Georgia High School Graduation Georgia High School Graduation Test ReviewTest Review

1800-18651800-1865

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

• Thomas Jefferson wanted to purchase Thomas Jefferson wanted to purchase New New OrleansOrleans from France to secure trading on the from France to secure trading on the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

• Napoleon Bonaparte need money so he Napoleon Bonaparte need money so he offered the entire territory for offered the entire territory for $15 Million$15 Million

• Jefferson took the offer because he believed Jefferson took the offer because he believed that it was important for citizens to have that it was important for citizens to have access to land.access to land.

• This purchase in 1803 roughly This purchase in 1803 roughly doubled thedoubled the size of the United Statessize of the United States

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clarke ExpeditionLewis and Clarke Expedition

• Even before the Louisiana Purchase, Even before the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson sent Jefferson sent Meriwether LewisMeriwether Lewis to find a to find a water route to the Pacific.water route to the Pacific.

• William ClarkWilliam Clark was chosen to help. was chosen to help.• The The Corps of DiscoveryCorps of Discovery left St Louis in 1804 left St Louis in 1804

and reached the Pacific NW in 1805and reached the Pacific NW in 1805• Thought to be lost, the Expedition returned to Thought to be lost, the Expedition returned to

St. Louis with a wealth of info about the new St. Louis with a wealth of info about the new territory and a claim to the territory and a claim to the Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory

The War of 1812The War of 1812

• As U.S. settlers headed west they As U.S. settlers headed west they encountered Native American resistance; encountered Native American resistance; many accused them of being allied with many accused them of being allied with Britain.Britain.

• Britain was also impressing (kidnapping) Britain was also impressing (kidnapping) American sailors to serve in the British navyAmerican sailors to serve in the British navy

• 1812 – Congress declares war of Britain.1812 – Congress declares war of Britain.• American hoped to gain new territory from American hoped to gain new territory from

Britain and SpainBritain and Spain

War of 1812War of 1812

• The British invaded and burned Washington The British invaded and burned Washington D.C.D.C.

• The U.S. won the Battle of Fort McHenry, The U.S. won the Battle of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, inspiring Francis Scott Key to near Baltimore, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner.write the Star Spangled Banner.

• The Treaty of Ghent was signed restoring The Treaty of Ghent was signed restoring prewar boundaries- nobody actually winning prewar boundaries- nobody actually winning anything.anything.

• Battle of New Orleans is won by Andrew Battle of New Orleans is won by Andrew Jackson – after the Peace Treaty is signed.Jackson – after the Peace Treaty is signed.

War of 1812War of 1812

• The war showed that America could defend The war showed that America could defend itself and its interests in North America itself and its interests in North America against foreign powersagainst foreign powers

• There was a surge of American patriotism There was a surge of American patriotism and a stronger sense of national identity.and a stronger sense of national identity.

• Due to its opposition to the war, the Due to its opposition to the war, the Federalist party lost its credibility and faded Federalist party lost its credibility and faded from importance in national politicsfrom importance in national politics

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

• With the end of the War of 1812, and With the end of the War of 1812, and only having ONE political party – the only having ONE political party – the U.S. entered the U.S. entered the Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

• During this period , President James During this period , President James Monroe issued the Monroe DoctrineMonroe issued the Monroe Doctrine

• It stated that the U.S. It stated that the U.S. would not tolerate would not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of European intervention in the affairs of any independent nation in the Americasany independent nation in the Americas

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• During the late 18During the late 18thth and early 19 and early 19th th centuries, the western world centuries, the western world experienced the industrial revolution.experienced the industrial revolution.

• A time when technological advances led A time when technological advances led to massive economic changes.to massive economic changes.

• The use of machines began to The use of machines began to transform manufacturing transform manufacturing

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

• 1793, he invented the 1793, he invented the cotton gincotton gin..• This allowed people to process This allowed people to process

harvested cotton much faster and made harvested cotton much faster and made the south a the south a “cotton kingdom“cotton kingdom””

• Because of the success of the cotton Because of the success of the cotton gin, plantations became very dependent gin, plantations became very dependent of of slave laborslave labor

Eli Whitney Eli Whitney

• He introduced the idea of He introduced the idea of interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts, which , which transformed the economy in the North.transformed the economy in the North.

• He used in producing muskets, but it He used in producing muskets, but it was adapted to other industries and was adapted to other industries and became of key principle behind became of key principle behind industrial development- industrial development- (assembly lines, (assembly lines, and mass production)and mass production)

Sectionalism Sectionalism

• The Industrial Revolution had an The Industrial Revolution had an unforeseen circumstance – sectionalismunforeseen circumstance – sectionalism

• It is the economic, social, cultural, and It is the economic, social, cultural, and political differences that exists between political differences that exists between different parts of the country.different parts of the country.

SectionalismSectionalism

• SouthSouth had a plantation economy had a plantation economy dependent on slave labor and cottondependent on slave labor and cotton

• NorthNorth was dependent on factories and was dependent on factories and immigrant laborimmigrant labor

• West West became a growing frontier as became a growing frontier as technology allowed small landowners technology allowed small landowners and aspiring plantation masters to move and aspiring plantation masters to move west.west.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

• People believed that it was God’s will People believed that it was God’s will for the United States to expand and for the United States to expand and possess territory all the way to the possess territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.

• They viewed it as their sacred duty to They viewed it as their sacred duty to conquer the Westconquer the West

War with Mexico War with Mexico

• 1846, Disputes over the US-Mexican border 1846, Disputes over the US-Mexican border led to War.led to War.

• American troops marched into Mexico City American troops marched into Mexico City and forced Mexico to surrenderand forced Mexico to surrender

• The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 ended The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 ended the warthe war

• Treaty gave us California and the area that is Treaty gave us California and the area that is now Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevadanow Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase

• Territory purchase from Mexico for the Territory purchase from Mexico for the building of the transcontinental railroadbuilding of the transcontinental railroad

• We paid $10 Million dollars.We paid $10 Million dollars.• The acquisition of these territories all The acquisition of these territories all

but completed the continental but completed the continental expansion by those who believed in expansion by those who believed in Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Gadsden Purchase & Mexican CessionGadsden Purchase & Mexican Cession

CaliforniaCalifornia

• 1848, Settlers discovered gold just north of 1848, Settlers discovered gold just north of Sacramento, California.Sacramento, California.

• Gold seekers came from all over the world as Gold seekers came from all over the world as part of the California Gold Rush.part of the California Gold Rush.

• ““49ers” increased the population rapidly49ers” increased the population rapidly• California bypasses the territory phase and California bypasses the territory phase and

applies for Statehood.applies for Statehood.• Compromise of 1850 allows California to Compromise of 1850 allows California to

enter the Union as a “Free” stateenter the Union as a “Free” state

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

• A great supporter of Manifest Destiny A great supporter of Manifest Destiny was Andrew Jackson; a war hero – was Andrew Jackson; a war hero – Battle of New Orleans.Battle of New Orleans.

• Jackson was a “common man” ; unlike Jackson was a “common man” ; unlike previous presidents who were born into previous presidents who were born into priveleged class.priveleged class.

• He represented the frontiersman and He represented the frontiersman and resented the “eastern elites” resented the “eastern elites”

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

• Jackson backed Jackson backed “universal suffrage”“universal suffrage” – – all all white menwhite men should be able to vote, not should be able to vote, not just those who owned property.just those who owned property.

• Most states dropped the property Most states dropped the property requirement – this made America a requirement – this made America a more democratic statemore democratic state

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

• Jackson instituted a policy of rewarding Jackson instituted a policy of rewarding political supporters with government jobs – political supporters with government jobs – the spoils systemthe spoils system..

• This ultimately led to corruption and a call for This ultimately led to corruption and a call for reformreform

• Jackson also favored Jackson also favored laissez –faire laissez –faire economicseconomics – government should not interfere – government should not interfere with businesswith business

• He also favored a He also favored a strict interpretationstrict interpretation of the of the Constitution – federal government given only Constitution – federal government given only the powers listed in the Constitutionthe powers listed in the Constitution

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

• Jackson saw the Native Americans as an Jackson saw the Native Americans as an obstacle to be removedobstacle to be removed; under his presidency ; under his presidency the US govt. forced Native Americans off the US govt. forced Native Americans off lands wanted for white settlement.lands wanted for white settlement.

• Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act forced the removal of forced the removal of civilized Indian Tribes from the Southeastern civilized Indian Tribes from the Southeastern U.S. U.S.

• The Indian march to Oklahoma became The Indian march to Oklahoma became known as the known as the Trail of TearsTrail of Tears because of the because of the large number who died along the way.large number who died along the way.

Social Reform MovementsSocial Reform Movements

• Education ReformEducation Reform – Horace Mann believed – Horace Mann believed men and women deserved access to men and women deserved access to education and this would insure a successful education and this would insure a successful democracydemocracy

• Temperance MovementTemperance Movement – wanted to – wanted to moderate the use of alcohol – later advocated moderate the use of alcohol – later advocated abstinenceabstinence

• Abolitionist movementAbolitionist movement – immediate end to – immediate end to slaveryslavery

Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement

• Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize helped organize the first women’s rights convention the first women’s rights convention known as the known as the Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention..

• She used this 1848 occasion to call for She used this 1848 occasion to call for women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage

Slavery and State’s RightsSlavery and State’s Rights

• Southerner’s responded to the political Southerner’s responded to the political struggle over slavery by advocating struggle over slavery by advocating state’s rightsstate’s rights

• State’s rightsState’s rights supporters believed the supporters believed the federal govt. should restrict itself to federal govt. should restrict itself to powers stated in the Constitution.powers stated in the Constitution.

• All other powers are left to the states All other powers are left to the states (Tenth Amendment)(Tenth Amendment)

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

• Abolitionist wanted the immediate end Abolitionist wanted the immediate end to slavery.to slavery.

• William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison, founder of , founder of The The Liberator Liberator helped to establish the helped to establish the American Anti-slavery SocietyAmerican Anti-slavery Society

• Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas, an African American , an African American abolitionist, played a key role.abolitionist, played a key role.

John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid

• 1859, a group of abolitionist led by John 1859, a group of abolitionist led by John Brown attacked a federal arsenal at Brown attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Harper’s Ferry, VA.Ferry, VA.

• They hoped to seize weapons for the slaves They hoped to seize weapons for the slaves could then rise up in armed rebellion.could then rise up in armed rebellion.

• Colonel Colonel Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee forced Brown’s forced Brown’s surrender.surrender.

• Brown was executed for treason, but this Brown was executed for treason, but this intensified southern hatred of the abolitionist intensified southern hatred of the abolitionist movement.movement.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

• 1819, Slave states and free states were equally 1819, Slave states and free states were equally divided in the U.S. Senate.divided in the U.S. Senate.

• Missouri applied for statehood which would give slave Missouri applied for statehood which would give slave states an advantage.states an advantage.

• Compromised was reached when Compromised was reached when MaineMaine was was accepted as a Free State; Missouri became a slave accepted as a Free State; Missouri became a slave state.state.

• Slavery would not be allowed Slavery would not be allowed north of Missouri’s north of Missouri’s southern border.southern border.

• This plan was designed to maintain the balance of This plan was designed to maintain the balance of power in the senate.power in the senate.

The Wilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso

• The U.S. gained vast territory as a The U.S. gained vast territory as a result of the Mexican War. result of the Mexican War.

• David WilmotDavid Wilmot proposed the Wilmot proposed the Wilmot proviso: this plan proviso: this plan banned slaverybanned slavery in in territory gained from the territory gained from the Mexican warMexican war..

• Congress voted down the proviso, but it Congress voted down the proviso, but it exposed the serious divisions over exposed the serious divisions over slavery that existed in the country.slavery that existed in the country.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

• California admitted as a free stateCalifornia admitted as a free state• Unorganized territory would be freeUnorganized territory would be free• Utah and New Mexico were allowed Utah and New Mexico were allowed

popular sovereignty on the slavery popular sovereignty on the slavery issueissue

• Fugitive Slave law was passed to Fugitive Slave law was passed to appease southerners.appease southerners.

Kansas – Nebraska ActKansas – Nebraska Act

• Each territory would be allowed popular Each territory would be allowed popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery.sovereignty on the issue of slavery.

• Repealed the Missouri CompromiseRepealed the Missouri Compromise• Pro-slavery and anti-slavery people Pro-slavery and anti-slavery people

moved into Kansas determined to win moved into Kansas determined to win the vote of slaverythe vote of slavery

• Bleeding Kansas rebellion resulted.Bleeding Kansas rebellion resulted.

The Dred Scott DecisionThe Dred Scott Decision

• Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom because he had been taken to a free territory.because he had been taken to a free territory.

• Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right to sue because, as a slave, he was not a to sue because, as a slave, he was not a citizen.citizen.

• It declared that a slave owner could not be It declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “property rights” with due deprived of his “property rights” with due process of the law.process of the law.

• It struck down the Missouri Compromise as a It struck down the Missouri Compromise as a violation of the 5violation of the 5thth Amendment Amendment

Lincoln and the Election of 1860Lincoln and the Election of 1860

• The The Republican partyRepublican party had been formed in had been formed in 1854 based on limiting slavery to the 1854 based on limiting slavery to the southern states and not allowing slavery in southern states and not allowing slavery in the west.the west.

• Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln ran as their candidate in ran as their candidate in 1860; Southerners felt that he would 1860; Southerners felt that he would dismantle slaverydismantle slavery in the South. in the South.

• Lincoln Wins the election and South Carolina Lincoln Wins the election and South Carolina responds by responds by secedingseceding from the Union. from the Union.

Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America

• After South Carolina seceded, Mississippi, After South Carolina seceded, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas followed.Texas followed.

• 1861, Confederate States of America is 1861, Confederate States of America is created with created with Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis as president. as president.

• Alexander H. StephensAlexander H. Stephens, from Georgia, is , from Georgia, is chosen as vice president.chosen as vice president.

• Civil war begins a few months later when the Civil war begins a few months later when the South fires upon South fires upon Fort SumterFort Sumter in Charleston. in Charleston.

Key Figures of the Civil WarKey Figures of the Civil War

• Abraham Lincoln-Abraham Lincoln- U.S. president U.S. president• Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant – commander of western forces and – commander of western forces and

then the entire Union Army in 1864. He accepted then the entire Union Army in 1864. He accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomatox CourthouseLee’s surrender at Appomatox Courthouse

• William T. ShermanWilliam T. Sherman – General who captured Atlanta, – General who captured Atlanta, helping Lincoln to be reelected; He is most helping Lincoln to be reelected; He is most remembered for his March to the Sea.remembered for his March to the Sea.

• Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis – President of Confederacy – President of Confederacy• Robert E. Lee-Robert E. Lee- Commander of the Northern Army of Commander of the Northern Army of

Virginia; brilliant military man but did not have the Virginia; brilliant military man but did not have the resources to win the war; Surrendered to Grant.resources to win the war; Surrendered to Grant.

• Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonThomas “Stonewall” Jackson – General under Lee – General under Lee noted for his use of geography to his advantage; dies noted for his use of geography to his advantage; dies before the war is over.before the war is over.

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam

• Lee invaded the north after the second Lee invaded the north after the second Battle of Bull Run; his orders are Battle of Bull Run; his orders are discovered by the Union forcesdiscovered by the Union forces

• Lee meet the now prepared Union Lee meet the now prepared Union forces at Antietam, Marylandforces at Antietam, Maryland

• The bloodiest single day of the war, The bloodiest single day of the war, halting the Confederate advance.halting the Confederate advance.

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

• The victory at Antietam gave Lincoln the The victory at Antietam gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation.Proclamation.

• This ended slavery in the Confederate states, This ended slavery in the Confederate states, but not the border states because Lincoln but not the border states because Lincoln needed their loyalty.needed their loyalty.

• This changed the focus of the Civil War from This changed the focus of the Civil War from preserving the unionpreserving the union to to ending slaveryending slavery..

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville

• Known as Lee’s perfect battle for the Known as Lee’s perfect battle for the great planning and good fortune.great planning and good fortune.

• Lee and Stonewall Jackson defeated Lee and Stonewall Jackson defeated 70,000 Union troops with only 40,000 70,000 Union troops with only 40,000 soldiers.soldiers.

• Stonewall Jackson is accidently shot by Stonewall Jackson is accidently shot by his own troops. He looses his arm and his own troops. He looses his arm and contracts pneumonia and dies.contracts pneumonia and dies.

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

• A key turning point in the war, the South A key turning point in the war, the South does not invade the north and goes on does not invade the north and goes on the defensive.the defensive.

• A key turning point in the war, the South A key turning point in the war, the South does not invade the north and goes on does not invade the north and goes on the defensive.the defensive.

VicksburgVicksburg

• Vicksburg, MississippiVicksburg, Mississippi was the last was the last obstacle to Union control of the obstacle to Union control of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

• Grant laysGrant lays siege siege to the City for two to the City for two monthsmonths

• The town surrenders on July 4, but not The town surrenders on July 4, but not before resorting to eating horses, before resorting to eating horses, mules, dogs and even rats.mules, dogs and even rats.

Atlanta CampaignAtlanta Campaign

• Sherman began an invasion of Georgia in Sherman began an invasion of Georgia in 1864, because of Atlanta’s importance as a 1864, because of Atlanta’s importance as a railroad hubrailroad hub..

• Sherman takes Atlanta and gives Lincoln the Sherman takes Atlanta and gives Lincoln the needed supportneeded support to be reelected President in to be reelected President in 18641864

• Sherman begins his Sherman begins his March to the SeaMarch to the Sea and and arrives in Savannah on December 22 – arrives in Savannah on December 22 – Giving the city to Lincoln for Christmas.Giving the city to Lincoln for Christmas.

Union VictoryUnion Victory

• Grant takes control of Union forces and Grant takes control of Union forces and begins endless confrontations against the begins endless confrontations against the Lee’s Army – both sides suffered huge Lee’s Army – both sides suffered huge losses, but the South could not sustain such losses, but the South could not sustain such large numbers of deaths.large numbers of deaths.

• Lee surrenders to Grant at Lee surrenders to Grant at Appamatox Appamatox CourthouseCourthouse April 9, 1865 April 9, 1865

• Five Days later, Abraham Lincoln is Five Days later, Abraham Lincoln is assassinated assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.by John Wilkes Booth.