlty -:f ypler coltected (crc.) in a tinl' inter va]- of ri r se concl; :

--- \

1= Letrgth of the sanple (cn) .r-

A = Area of .eross section of the soil sanple (sq.cm)-h = Iotal head lost (cn)

Apply the,.tenper ature c orre c+,iono;. perneability ccrrespmding toI Kzzo = h. ( ur)/ rcz?)

'fotu IIg :t'Coaflicient of vlscosiiy.of .*atsr-atuno 1'c*"rtcienr of viscosii;:,. i , (= O.OOB54 pois"s.)

to deterninenoc.

the Coefflcient

Table- lenl. toc

vater at 27oc

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.. - -30-CqIST}J'IT IX3AD P }{OABIIITY IEST ;

soll Troe I

Dia. of oculd = cn

Area of norr.ld (,t) = "n2Length of rnould (f) : cni

Vofune cf nould (V) = "r3T.:::,.ere.t:ire ..f rilrtcr (f %).Tgl .

nenour0€,{ r3S.:sp.Gr. q6 5oil (ou)

=

Void ratio'(e) =:.

Dny densltY (ra) = ( i" r)'/ ( t + e)

Ila.ss of dry soiJ- W. = td. V = g

For Undlsturbed sanplei .

-s-+

Mass of Wet soif 0,I') '=.'8." .

Uet density (firet) = UfV

'..Iaterr content fufl) = .

Dry dbnslty (rO) = rrvet / ( t + U% ) g,/ccVoitl ratlo (,e) - (rw Gs) - I

:. :, Date:

Tested by:

= g/cc =

rd

-F---

Iuead (rr)!

CEI I

QuantltY ofwatet' (Q)cc

Tlnne (t)sec.

Coeff .of -Perneabi-).itY(cn./sec)

--.9..:e -12- -t- - -

Average valueThe value of

of Kro C

Kzio c =

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b z_:r..:++#+s;+.=i."tiFe41i*=lq€.aR€!4*'*i3el*?ti5?-ffiIst*if.fqllP.ia+Fa:e:9€:.€€FsFr-R*:-iFP-.r!*.:ri€iRse€*-s4wBffin*€+a;e

I

't

t

I

I

I

t

I

I| -' I' 1 @ dr @, (D @ l-. o? Ol c) c: c|||' <{ O. r.l (o tO C- rl (O Al @ lr) IO: . -t . . . .. . . .. .| 'cD o co:ro lr) \fl \il c') c) N N I. rJ r'lt't'I tt

It,*O.oD-@$a.o\iloAt I

I @. (o CD' o-) (o cc rl ?O N o)'(o Ili.ao.IoJ cC c) @ (o tr) rir i{ Cr) a) N N rt r-l r{

ll t.tlII o.) cD |l) Al C.. Ol s'{ !_{ A CD $ |I N @ ro.O) F.- o) Al tr c\) O) (b'

lf-a...4..t.o.,| \il..o. @:@ to $ stt c') cn N N I

lr-lr{tl.

lllv,I I .o|. ra7'8,.,I,g P I S B d P S E t, $id'

rl | . . . . . . . I r{O..Do I !ii. -1 @ D- tO 1r sn c9 cD N: OJ orij"ct(I) r rl r-l I crAOrH m l d .(ci{I ._.rIO;N.r{C) r :i p..q;ritr', I - r OF-' r{C|t €{tr.rl@.Q.ol. lto);crJ CO ce: o|. l( t. ' tt ". .. . ... . -

E._-- $\il cr) cf) N-c! r 6qil ::.i"-C'

c ci (t ol )i."I rnvran

.1 tJ h F,-c? !a o cf) cc , & 3.8.-<{@<rOtr-' ' ' ' I : -''o.'-.$ cD c') c) ,c\t oO 6.t 3gn''..H I I .d,. ':_!-

Glr;rE , 8EE-fE i iEBtsdPssd$Bs jBb&,..-flA, r 3 3 ts d P S 3 d $ 3 S t'3-ErP"r.- -. -' Y' !"., ,; ; d i "; d d ; d a; ci I rrrrr{'-i- ' r..-.:l r1

C.- <t{rl@t

aaCDNI

I

r

I

rdtOorO<{otOb-l>d-ooO$r-otoaaaala.a

D-cDO@€l|o\il\flc111' r{ r{

I

t grlI

I

I

I

Ir{

I

I

I

I

I ,ctI

I

I

loO

t

I<No)r{C*OCJ@l€'@,Joll

rtlcO.@r.11F]cDlr)o.r$-lC-aaa_.aaa

r (e oI o| c- ro ro tfl (f) c) c') C\l Ir-t rt

I' N \jr €r Ca. N o c.t N !! N I

t.co t a co $ *l (: q u)_ cfl .! r..a.a-ll\ C! ot (\ to lO rfl a'{ cr) -' 61 I.{ r{ cr)

-l

t'

Io o o o o cr o o o o-o- rl Ol crJ $ lO (o D" cD'Or O I' .-'l r,

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''' -31-Scpt. No. I

viJl r &P.i,E _rElg_lE1l.EJW rFE

4=_r-N: To deternine the coeffie,i.ent of rsrneabllity of-the g_iven,':,,'.' fine ${ai-ned-(renouldedr/frndisturbed) soj-I sanp1e:"Sfie'var j-a,.b1e. he ad perne qneter

43.9-483:rIiE ! -vartable..heed perneaneter I sicp rt'atch, scale , lnside' caltpers r thernoneter, soJ,I ia.np1i, accessor$;: -:-----

lErEJt of (t) or a. soi]- is defirieddtsc er tlrcugh a t,nit cross:of t r uni_t Eydra.ulic ef aF.fentIow Thts ean be daternlrieO. in -the labora!_ot"y Ft-valiable,bBua perneabillty test f or flnegralned sol1s with k *i^ 10-r ""r,/r""..

s_o_w.!.prE:

1. Note the. dlrnenstons of ttre perneabilitt' riould and ca'1culateits volune.2, Fe testing g+ undistu-rbd gott sanple, obtajr the sanplelnto the aog1d.. Trtn. the s_o11-sa4pla tf n,ecessary and lieien

the rnould with the soll. Knowins'the veleht of ehnt'v uout-d.ftnd the welght of undtsturbed seriple'. DEternine ifri nattnil; " water content of sar:rpIe fron soll- irfur:fngs o

3. For testlng renoulded soldenstty of the soll at thvolune of the nould and i

. the nass of sol]- needed tlnto the nould tn layers,. base plate.. Put a fllter paper on the top 9f th.e soll.;,..

4, Attach the top cap wlth stanil pipe a.nd scare to the nourd' and tigbten the bolts to saka the assenbly water tlght,.5; Place this , asserxbly Ln a shallow rneta! !f ey ff!!h atr outlet-.- ' ffit the tray vlth water to sub cmple--- . --=tgly. The head of vater gaggtry ple'at'any

tlne 1s equ41 to vertlcal dlsta swfaceof vater fn the supply stand plpe and the talI vater'Ievel-ln the tray wlth sultable outlet

6. Pour water irrto. the stand

Checlc the satwatlon of the soilPour water irrto. tle stand. pipe and ei-Iow tt to rdri throughthe. sot]. .sa"np].e. Ope,rate the alr coobk.to.renove afiy alria.fly a1r.

7.

8:

Checlc the satwatlon of the soil by noting the sare fal-I '

of head of water fron the sare Jnltlal head f,or. equal tlneintervalS. Io deternine the ctoss sectJ-onal areEi of standplper clcse the inlet.tube and'-pour knorn volurne (IOc.c;)of rirate;c exactly d,sasr.r€d by neans of a plpette lnto thestancl Flpe and note the rtse of watet leve]- .ln ttre standDlpe. lhe cross sectlonal area of the stanct Dlpe (a)

a = (volune of water poured tnto the sand pipe/vab"t. level rlse ln stantl plpe)

0pen the ialet valve and allov the vats tt ff* thrqrgbthe soll sarnple. Note'the helght (hl) of the irater revel

. ln the stand pife ano cer!:espondlng-to tlno tI. .

/rlIovi sufficient tfue so that-wate.f-{eve1 fal1s by aUcut30 to 50.cns !n the sta.nd pipe. fhe. helght.,(h;) d.,tha.vaterIevel ln 'bhe s.ta,nd pLpe and' corresF'qrdtng tin6 t2.

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9.#'

-Talie tuo not.e sets of readlngs t{lth difrlerent h... ; i.! .-, . and h2r

Note the tenperatrire of water id-a.-

Cp-Iculate the Coefflcient of perneability fr on, .thereLatton.

. 2.303 a 1'- = ;'t-ttt- l tobto( lt -' :

\ E2-',1/ h2

r*.Lere

lc = coefflcient''of perneabilii;y .of the-soit (cn,/sac.)a = Area of sr.oss sectlon bf stand plpe (sq.en.)1 = Length of 'sbiL sanple. (cn)A = Area of qoss qectlgn of sol! sanp]-e (s.q,cn.)t = Tine interval (sec.)'h1= Inltlal. head of water. (crr) :hr= Final head of water (cn)

10.

r}.

App\y the tenperat'rreperneability at Z7oC.ttlhero U = Viscosi.ty'of

*"o" r Kr.(

Date I .S.oiI lyne:Dia. of nould = cn

corrcctlon to d'eternine ttre coeffLclent

lrater

vr / i zzoc)'

vaR rABrD. JIEAD,IERIEABT+ITY",

t,

Teisted by:Area,of inould (A)= .

'Vol-une of nould (V) =

SO-.Cfl.

cn3

Ienperature of vatenlAroa of tbe st'and plpe.,(a.) =

I or Re golr].deal_S-alpl?

SP. C. of solJ- (G's)=.

;i.1.Vold ratj-o (e)'=hydensltJr (16) = Gs. ru / (t +.e ) .

llel.ght of dry.goil (W.l = rd. V

!'or undtsturbed sa-BDlet '

lletght of wet soil (H) j'det density rwei = (tt/V)Water content (fr) =.

Drydensity (rA) = ,-rwet'|:

=: -'r-rriful .nlc"':'r/otd ratitr (e) = (nl',, - 1 )t

=

"a

(1V

cn2

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t.,

!F.*ieir4e ,eF{.sgg.sHe€*.+b!,4*sfu+Fi9*ts$t**sj3f*i'4ts#*s$ikiqEl*t:*#;Ec;als€c*iw*{{ir j*&€*'+i?&1-i'*t!'(*'# t!

-. '-33-

{

11

12

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fn1*.ri.EairFrrir.D€.4Fig+*€i*..*n-+g:++.#r*e*'#;g$**n,'t+i-'+gd*ltrf/-'a!'ai'Fqiir4&r

E?:ga+::'rris'Fits?&B'jlg-a+-?ila,* +7.*' =-

s:4:r+F'-'

-9'-

strength

S = C * f tan-l--red-u"es toSu = Cu slnce 1,, = Ol where

= Undralned cohesion and

= Undrained angle 'rrf frictton

nsth (q.') eg' 3 5 oiLnlaxicaufi axial sfress

;1":?i:"T,,lt:ns"i' -tested under undrained

condit!on (titce the-'uncorf lnrd' conlression t99t) tend;;-;; ;";"'." ir i'i*": ar:e Durelv cchesl'vs soils vlthg-=-o ?4d-f a sucrr--s"oils-r,he usual exlresslonf cr she-ar

Expt i No .91-)

i -i1.

. / u". q* tln-D--ggit*tq glg*ru.g

A I M: To deternlne the unconf:-.ed conpresslve strength of the&'-L':tL eiven cohesive spil- s*PIi'

, a!ru.glu!.',, t'-3 gflS it?l"A Bl r€

?f, iiikt ? B i,;? i B BBF?t Bi t "Ei

€X*i* o€ -' n*

. ' : " ffi:;iiil-Ai;is;"s6,_ tlop r'rat6t'1 sc21e' lmlfe etc'

TIIECRY: rn this testr a grlindlaneter ratio of ttrossion wlthort aItY conttre lonsth of the spec'lncreasd ll its laterestraln, the ac't'ual anore tlia.n the orlglncted area (1.) rron the expression'

Ac = ---:&.-^--1-+.Where Ao = Qri8jnal rea. of cross sectlon

ii. = Linear stnain = Chan$e in ]-ength'/cieinat len'gt

- --,----:=:=:::::

9"9n

So'= Undrained shea:'' strength

Drawingthel,lotrr|scircleforthefal].rrrecclrrdtbJ.onofthesariplerit u=Cu=4o/2

_

The uncqxfined 5t is also usef!1to car-. culate ttre sen oit utrtctr is defi\ed as

the ratro of -q its undisturbed stlie to

that 1rr lts re state ' '

[luBlLtnnp.qRlrl-9N:(").F,u.l*Hnhff"FlPlyoElut"J5pr:jlliibij$F):'T'"s$7*lt6Zt of

tu'ili: giH;;'f "6dii'" ooilt.nornaltrv 3&nn dta 15oq longcqrnntinE tirbes "tJ'ii-."a.[o-o'"Ei:n

the sinpl-es .cf ttre itr ?91une rure E'rerrre'r the SLnpleS Cf tte Cg1 ectffipift fi-irues are used to obtaln.size, rhese * u'iatiii "i:-"i

"l*ig{ :* ^tfr:l^ngl:H "$ -+i9is anpllng

it;:in A;"* ffi '?il:; sl+* s.1"*;li:.511:: tl!l=!l: lllFSEl:ilHi*t3"fti:3iiir.*ifr "sep-;q?ci-t!!"-*:':H^?::"^u{3!!i)lrn*:"1"'*t.Hil::%:3!hiiil;:!i;:'ffi!'":li?ii:i:ra"H1;:H:il:;d iiitifi'ifi1; ,irii-noural usl:,s the, sanrle eri-r 2tcior '

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+i+.1:'r'!--ert+-r49+4a#':€iit;*!S+-'':!E;:tt{:i:f"15'1gL-::4;+:'

o

IO

I.tount the dial gauge for strain neasunefltent ofi the tr.ctr"tplOrrided. Tiie dial gauge i.s a"dju-sted in a b-ruely vertical-.position ensuring that the botbon of thre spinttle just tou-cires the bbttql plate with the ini'tial

"ga,r.lng at zero.

As a final chech {"1" !..kr s.ope{ initial s-etttngr'arylittle novenent of ttre lixrer pldte is to be fott6ri'ea i,rittr ;a. novenent of the pointer. in the di,al gauge fon strainn.rasurenlant as werl as_ the Ai+I gaqge of -provihg rlng f orload cteasurenbnt, in the Fcsitlve directlb4

ffi,rnpressive load. on the soil- sanple,ty-trrrring-r-e-naT-fle-so as to glve an axlal strain rate of about 1%per mlnute. .Tfri" is to, be fnactised pnlor-to,the flxingof the sarnple in positlon and by fixing the strain neasure-

ing dial gauge ln pcsition. Actual-}y lfi straih-'ln corn.s-ponds to a reading of 0.76ni1. deflecticn in the stralnneasuring dial gauge cir 0.19rul every l-5 seconds. So astrain rato cf,.,,;.20nn every 15 seconds 9a1 be adoptq6. -

lrlote -the peoving_f ing readlngs correspondi-ng to eachO.5W axial_sti:ain vhlue.until a toteL straln of 4 Ls'reached_ and thereafter note the lroving rlng readlngs f oreach yfi addittonal stnatn. 0r. use o.sni & 1:00fin inEervals.

Coqtinue-loatlfurg-,ai.d recbraing tt1l an a:rlal strain offfi Ls.,aLtained irrespective of the fact vhether 1-oad-inc?eases continuously or increase 1nitia1l;r and decreasela.t ar

Slteich the failure pattern. Mcasure the angle bdtwsen lhsf ailwo planes (bra-ctrs) and the hcrlzontal-plane (say Of j

Detqrnine tha nolsture content of each specinen a',, the-faiiure Dlane r

cprcgiale-the axial stress Co'f,) corresponeihg to eachsErar[ \:-u ) lcno',ring the corfected area as expla.lnedearllec .

(r).

2. Adjust the dtstance between the two plattens of the load-ing devlce to sutt the height of speeirhen.

- -35-ff iq_the lenffth*of the-qanp]? to ?drrin. When they arestilj- in'the splii.'noulds. Store the noulds in i-.nolst-rooil (pr in a desicciitcr) to avoid noistur.e losses.-tt"-soil_ sanplig "re tahan out fron tl:e spltt rnoulds Jus.b--ii, - :befqre testlng.

Renoulded Sanples:Courpact.'che glven soil el-i;her by statlc or dynanrlc eonpactloninto q nould .of 100nur.'dl-anetei^ to ihe rlesirerJ denslty andnof,sture ccntent. Obtain ttree 38nn dlereier and '764n, long test'saf;p1res fron ihis inculd as explalned under sanple prepera-ticri' f or'JrQtstur bed sanple .

&S!il€--Pr-oee4rE9.ITote tho dlnensio,ns of tle sanple (tale the avarage valueafter neaslping the length and dianeter at tltee ptaces)and' wet-gh lt .

1.

3.

4.

6.

7,

B.

r,r_i !*tk*;!r-

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1,3Gi-

11 . ptot:tnLe,,.str.ess-strain curve G . V" % . Ncte the na,rinunvaluQ of :the stress (gu) ana also the strain ( hf )g"r-".p.',6!d1ng to thls val-ue. trf the sani:le dias nct fail

evsn d! a strain of 2ofi, the axlal stfes$ aE. M stialn nay. be; laken as tte value of, tu, (See Fig. 1) i' '

'.1:

12. 'Ca16u}ate."the degree of satuqa.lion f :,r ,aach sp€circng. Ifthe va.l.tres ar'e very near 100?6 then thd uhdr.aifieh strength(su'= Co} of the. soil is half the gvaq^S" qri ; If not the

. value-< cf S,, is ta.ken as Cu aPProxinately.

13. Test all- the three sanples. If their rvater contents arssane then report the value of e,.r as the avarage 6f th6 3v_alues obtalned.lf not an appbiinatlcn has t6 be nade lnrelat-lon to the. lrater content varlattons'.

14. .',''P1ot the' ltcthr ts clrcld 'f qc the 'tleee se-npled tested. atfailrre condition. ln appncxinate valtre of C'1. can be obba-ned lf the tbre'e clreles: are of' dlfferent dlHtnbters''.(sJetnFtg.2). : '

15. : Obtaine the approxlrqte value .of.. . ctlon frt ft%. the exprpsslcar lg

FIG.2 MoiA c.rBcLES &ElnmT.gPEs

t

, effeetlve-46+Qr

'ar-Igle of fri-/2". "

..f

.-,.

'=;:!:: '

Stiif cto"7

Soft cloY

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ii+-l'r+;' r.- ' *1.:.r.+.lt=..:.:z-'++.:,&7\E::.j.r+.a, -::::\ir,s,ti+it:1:;rpj.- ?ij -+ , -+,i._5t,?

* *37-u N c_J{t' qrEp lo,rpR E Js_r-ar rES T

Projeci

B.r{/PiiSalrple

.ir \: -9.i{:.3-r,irr:-3a:.*

€;#;.ir+ ii- si--. t: rj:i:.:}!.j..{, ;;:,r.r !, ,.. . r ::3,e-i.l_*ii,_8.+:,.:r.rij. I ;d\ :

1.

Zt

3.

(4). Depttr

( S).. Und istr:r bed/hemoulded

(e) *seiptl9n of soil(7) Proving,rtng-capactty anO g3o.l k11eallbation fa.ctq t ia+

D e b a i 1.

Initial height (nrn)

Ini-tia1 di'[meter

Initlal ar'ba #thitia]- volurne

l'teight of specinren before test (g)

Bullr densLtiy g/cc.

I,'Ieight of speclnen after test (g)

C ontai:rer No.

Weight of'l:wet sol1 + container (e)

Weight of dry soiJ. + container (g)

Weight of waier (g)

Vleight of d1y soil (e)

'lnreiglrt +4 -con&ia€p=(g )

Water con soi].

76.0a +6 0r& +-6- ot1

36- e6

lo'ats

lbSoo l$5.oo

l.t3+s.ae '/;

bo. lo

o,5o

.A !19

hl a?( c?2

U-nconf ined cotnpre jsi.re s trength(kg/sq.crn) (q.r)

Undrained cohesion (tglsq,crn) C,,

Stn.aln at falhrre

Sngl-e nade by fatlurehorlzontal plane = pf

itr ingle ang1c Q,

with

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l-1({

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i q]Jlg) t-!F !:i_ -,_ii

-g i o- i o i ^ : ^ ( - i

l,:il9 jlpo+ i :1".- i fi$i/1, ' i r].nsl

^': _l+"!_& t lr,+ i rra iai.ni,,.-,lllli:-- -i-'^*

10 .o, -* 6._>-

L_ J,Lt io'+t4

la:*.:8'1

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rBa

il'3t;l6'sL ll '\-lb

l.sr6

,q'' aos

'1 ^45 r-

'a.6a"

1l-.0

12.0+.<

€-\-,_ !l_:

13.0E,o

:.5,c8.0

i'os.;iio so

I t.LiL

II

I

lr:or ''

llT Ilt.o>1-5----*+_..*

lJ d_ha.++4a. rss,l,r -I,T S

t+T

lso lia+.uoi, o.irr+_k_rrju

^,,, i ,r"

l.t+1! t;a

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lll F,i,rri j*_ ie _: j r+a

5:'l'1j3,,*i i tr+le+.3,Jg3i tet int,szI

4' tyE I t+C

l/'58ej t++

5'3f4.a.a 3i

l:V/t)as'st

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r€.:i,!:++?:.:.if,-i|1./.24i:i4,rrf:r3:€i:t'T5:-'!-1t*'i+lt::e=''s::tJ'^r9e*r"ii:'; ,1:i--.:i1i. .f<?:..' i{:! :y lt':+i-;-t1:.::'it'1::: :i:''i!l.3iLi : l* +o!!'*-:1:'.rs t;:---'-'r l-:}- i:i 5;:: + i1v:i #:!i=

A I H: To d€tErfline tl're she,a:: l:ala.netcrb 9f ..a'given soi]-(undistrrrbedAerloulei$) usinB a dirgct shear test.

Expt. 1{o. 1O

s a.np1eapEaratus.

Shear'bcx with ltS.accesscries, loading frane, welghts1p3oving ring, dial gauSes, sanple trinuner , bal'ance,ipatula r vernler etc '

Ti.iZCF,Y: The shear sirength of a soil acrosq a p1a4e tran be exfjre"tssed as : :.,, '

S=C+ftarr il ^ :'i:, :i

: i 'ulher e

S - She ar s tr ength (lrg,/sq 'cnr)

Cf- I{olnal- stress on fail'ure 1]-ale (k'g/sq'cm)'c

= Cohesion (kalscl.cn). 9, = ,1lng1-€ cf internal fr lct ion (clegree s )

In the direct shear test fatlrne is induced in -s 5oi1saniple uy novini d;, p;i of- thr: 9ot1 cqta4gl.Yh]1"-!E:.:!l:"iq';; !1. : t; iiscr;-Tl*,*. lk T"' ;il:" ":l ;:f I l' ilsl "tfi *il+u"ii '"piii"al itre lbttcn-lortigg' of , lhe 99I, T?l?: hgl--'rs appl]-ecl t ulle uu uu vu irvr e r-a Yr

."f"iin.-t6 ttre top one; causilg the. soil ltt-th9*!,9'T' to, shearrglauJ-ve uu vlre uvl, .\are t vq4v.-"o

;1il;-;-"iu""--of isipariti-r.n betieen tr'ro'halves of ithe shear'nooc (ir"rizontal ple.ne) ;'bo:C ( hcr iz cl't

refer paee 42 ({-)\.,, 1

v

the bottombox wlth tr'ro

In a strensth test'of a soil.r there- are twolba-cl-c stages.il"; iAd:is-"rrpli"d to the dree-ineh ('consolirrat1.onFirst . r,ofr*i t-ou[-:i","ppli"g t,o bhe dlee-imen (,consolir]3t19

"LiJ I:*a- tt "n.

raiture is inOuceA_.pr apnlrlng a.lshqar: streSs/-ui-^-r-- ^|c-^r--rF nn r.rator.is'-:a'l'-Ibwed-to escaDe fron or eni:fiEftjfc-tt'ic;;1.-11.-iro ',rat"i-'is'-:at-I-ot+eg't! e;asps''fron or enteri;]l-l--tr..".r,o.f.nan,either during cgnsgli{ati-on gt'4pr'ing Shearlngii [i-til"'.r,"ini" .either during 99nsg]iclati-ort c,4. 4Pqing Shear1ngr:! i ^-: rA1 'raA ^- ,,.i-n:irtorl tosf,loi..'rrnc6hsblidatetl 'rindrainea test.ii', I' :,iX''' :;

- ;; ; ; ii di ti::'s.,

. t :t ;f"

" Hi ru 3 T*a!?

u.HSii 'ilG." -.ailo"ea io -ionsol{4afeii'tlil" -ilfoioeA [o consollqalp under the;nornal ]-oad'r-rrr no ,'iit,=" i.s a,tloved aur.ing she.q45' tt 13 calledIli"-i:l ined test. If the spegi eni'Iilr consolirlatedi.i '., 'watar i.s a,tloved aur'ing sheg4t' lt 13 calledil[="if--.-- ined test. If the speci gl'ils- consolir]alg9..,tra.t=tG nornal load' and sheared YndPl lq|'y';drained cT9i!19siCl-i

". aa+=f" "nsoTatlat

ed d:: alned t e s!,l Uririr a ine d beq@p""f**a-ffn ."

"n-aa" Uoc only, Cn l1ighly inpernea.lllq clay.

1. Place the plater aIld then ihe solid Eid- trlate atof the stear uoi. ft the br'ro parts gf !t-tg Ph€.utsuitab1elocking."t"""rar.-!el'ensttrlngithat.the,spaclngscre\':r?5-N;;:t on-td"tled-witn th+ir tii:s f lush rvlth the con'uron

sr.rrf.ce betvoen trYo halves '

2.

3.

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4,-ag- -

er str+ws; such.that a gap.tuo::pnr t$ r :f -ttrr: L bt* .: | :.-.flne soils thts step can be

B.

5. A,ttach a. diar geJ:gr tc th: f itttng fixed tc the vartlcalend plate fixed tc the r,rat:r ;ockbl.Ttris ga.uge neasures tho.she er (h,.x.12.-nt..I) dls placer:eit

6. Inciuce shear dis?la.cenent at a. rate rf abcut M ,t"rfn p^1.lni:rute (0.6 nrn/nin) .

Ta.ke the readings :f -l"rvin6 ring dlal gauge at ev_-ry O.3cr 0'6ffr.rf ^(shear.).dlsplacenent ttll Eiilure rT tlli e rtis-pl.acenent of 12nn' (zo% strain) vtricheverl-*"o"" iarlicr.

Revnove the sfr:ctnen frcn the bcx and take sarnples ftyr,ploisture ccntent detbrninatlcn .

9. ReDea! bhe test 3ry1 2tleast tqo nre i_4entiggl_ speclmns(rrlth sane density) under increp-sed ffiEl:fbaos.qojibolrlDA.t,5D UNIRAITIED TESTS: hccedlre ts slnrilar to bhatin'undraln-d :teSt r. e*cept -that instea<l. rf the solid g ldp].ate$ use perf cnated'grid plateS at the tcp arrd bctltrr cf: Ehs speernenr Oollcluct tha shiar rtest c-nly efter ecnplgteconsclldatton has occured under the apprled nr.:1631.!tre.e,s.

inileu. to that in-e sEearing 1s dcne

.that cQqDIe te

CALCULATIONS 3

I. Calcu.Iate ttre ccrrected cr.oss sectictral a.rea A"( "n2) rr, cn . t.rre f cllr-rying equat ton: :

A"=Ao,, (1.((g/n)

Wl-ren e

Ao = Illti_a{ crcss sectirnal area cf the specir\n- (sq icn)c5 0 = I{ocizcntal. dlsplacenent (nur)

.B = Initfal bngth ::,f the specinen (nrl)

2.

D

Divirle tle 'she'ar load neasu.red by thebcrrected arga. cf sPecinen io get thes 1;ec inen .

;.n cving r ing by g6Gshear stress in56e

P1'rt the slr.ear strain versus sheerf stress curves to oibaj-ntive maxlmm shear stress crresponding to each-ncrnal,'if,3^ess.D::ternlne ths fallure s'brain (tr'tg.1) -

Plct failwe(r;r rnaxinnun) shear ctress versus irtnal s\-,.ssto cbtairi the shear paratneterq C and fr (ELg.2).4.

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.#F!;cf,+rAf{*.4i€ta-}t*A-,:+€ig+.:#,+E'dFs}Hs:r'-*:Zffiq*it{"'i$}FG*i}:{+$':1+qg+r-S4*t*r4

(/.) P-.-ci fsiLure. (oroirtain the: shear''

s41-nnx.) ljirr:.:T stre,;s Vo ilorFal stress toparaneter.s C t; 'y' (:rii:. 2).

Ti=l> hei-SftrrT

Vr

H t, p.1 23,- illd{"\r1r\.rt,oA T,H oRr zoNTAL DE €oRxATtdN v'

r$

!!3.c cu S;-wJ:.qi {?It1j -ial-.1{ilItJiJj ili}

Surjnary cf llesults:

6 ii3 o'ili

Ftna]-

,!

I,

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'i

\lE('- c) | tr2'u h(ac'i-'' fi I{{ t'c+r bit' cr-' n ll-.1-l

{Ol r

d rr,, (u ta":Io)dbi

*S '';Sg

9Llrllo ,-_--

I

I

I

(

o

calcTi,

A

J.(.6

da

ir"(a

C)

((r

ItI

III

iII

o\91t

1ii

":j-J:'

.1o

c

:'.-o

:f

r t:! J I

II

Iuil€l r b,r hoxl -.tr c

.s I I E{ b).r{ .Jl >CE\/1l r o .r{ sJ^r At.olp{ r.

c?

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.:;,-f

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r-f.

I

ItI

iI

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II

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--i--i--;:-r-Fi:i i.','i i I i.i.,irf i i i t, iiiiiii

.-9

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,.. o, A'l e:

-.+(1)l{.t .g o. :..oo F;,.Vo a- t-l'1. bo bo'11tr r... ..{ rj di|^' t{ h bl

' btb,l dd cc.cC-,.. Fiil.r)or>>rd-v':p O O <6(i cli tu ifi OE-.rlftuA }J

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o

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fl.!(J

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dlEI

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CJI ur.L(aEitorrn.8 $;(A qE

;---d rd^o (dbl

-q oi4(D r]v

bo htqc.,< b.0.il> r:|5O'-l dir'x,i;i-\ F{:-_.=._--

0_!

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r{ C)di a-{

+, ircooail6^'Srq{ EiooEHrdt

lcI

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t! ,tltr: -lrd'll r

r.ri Eo-'i d,i \'Ji bnr.,t4rli vqiia I it,j '(/)d, (rC,)roI EcE i Frt'FJI ctn)

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: Crj,C5 i-ix:x

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-42 (A);

Pre par. a.tion -p_f: Sgqlles :

(a) .

/ t".:"(t) .

_qg}e.g!e9--gdlr Undistt-u' bed s antples .are. obtaine d.

in fOO nn dia. neter sanpling tttbe Benoi:Id sanpies-#e-"onpac-r,ed !n a. nould at a requlred water ccntento;rd ccnPaction energY.

3 Ccnpact the soi]- in *uhe directlayers usihg a rattulter to a fina1-

.weigh the soll wittt the box.

CmtC. .. 39

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r\P^Ertr4LUt5.: 5 tmne loading f-,.ir,ne.l trioxial ce11, 6pecinen Eould,

13tera1 pressure aSsenlrly, f oot tnp balEnie, aryfug' cven, deslccator etc,A^triaxia-I test is intended tc r,rovitr,e strength data.gf 'a soil sanple subjected to c-onptressive. stii"sses intllee siutual!-y perpendicular directio:rs. 'rJhen .a soils9aniple ls subjected -bo a stress systern and if Cf l-ls the rnajor p3 lncipal stress axd d-g the rlinepr.incip-al stress at failure across a Flane then thecondttlon of shear failure is lndica.ted W Mohr rs

tliagran as shor,in in tho,Fig. 2, The shear- strengthparaneters,rCr and r0t (as indicated in Ftg12) Ireknown as cohesion a.nd angle of lnternal frictionre s pe ct iveIy.

Expt. No. tl.

!)To dete,:enjre the slreq strength parauetars of a givencohesive soi]- sauple by conducti_ng '{,Inconsolida-t;d Un-dr ained triaxial conl,]res.siqr testr.

A T }.{:

TPEORY:

Obtain three soil sanples76rm long ffon a sartrlinEl00nn.

Attach the 3&nn d1a. solid base cap at ihe centre cfbase .plate of the tria:<i-al cel1.Place the soil sanrple centralllr on the base cap of thetriaxlal ceIl and cover ii with the loadilg cap.

Enclose the sanple in a rubber__ite4btranellglng asteath stretch€r -

---Seal the rubber nenrbrane against the top and bottqncaps with r0 I rings. Plactr a steel- ba.ll in the centr alconlcal seat of ttre top cap

Carefully lovrer the upper assenbly of the tlla.rlalceIl lnto position checklng that the plunger bott['tjust rests on the spher.ical ball crr the ioit cap cfthe sanple.

!-1x tirg up1.er as sembly io the ba.se plate by tighturAngtlte nuts evenly. Place ttre ceII cenbdllycn th6 lqitj_n6frane

Adnlt water itrto the l-ucite chanber by opening thecorresponding valve ppo'rided in the base piate cf

The lcartinc i:jrr wil!- !.c. pusher:l rlp, against the Tr o\bgr1.n6 due to the upuard tlq'ust of ths ceII pcessureacticn on its ].oviri:.end. ff neans of handle provlduand to be op:rats6 (r'ihen the notor 1s switched ofli-brlng dcrm the lo3ding ran such ;hat lts bottom isjust 0.5cn a.bov:: ttre steel baII . Thenr lock i;he haU:-"

1.

:.2,

3:

A-=a

of size g8nul aianr-'ber and.tube, usually of dianeter

5r

7,

B.

9.

a.;

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.*or"*++o*ur*iF*i9igi+*d++=:::'€:n-' a r 1

" -#1*'and stast the notor ti1I the loadlng re.u,bottoq just touchetthe splerical bali. IJhen this happens ihe the pf 6ving rir-rg'-cliaI gauge pointer just s'c.'r'bs noviag. fr'.uned.laLe1y stcp tfienotor, adjust ftt p"oving ri g dial gauga reacllng to z-ero.

10. Ttle axial strai-:r of the soj.]- sainTlfe'is neasurcd by a d.ia].gauge ftxed to the rarn betr+e ing and-toF ofi;rla:cial cel-11 }Icr,r a.djust th a.l-gauge read.-ine to .ze?o. (Tiris is ch+cire when bhe moto;-dri.re is sta^rtede ihc iial I i.rrg ring and the

. dial .8au-8e fc'r neasuldrtl ex nciring sirerltene

11. If the rlotor, is no$ s'tarted, the indic'abcrs in the d.ia1. gaugof prbvLng ring and the dia.i gauge f o1 str.ain neaswem;nf,' -, ,slart noving. This ensrr'eo +.hat tire apileratus is all set f or.applicatlon of devlator load on the soi]- sFaeinen.

12. $iart -l-oadlng thesanple q't a constiirt- rq.i:-- of d-ef crnatj.onof

- 0 .?snrn/n jnute (i .e . lji srT ain/ninute ) .

13. P*ec9gd. .the.]oaq (pqoving.ring C.iat read.ing) at e..,ery -t-11t9 U5;strailh. Gcn-"lnue the loading untll an axial strfiinof 20/o ls reached qr the il.oving ring readings decreasealter attatning nar<lnun values

14. Rexxove the devlatel, load conprelery ar-rd reac ttre f inalprovlng ring rearllng -a.s a ctreck to- ensure rhat froe-r.io-r i-ng is, elose to inrtial, re,ad.ing

a5' Renoveei-glrthplEne tttre fai

15. Ca.lcu1a-te the cleviatoi, str,::iscqrrjspondirig to ver.ioui lxiafusing. the cqrre c tea ar,a -t^sLrein vai,Iues as f ollorrrsi.

:-- 1t | -'t-o

Ac=

.'. I 'be inc,Ao tire" ,il?tli.3$3.'3rt€,il;," 3a rl : *ri: i' ia1 leng ur and

L7.

ceLL lressr)r€8,tlte thea: ,Dai,au

b

ir 5T RF-C ;

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*45*

w.giFqup@_uf IDL4JNEp..-q}Jg{*rai,**Qg&3ASJ.W_-tj*sr.(tiir-thorrt the neasur.enent of pc"re ua.ber pressure)

Soil type; a-\c.b

' Sprcinen type:

iir:.'lii-.-,.'l- Iengtir ofsrr:ciilra (ru) ftu.-= *6'leltllii:r-a'i die.npter ofS::,r;cinen (urm) **- - ll.-f5rj 3,5.15d

Irescription of 's pec inerr ' Specinen Itro.

Initial Length ( mn) _t'l 6" tct" I

Initia]- dianeter'(mnr)3S-o r$!

initia]- cross,:sectlonal area (em?;

Initiar voluae t"t l- ----Inltia]. rreight cf specinnn (e)

t8{Bullr dr:nsity g/ec

Cel-l- F'essure (Cr 3) ke/sq.Cnl:o

Mocle of lai]-ure

Date: si ',-,..Teste d by: P-.'n-;

i1. ovlng r ing No . .r

T._or+n*, ring p. a q

c rnstalrt

.Rate of defqrr,ratton( mnnlr'in . )0. 0f,L^. r.7 *.; n

Anglc I i I

iiqilsonta.l-p1ane-- i i i

-

iJeighf, of wet soiJ- + Container (g) i i

lal-.igli,t of dry soil + ccntainer (g)

I'leigirt of cqntainer (A )

lii.aigi:rt of lrater (g)

i.{eight of dry soll (g)

nlater ccntent of solf f%)

';

'.....|t

3e'5 ++l

1i.e e alt'3s"),

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i_

-48= -

(r,ui) ii;6 (rq... t-^ !^ ; cC ! i^ i ^ i I IlfrJr ir G;t i ., i3i c i i i 'r-i'leie ir; it-i,?€ i^^i9i e,{

evevqti-r,\,?-uvrr-oljee!Is.i14r-_-area i-.-- l-'-"'l-- :"-i-*---'l- "J -----.i----j---se. : !,- ; ci. i i^ i ^ I i I

.r1rl iP lg r'i f ., ig; N : i i c'r-vr-ro/ i.5 * ie i, - E rv , ,-ii ; i Gi .- -5.i ii5 i; ir iiiFE i3 iBi .d o I'l io c.r

i isri iri!'ryi::li:iilB iF'iEiH-yI lc-c-f lo 'J,' i ua"llcj il 5 ! '-i '31,! cli iEgl; li,. i F-ti; '!.- , Irii i? lts li.b ! hg!*:ob i F'.5-, ..iltr

ia 'i+r l+a.sI

r_o .o I lr.,4 + 6

t4' ls.3]:l+'6.i

t;6,

5a ; rrl

i-83icfA

c i"f ;i (-'I

xlixir.b i F'.ii ..::

b'ci )r

6.11

i? lF :;il:

7 'o I s'r:

-'r 2 .0

'f*- - ---t--i lr,cos'l ,o t

lJ..:+31

r-<. s&c !

b'ti l-1 .It ir= ir"yl-t.+r

I'lJco

1,1r1+

r+.

: ti i /8'&ti).u lig.gci zo-x

17.0 ',

'.-+-l-

Lo {,1 i.+ +r

It'ol: o'!o I,t(3 ll*

iry , ra.i', $5 "'t

l-9 r0

tt ''1 tr:fl'!-i-f::

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-!.7;.Expt, !2

rAB AT-BJ_-Lqij,E. FIUSB_,rE sr' //To determtne the undlalned shear strength of softcohesive 5oi].s.

SE-ruRlJUg: Vane shear a-DPeratus, i:Jorcelene dishl spa-.iuIa, balanee.

!E'--E---IBE.:

1. Taice about 100 g. of giv6n sdll and add sufflcieni water' to nalce the soll paste of stiff consistency. Mlx the soiland water tho::oughly a;ld compa,ct the soil into s tube toget.a'speclcen of a rni:tl-rmn length of 75sur

, ^ I'iq.rnt the speclmen conualner $tth ihe specinen cn thebase of the-vane shear apparatus end fl* i-t secwely tothe base.

to thelr fu1]-soif. specir-en].omn beior^' the

a

(

Lower the shear Vanes lnto the specfuenleng'r,h gradually wii;hout distwblng theso that the top of lhe vane is at leasttop of the specfunen.

+ , Note the readirtgs of Qle stralnafter c nding-them .(11 is the

and toroue lndlcatorsln ltiaI -angular re a.ding)

5. Rotate the Vane at a unlforn rate of aborrf o.Vsec.by sultgbly operating the torque 3pplibatctr handleuntll the sirectnen fatls which.1s indicated bf thereturn of the strdin lndicating poLnter. .

S. Note thg final reading of the torgue indlcatgs.(il2 Is ttre f inal angul-ar reading)

7 . ColLect sanple fqr deternnining notsttre content.

Repeat t$: test five to six tl-nes Braduatrtry lncpeaslsg---..----jbhC!$e+rq;--{c'ntent. - -

-CALSULA'EONS 3

O.

Calculat,e the shear strpngth of the qo+ ugi.ng th€ifollowlng f orrula: :l

S'=( p2n + p3)

26trlhere S = Shear strength tn. T = Torque in cn lcg =

D = 0vera11 illaneterH - Helght of vane in

PIot a graph water .content V, Iq3 sh+.ar strength.

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Date:

siit.type:Tested by:

?e st No.-t-

I-i.3

l-. Initlal Re ading ofTgrque -indtcator (01)

2. Final Re"lding of ,

Tonque Indicator. (02)

slz-- _t_ --_ ,l-u-

1--t

3 . '.fo1'qus angle(OZ= 01) =O

4. Tqque (cn kg)

Shear Qtrenlth(w/t^21

Ccnta.iner .No.

Weight ofwet soil-

contalnen(e)

container(e )'

water (g)

!'ielght of.Dny sol}:-,_.i.".'. -'Height .of

lo. 'I1lbieht of'cqrta

f.- -ttrf,gET-o?. t1 y ET:1

12. tdater content (l)

-l- - - '/-lo-i----

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4g-

COISOLIDATICII TEST

Expt. ltrc. --13

APPARA'IUS : Loading device , consoiid oneter t+ith all acce ssor ies Iporous stones, water reservolr, dlal gauge and other

. access'orles 'TI{EG,Y: The naln L\rrpose of the best:-s bo obtain sol]. data

whtch are used in predicting the rate arrd the anountof settlement of suruciures. The t'wo lnport*tr soilprofrertles furnished by tbe test are (i) cor:p::essionindex (C") anO (it) ttre coeff rcient of 'cbnsbl-ida.ti-cn(C.,): whiEn :indlcaEes ttte rate of conrression under aIobd lneerent. The rlata f::on labora.tory test nalce ltposstble to plot a stress V volung strain curver whichgive.s-useful lnf vrna'cion about the stress histo'y ofthe sol]-.

s lgEgi@r( .) . gnarslrrftrq-serx&. i1. Cleax the consolldation ring and welgh it ernpty,

2. Press the, cmsoltdation ring gradualJ.y lnto the sanpllngtube contalnlng the- soil s,arnple and renove careful-l-y thernaterial a:'ourid the rlng. See tha.t the soil spectnren f:eo-jects about'one,cn. on either sJ-cle of the ring. t in thespeclnen flush with the top and bottom of the rin6 , us-lng a trlnt"ler and a ltire sa!t. If 'any volds arr:-cquseil _in.: - - th6 specinen due +.o the re!0oval.of=E-tffi6C

---------E-En back by r:resslng ]-cose soil lFghtly;Lcle r ft i]-1

by presslng ]-cose soi1 ]-tghtly-'.

Flnd out the watc-;r content fronr th<! ref.resentative scilbrimnings .. )

ner,rouldbd Saqplg_

Clean the consolidation rlng and weigh at ennpty 'Ierc'rthe ri:rg on a glass plate. Prepare a soi]. paste 'Jt EIE'

s'btff conststency. FlII up the consolidation ringlrj-ththe so11 paste carefully without. entlspping anX air r.rei.ghthe ccnsolldatlqr ring with soll ':

Saturate the porous si,ones by bolling in'distllled vraberf or atleast 15 rrtjnutes. Moisten all the interioii surfacesof the ce1l. Assenble tha cell wlth soil sfecinen (LtLtte ring) and pcrous s-,ones, . firoving-,ring a f iltel'paPerbetvsgn the Soi]- and peous stones. Kbep the Toaa6; c'',F -on tlre top of pcrous stone and place the whole aslrEblyon the platfcrn pr:ovided with a loadlng frane.

Balance the lever lcadlng systen. ..Flx the dial gauge in truly vertical Posiiion.

i seirple throughout tte test isc 'the'bottcrc side of the cel]-t , to a lucite cyl{n$er conta\1sr€

rlounted on a stand (attached fi-u adiusted i;o tlre desired leve[.

A I M: To conduct one---- "uru".1"6

sollcons olidat ion

.Jr

(tr) .

4.

6.7.8.

dloenslonal consolidaticn test on asanple f or, de terrtining lts various

characteristics.

5.

III

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:50*g, fpirlv an initiar settjilp-r Derd of o.qs irg./sq.cn and atiowLt'tb stand f w 24 hourE.- --- - '-b!r u\'l

iC ' i-iilr tire f inal c oplif e s si onr;rri -],oo.d ard apply'th! norni)n'{) ssure intons ity, star i:inRl,c'rrd the conlression d,_a1(i.rs given in th.e p1'of o'..na);n',1-dua.lly P]-acing the ivoigh

ii. t'l'_ice f i:ra1 dial_reading -afilr a la.pse of 24 1.r.orrr s toc1'rFjrr:e the ccnplel:ion of inirnary cbnsofiaiiion.

J-.'2. .ife;lea.t the above.lryocedure every tlmrj doubling the fre_s slr.l'o i-ntensity to lts i4evious"varue (usu6r:-B"q"tn;L"-or_r_oadirrg i" ?;I: 9.2t 9at ?.8, -t:Gr 8.2 and q.+.i.gl"[.ii'.ri. 0.25 I C.5, 1.0, 2.Ot 4,O anA 9.0 kg/sq.cn)

'.= , i-'ii'' lbtaining rebcunrL curve'in steps of one'fourth the',:.alue of 0 .1 kg/sq.cn cr O .i:.itue dia]- readings are noTn::,ibourd, however , talce theitcut^s ) re adings under ea.ch

-t_ , Take fhe f jnal rebcund reading f qr 0.1 kg/5q;gn q.0.?b-kelsq.cn and i'educe -the i,ntensiti t3'liie initiafset,.-oad. T"".p it fcr 24 hours and ta,ke ttre finat ctialgauge reading

--Lo. Disnantl.e the asser,rbly and r,rei6h the specinen with ring:.i';.-:r wiplng away Fxcess water.

l.G" Kg;-.:';i1s s1--cinan in the ove_n and af+.er drylng it fcr2i lours- at.a lgmpgrablre of 10S to 110 deirees centi=' gi';'.flirr obi&in its dry 'rre -ght.

PtEcAiI?rcIv: Maintair the r'rati'-i' 1eve1 i-n the feservolr. through-" out ilre tesc to it,s iniiiai "iifr"-i"pproxiprately)so as to ;rrevent desiccat;Lon and to ffiovid" ""iii-cent r.tater f or LIrc rebor:nd expaltsion.

-:l]IiITC- I.IETHODS:

-r'.. ,1:g_ale roat..Ue!!d (Tqy g5-F-!.trgg):

Pl_ct the observation with tas abscissa and -r,he dial gDra.w a'snooth curve join:n'ihe strai.ght pcrtic'n of thr-j' zero tine and obtain thel.liw a. straight line the"ougas lalge as the cqrlespondiIine portion of 'rhe curve.(dor,)- of- their{ cor-responclsThd-readhg on tine ccrrespf r:y 90% ccnsol-idat.ion. Calcponding to 100% pl.inary con

!-.j.-.l=:rj:.-"t (ggs*€ende' s. Me th od ) :

i'ici the cor:npr'ession dial- rar-rti C:'a.w a slrooth curve. tsx.':tl the curves to intersectr;hicir gives d16g ccnresp rdCation. Lay of,f a disi,ancehold. of O.l llinu'le reading

+itr,:v straight lirre wiih the experinental- ctTve.

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?5+L

between this point ald anoth.* at an elapsed tine vhlchIhls gives the correeted zeroIresslon polnb which ls hallzero poirrt and 1001 eonpresslcntime a>;is corresponding to thlsf C? \Odo c,ctnsolidatlon ,-

C4ILCtgj,-l;:I0NS: Calculrt'.r th: eqlt:L;alsni heighb of scil solidsas i<;lt-l-cus: .

2Ho =G, r"' 11'

l-'iic+Lt: 2 Hn = equlva.lent thrckness of soil sollds';I" - = hy r.rei6ht ..>f soil. specinenGs = SPecific gravill' of soilr = Unj-t weigirt cf water

1I

A = Area of cc,ntainer. ring

5a1cr:late the vold ratio e = (fr/.8) - 1-u::ere 2E

= thi.clcness of slrcl-iren at the end of c-onsol-ldatlonperiod after the a.pplication of each load.

Pl-ot a &raph beiween voicl rabio and log of Ilressuro P; Theslope of straight PorLion of the curve gives the va:Lue ofccnpr.ession indoc. C"

0 oe f f ic ient of C on s o]-id at, ion :

e, = O,B+B :EZ / tu, (square root nethod)

----g1---y!s1

flz / tun (Los lhthod')

-----T@{ticlent of pqriirc abi

r ',',lh.I9 tSO and^tOO alc.i+PIIcaEIon oI' l-oadr E

FI -s 1a1f the thicknessto o:i-a-l- reading of do,.t.e, = Toid ratio undei"t

e2 = Void ratio under an applied presswe f2

Oop.presslon In{gc (Qq) :

lllhis ls obta.ined asf t1. the stress range

IoS U2- Iogcc

11-:': coi itrrre st sicn pressure :

' The naximn pressure to vrhich a'"c i:r i'blr hj-story so fdr can als: be obtainedcurve, L'y a sultable geonetric consiruction atninimn radius on bhe c ve

soif is subitc ttd._frofi e V. lot,^ I Cfthe Poi-fit oitu

z

I

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.T 1r,r'!

',. Ft G.

.--li

- L-ocale the- p-oint curvatw.e c,n the plot.Drarv a helzontal line nt to the cfrve, i[-itrf" pojJxt.Bisect th9 angle forned ese tlro llnes. trrerSe,ct thf; -

bisecl@ by extendine b alght portion of [tre-i"t-fr-fogP curve ccrresponding t €r Irressure. i

The pressure cofresponding to the point of intersectlongives the naxfuun preconpression lrressure: (Pc).

o+.d

to

Rosa:-x

E'lo

Rl^

,r to6'(ti'"e_)Ex pei i'?n eerto-{,crr.y.yg

AI

I

I

LI

I

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P

S ci_t- T'aro :

Tesied tyne:Date:

Pr',.'ls gr-1l.6 fncr ement_ _ -\49,/.rq.cn.)

Tir:n oi ,,.ta-rting

-,--f---2.0 i +.o

-i---I

,l1t-.1r,-Jt dni .-.r ... i. t:u i_LS.

2';25

3,5

oA a'. i-etz:o. I 0.S-:rli , , .:i--' .:

'i .i"1 .) t

i:ll,'o

I r r.&,C8l-.0

_-*_*-_-_-_.!

100. i

8.0

9.C

10.0

11.0

13.O1A^

15.0

'i I totl'o

6 .2s I 2;5.+------e.o li s "o

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,p*.+f,'Fldrg'**#6r"rr*r*{,+d#rd*!Ed*r4.4rFi*ln+rr+ffi!!a*$?*t*"1s'drB*}AJr'**ilslfr

!,nrqea*rr!E64re4€#i*t1*ri*r*+er*qd***..q?e !*r*Fr*&t*r##g44iitb,i-41i&Etr#nb!**:'p*'+f'sFldrg:*&iF*"*.**q':6+Frd*d

^54--cq\is 0LIDA_tI*qt-*TE_SLeqS - A

(i

soi]' Type:

iile Asr:r'erlent s cfeo':ti.iner ring

hreigirt of ccntalner

Die.ne trrr (inner ) ofcontaine'r (nn)

Area cf cont,ainex (a) cnn2

trniiial thlckness ofsoil sanple (nn)

Dry Weight of thesan'ilIe-..-(!lls)1

Specific 6ravityof soi)- (G.)

Equ.i'.ra1ent heightof solid;

dg=Gs'rw"A

Tested by:

I'ioisture

Degreo ofr at;-crr

. Date:

}ICTSTURE Cq'ITEI{T

-..-t.*--r-,.-,*{l_,

llgefoneilrterI i test i rest i

Wt.of container I

ring + wet soil I

i ".. of r.ins

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II

iI

-T---j

iIJI

,----"r----;-.-;

IIII

tiI

II

o--rJ

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