to explore comparisons of the synoptic situations and air-masstrajectories with the profiles for confirmation of the hypothesisof proportional mixing of stratospheric air and midlatitude airover Antarctica.

The fieldwork was supervised by D. Cronn (9 November to 10December 1981), with field support by Robert Watkins (18 Octo-ber to 10 December 1981). Winai Nutmagul performed sampleanalyses at wsu, and W. Lee Bamesberger performed computeranalyses. The VXE-6 air crews on both the LC-130 and thehelicopters provided excellent support through conscientiousperformance of the flight plans. Special recognition is due Na-tional Science Foundation and Antarctic Services, Inc., person-

nel for construction of appropriate laboratory space at McMur-do Station. This research was supported by National ScienceFoundation grant DPP 79-21003.

References

Robinson, E., and Cronn, D. R. 1981. Air chemistry and meteorology.Antarctic Journal of the U. S., 16(5), 189-190.

Robinson, E., Cronn, D. R., Menzia, F., Clark, D., Legg, R., andWatkins, R. In press. Trace gas profiles to 3,000 meters over Ant-arctica. Atmospheric Environment.

Geophysical monitoring for climaticchange, Amundsen-Scott South Pole

Station, 1981

CYNTHIA McFEE and BERNARD G. MENDONCA

Environmental Research LaboratoriesNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Boulder, Colorado 80303

The objective of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-ministration (N0AA) Geophysical Monitoring for ClimaticChange (GMcc) program is to monitor, through continuousmeasurements, the background concentrations of various at-mospheric trace constituents. GMCC maintains four baselineresearch observatories in remote areas of the world: Point Bar-row, Alaska; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Cape Mataula, AmericanSamoa; and Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica.Measurements obtained at these stations will be used to deter-mine whether the gases or particulates introduced into theatmosphere by natural causes or human activities are significantenough to affect climate, and if so, to determine the an-thropogenic impact related to those changes (DeLuisi 1981; Her-bert 1980; Mendonca 1979).

The GMCC observatory at the South Pole continued normaloperations during the 1980-81 season. The clean air facility,approximately 90 meters upwind from the main station, housesthe GMCC program. The program involves: (1) continuousmonitoring of carbon dioxide, solar radiation, aerosols, mete-orology, and surface ozone; (2) discrete measurements of totalozone, halocarbons, turbidity, carbon-14, and carbon 12/13; and(3) various cooperative programs from universities and othergovernment agencies. The measurements will be used to deter-mine how the air masses over Antarctica receive, store, andremove gases and aerosols placed into the atmosphere at otherlocations on the Earth (Bortniak and Mendonca 1980). Duringthe period November 1980 to November 1981, the GMCC pro-gram at the South Pole was operated by Cynthia McFee, Lt(jg)

NOAA Corps (chief observer), and Edward R. Green (electronicsengineer).

Measurements made by the GMCC program are briefly sum-marized here.

Carbon dioxide. Continuous carbon dioxide (CO 2) measure-ments were made with a nondispersive infrared gas analyzeruits 21. Discrete samples using 0.5-liter flasks were alternatelytaken through the analyzer system and aspirated by hand. Aportable pressurizer pack, received on the first South Pole airdrop, replaced the hand-aspirated method on 21 July 1981.

Aerosols. A General Electric condensation nuclei counter wasused to make continuous measurements of Aitken nuclei con-centrations. A Pollak counter, used as a calibration standard,made discrete measurements twice a day. The four-wavelengthnephelometer successfully monitored aerosol light-scatteringproperties for the second nonconsecutive year.

Meteorology. Continuous measurements of wind, air andsnow temperatures, barometric pressure, and moisture weretaken.

Solar radiation. During the austral summer continuous mea-surements were taken of direct solar irradiance and global irra-diance. Direct solar irradiance was measured with an Epplynormal incidence pyrheliometer on an equatorial mount.Global irradiance was measured with four Eppley globalpyranometers having quartz, GG-22, OG-1, and RG-8 filterdomes and with an ultraviolet (uv) pyranometer. The GG-22and uv pyranometers were discontinued after February 1981. Amanually aimed pyrheliometer fitted with a filter wheel(quartz, OG-1, RG-2, and RG-8 filters) was used to make dis-crete measurements three times a day. A hand-held sun-photometer was used to make discrete measurements of tur-bidity at 380- and 500-nanometer wavelengths.

Ozone. A Dasibi ultraviolet ozone monitor was used to makecontinuous measurements of surface ozone. Total ozone mea-surements were taken three times daily during the austral sum-mer using a Dobson spectrophotometer. During the australwinter, focused moon observations were made when possible.

Halocarbon. Samples of outside air were collected in 300-milli-liter steel cylinders to be analyzed in Boulder, Colorado, forconcentrations of trichiorofluoromethane (F-il), chlo-

1982 REVIEW 221

analysis and interpretation and research publications are part ofthe continuing work performed at the Environmental ResearchLaboratories located in Boulder, Colorado.

rodifluoromethane (F-12), and nitrous oxide (N20). This wasdone weekly during the austral summer and bimonthly duringthe austral winter.

Carbon 12113. Outside air was collected monthly in 10-literstainless steel cylinders and analyzed at the U.S. GeologicalSurvey in Denver, Colorado. This program began in January1981.

Instrument control and data acquisition system (IcDAs). All GMCCinstruments that are run continuously are controlled by, andtheir data fed into, ICDAS. ICDAS consists of the followingcomponents: Data General NOVA 1220 minicomputer, Xeroxmultiplexer-digitizer, Wangco tape drive, chronolog digitalclock, and a teletype. The data are collected, scaled, and writtenonto magnetic tape on a real-time basis.

The GMCC program at the South Pole is operated by the AirResources Laboratory of NOAA with support from the NationalScience Foundation. For additional information and a review ofall activities since 1972, see GMCC program summary reports1-10. In addition to data acquisition and archival work, the GMCCorganization is actively involved in atmospheric research. Data

References

Bortniak, J. C., and Mendonca, B. G. 1980. Geophysical monitoring forclimatic change at the South Pole, 1979. Antarctic Journal of the U.S.,15(5), 186-188.

DeLuisi, J. J. (Ed.) 1981. Geophysical monitoring for climatic change (Summ.Rep. 9, 1980). Boulder, Cob.: National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration.

Herbert, C. A. (Ed.) 1980. Geophysical monitoring for climatic change(Summ. Rep. 8, 1979). Boulder, Cob.: National Oceanic and At-mospheric Administration.

Mendonca, B. C. (Ed.) 1979. Geophysical monitoring for climatic change(Summ. Rep. 7, 1978). Boulder, Cob.: National Oceanic and At-mospheric Administration.

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