geology and mineral deposits of the skeena arch, west...

Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Skeena Arch, West-Central BritishColumbia: A Geoscience BC Digital Data Compilation Project1

By Don MacIntyre2

KEYWORDS: dig i tal data, GIS, Skeena arch, min eral de -pos its, ge ol ogy

INTRODUCTION

The Skeena arch is a north east-trending belt of up lifted Ju ras sic and older rocks that transects cen tral Brit ish Co -lum bia. This up lift is be lieved to have formed in the Mid dleJu ras sic and re sulted in sep a ra tion of the Bow ser andNechako bas ins (Yorath, 1991). Rocks ex posed along theSkeena arch rep re sent a long-lived mag matic arc that haspro duced a di verse range of min eral de pos its in a wide va ri -ety of geo log i cal set tings. This area rep re sents some of themost richly en dowed ter rain in BC and has been the site ofmin eral ex plo ra tion for the past 125 years. Since 1985, theBC Geo log i cal Sur vey and the Geo log i cal Sur vey of Can -ada have been in volved in re gional map ping pro jects alongthe Skeena arch, first as part of the Whitesail and Smitherspro jects (e.g., Mac In tyre et al., 1989) and more re cently aspart of the In te rior Pla teau (Diakow et al., 1997) andNechako NATMAP (Mac In tyre et al., 1996a, 1996b, 1997,1998; Mac In tyre 1998, 2001a, b; Mac In tyre andVilleneuve, 2001) pro jects. This work has re sulted in amuch better un der stand ing of the geo log i cal evo lu tion ofthe arch, par tic u larly dur ing the metallogenically im por tant Ju ras sic through Cre ta ceous time pe ri ods. Al though thereare gaps in the map cov er age, a large part of the pro ject area(80%) has now been mapped in de tail. These data wereorig i nally com piled at 1:100 000 scale as part of the Min -eral Po ten tial Pro ject (Mac In tyre et al., 1994) and re visedand up dated as part of the Dig i tal Ge ol ogy of BC Pro ject(Massey et al., 2003, 2003a). The Skeena arch Pro ject willpro vide a means of bring ing this and other dig i tal datasetsto gether as a se ries of stan dard ized, dig i tal geo log i cal maps with linked da ta bases for struc ture, min eral oc cur rences,geo chem is try, geo phys ics, geo chron ol ogy and pa le on tol -ogy. A new se ries of 1:100 000-scale maps will be pro duced for the area and made avail able in dig i tal and hardcopy for -mat.

The aim and scope of this pro posed two-year pro ject isto pro mote new ex plo ra tion along the Skeena arch by:

• com pil ing all ex ist ing data rel e vant to min eral ex -plo ra tion along the arch and build ing a GIS da ta -

base, us ing Man i fold 6.5 GIS soft ware, for use byexplorationists; var i ous data for mats will be pro -duced in or der to make the data as widely use able aspos si ble; data will be made avail able on CD andpos si bly over the Internet in stan dard GIS for mat;and

• spa tial anal y sis of the data and def i ni tion of ex plo ra -tion tar gets based on cor re la tion of pos i tive in di ca -tors, such as geo chem i cal and geo phys i cal anom a -lies and strati graphic set ting.

The pro ject will gen er ate the fol low ing de liv er ablesover a two year pe riod:

• Up dated and stan dard ized 1:100 000-scale geo log i -cal, geo chem i cal and geo phys i cal com pi la tion maps for the maps sheets cov ered by the pro ject area(Fig. 1)

• A CD con tain ing re ports doc u ment ing the re sults ofthe pro ject and new ex plo ra tion tar gets, plus a com -plete suite of data files and maps in GIS for mat foruse in Man i fold 6.5 GIS and other pop u lar GISpack ages (ArcView®, MapInfo®, AutoCAD® Map,etc.); the CD will also con tain 1:100 000-scale dig i -tal maps in PDF for mat por tray ing the ge ol ogy, min -eral oc cur rences, geo chem is try and geo phys ics ofthe pro ject area, and as sessed ex plo ra tion po ten tialfor key min eral de posit types

• Up dated MINFILE (2005) oc cur rences, as re -quired.

Pro jected re lease of fi nal re port, maps and da ta basefiles is Oc to ber 2006.

LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA

The area cov ered by the Skeena Arch Pro ject is shownin Fig ure 1. The area in cludes all of the Hazelton (93M),Smithers (93L) and Whitesail (93E) maps sheets, and thesouth half of the McConnell Creek (94D), east half of theTer race (103I) and south east cor ner of the Nass River(103P) map sheets.

KEY DATASETS AND PRODUCTS

New ge ol ogy and ex plo ra tion-po ten tial maps will becom piled and re leased as dig i tal prod ucts for each of themap tiles shown in Fig ure 1. The dig i tal files will in cludebed rock ge ol ogy and ex plo ra tion po ten tial for spe cificmin eral-de posit types, such as epi ther mal veins, EskayCreek – type VMS, por phyry Cu and Mo, etc. Po ten tial forhy dro car bons may also be in cluded if suf fi cient data can be

Geo log i cal Field work 2005, Pa per 2006-1 303

1 Geoscience BC contribution GBC0072 Consulting Geologist, D.G. MacIntyre & Associates Ltd.,

Victoria, BC

This publication is also available, free of charge, as colourdigital files in Adobe Acrobat PDF format from the BC Ministryof Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources internet website athttp://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Publications/catalog/catfldwk.htm

ob tained. Dig i tal com pi la tion prod ucts will be de rivedfrom the datasets shown in Ta ble 1. A key cri te rion for thepro ject is that all datasets used to pro duce the de riv a tive ge -ol ogy and ex plo ra tion-po ten tial maps and da ta bases areavail able to the pub lic for free. Un for tu nately, this meansthat TRIM top o graphic data can not be used in this pro jectbe cause of its high cost and dis tri bu tion re stric tions. How -

ever, dig i tal el e va tion data are avail able for free from theGov ern ment of Can ada GEOBASE website, and these willbe used to gen er ate con tour maps and hillshade sur faces forthe pro ject area us ing the ca pa bil i ties of the Man i fold 6.5GIS soft ware. Man i fold was cho sen as the GIS plat form forthis pro ject be cause of its ex cep tional func tion al ity and low cost (cur rently sell ing for around $300 Ca na dian). In ad di -

304 Brit ish Co lum bia Geo log i cal Sur vey

Fig ure 1. Skeena Arch Pro ject area, show ing map tiles to be com piled and lo ca tion of MINFILE oc cur rences.

tion to the Man i fold data for mat, how ever, all files will alsobe made avail able in ESRI shapefile, MapInfo® MIF andAutoDesk® DWG for mat. All file for mats will be avail ablein three pro jec tions: geo graphic, Uni ver sal Trans verseMercator and BC Albers. These pro jec tions will be basedon the North Amer i can Da tum 1983.

TECTONIC SETTING

The pro ject area is within the Intermontane Belt, which at this lat i tude in cludes the vol ca nic-arc Stikine (Stikinia) Terrane and a small part of the oce anic Cache CreekTerrane. The Stikine Terrane com prises Car bon if er ous toMid dle Ju ras sic is land-arc vol ca nic and sed i men tary rocksand re lated plutonic suites (Schiarizza and Mac In tyre,1999). The Stikine Terrane is be lieved to have evolved inthe east ern Pa cific of the north ern hemi sphere and movednorth ward to dock with an ces tral North Amer ica some timedur ing the Mid dle Ju ras sic (Mon ger et al., 1972, 1996).The Stikine Terrane is well ex posed along the Skeena arch.North of the Skeena arch, the Stikine Terrane is over lain bypostaccretion Late Ju ras sic to Early Cre ta ceous ma rine andnonmarine sed i men tary rocks of the Bow ser Ba sin. Thesouth ern part of the Skeena arch is over lapped by Late Cre -ta ceous and Eocene con ti nen tal vol ca nic arc and re latedsed i men tary rocks of the Ootsa Lake and Endako groups.

The pro ject area spans the zone of west ward-di rectedthrust fault ing that marks the bound ary be tween the Stikineand Cache Creek ter ranes (Struik et al., 2001). This struc -tural imbrication oc curred prior to 165 Ma (Schiarizza andMac In tyre 1999), as in di cated by iso to pic ages forpostkinematic plutons that cut both ter ranes. Folds andthrust faults re lated to this imbrication are off set by a com -plex pat tern of high-an gle faults. This pat tern of fault ing isnot unique to the bound ary be tween Stikine and CacheCreek ter ranes, as it is ob served through out the Smithersand Hazelton map sheets (Tip per and Rich ards 1976a, b;

Rich ards 1980, 1990). Most of these faults formed dur ingLate Cre ta ceous to Eocene or youn ger block-fault ingevents (Mac In tyre et al., 1997, 1998). In most parts of thepro ject area, rocks of the Stikine Terrane dis play broadopen fold pat terns. The oc cur rence of a pen e tra tive cleav -age and meta mor phic grade higher than lower greenschistfa cies is rare.

GEOLOGY

The ge ol ogy of the Skeena Arch Pro ject area is basedon a re cent com pi la tion com pleted by the BC Geo log i calSur vey (Massey et al., 2003a, b). This in for ma tion has been used to gen er ate Fig ures 2–5. Fig ure 6 is a sche matic cross-sec tion, ex tend ing from the Skeena arch to the Bow ser ba -sin, that shows the re la tion ships of ma jor lithostratigraphicmap units. Also shown are the strati graphic po si tions ofgeo chron ol ogi cal and paleontological age con trols.

Most of the pro ject area is un der lain by the StikineTerrane, which here in cludes the Car bon if er ous to Perm ianAsitka Group is land-arc meta vol can ic rocks and lime stone; Mid dle to Late Tri as sic augite-phyric ba salt, an de site andre lated is land-arc ma rine sed i men tary rocks of the TaklaGroup; and Early to Mid dle Ju ras sic andesitic vol ca nic,volcaniclastic and re lated ma rine sed i men tary rocks of theHazelton Group is land-arc to con ti nen tal-arc as sem blage(Fig. 2; Thorkelson et al., 1995; Rich ards 1980, 1990). Thestrat i fied rocks are cut by the granodiorite and quartzdiorite of the Late Tri as sic to Early Ju ras sic Topley in tru -sive suite and the newly rec og nized Early to Mid dle Ju ras -sic Spike Peak in tru sive suite (Mac In tyre et al., 2001),which are prob a bly comagmatic with the Takla andHazelton vol ca nic-arc suc ces sions.

In the north west cor ner of the pro ject area, the StikineTerrane is over lain by ma rine to nonmarine clastic sed i -men tary strata of the Late Ju ras sic Bow ser Lake and EarlyCre ta ceous Skeena groups (Fig. 3). These rocks were de -


Name Description Source

Geology Bedrock geology polygons, faults and related databases BCGS

Quaternary Quaternary cover polygons BCGSAge Dates Isotopic ages BCGSMinfile Mineral occcurrence locations and related databases BCGSARIS Assessment report locations and descriptions BCGSRGS Regional silt, water and till geochemistry sample locations and related databases BCGSMinpot Mineral potential tracts, location of known resources and related databases BCGSGeophysics Airborne geophysical surveys GSCDEM Digital elevation model points (used to generate contours and hillshade relief maps) GEOBASE

Rivers Major rivers as lines and polygons GEOGRATISLakes Major lake polygons GEOGRATISSea Ocean polygons GEOGRATISRoads Road network GEOGRATISFSR Logging road network BCMOFCities Cities, towns and communities GEOGRATISIce Cover Areas of ice cover GEOGRATISParks Location of parks BCMENVGrid 250K NTS map sheet grids for 1:250K and 1:50K maps GEOGRATISGrid 20K Map sheet grid for BC 1:20K TRIM maps BCMENV

TABLE 1. KEY DATASETS TO BE USED IN THE SKEENA ARCH COMPILATION PROJECT


Fig ure 2. Dis tri bu tion of Tri as sic and Ju ras sic vol ca nic and plutonic rocks of the Stikine Terrane.


Fig ure 3. Dis tri bu tion of Ju ras sic and Cre ta ceous sed i men tary rocks of the Bow ser and Skeena bas ins.


Fig ure 4. Dis tri bu tion of Cre ta ceous and Ter tiary vol ca nic-arc rocks and lo ca tion of MINFILE oc cur rences.


Fig ure 5. Dis tri bu tion of Ter tiary vol ca nic cover.

pos ited in a flu vial-deltaic to nearshore shelf en vi ron mentalong the south east ern mar gin of the Bow ser Ba sin(Bassett, 1991; Bassett and Kleinspehn, 1996; Evenchick,1999). A de tailed dis cus sion of these over lap as sem blagesis pre sented in Mac In tyre (1998).

In the west ern half of the pro ject area, Late Cre ta ceousto Early Eocene por phy ritic an de site, ba salt, rhy o lite andre lated pyroclastic and volcaniclastic con ti nen tal-arc rocksun con form ably over lie both folded and up lifted rocks ofthe Stikine Terrane and Late Ju ras sic to Early Cre ta ceoussed i men tary rocks of the Bow ser Ba sin (Fig. 4). The youn -ger vol ca nic rocks are pre served in grabens or as ero sionalrem nants on ridge tops. The Late Cre ta ceous rocks in cludepor phy ritic an de site flows and lahars of the Kasalka Groupand co eval granodiorite and quartz diorite plutons of theBulkley plutonic suite (Mac In tyre, 1985; Carter, 1981). Inthe vi cin ity of Babine Lake, the Stikine Terrane is un con -form ably over lain by por phy ritic an de site flows of theEarly Eocene Newman For ma tion and is cut by por phy riticgranodiorite to quartz monzonite plutons of the Babineplutonic suite. In the south ern part of the pro ject area, smallpor phy ritic quartz monzonite and re lated fel sic in tru sionscon sti tute the Nanika plutonic suite. Im por tant por phyrycop per de pos its are as so ci ated with the Bulkley, Babineand Nanika in tru sive rocks (Carter, 1976, 1981; Carter etal., 1995; Mac In tyre and Villeneuve, 2001).

In the east and south east parts of the pro ject area, theStikine and Cache Creek ter ranes are un con form ably over -lain by Early Eocene ba salt and rhy o lite flows and re latedpyroclastic rocks of the Endako and Ootsa Lake Groups(Fig. 5; Grainger and An der son, 1999; Grainger et al.,2001) and Mio cene ba salt flows of the Chil cotin Group.These youn ger rocks have also been block faulted and tilted dur ing an Eocene or youn ger extensional tec tonic event.

MINERAL DEPOSITS

The Skeena Arch Pro ject area is richly en dowed withme tal lic min eral de pos its, with over 800 oc cur rences listedin the BC Geo log i cal Sur vey’s MINFILE da ta base. The dif -fer ent de posit types that have been rec og nized in the areaare listed in Ta ble 2. Of these, the most im por tant types arepolymetallic veins (268), subvolcanic Cu-Ag-Au-(As-Sb)(153), por phyry Cu±Mo±Au (140), vol ca nic redbed Cu(86), por phyry Mo (66), in tru sion-re lated Au pyrrhotite


Skeena

Ashman

Endako

NewmanKasalka

Smithers

BabineFolding, uplift

Telkwa

Eocene

U. Cretaceous

L. Cretaceous

U. Jurassic

M. Jurassic

Miocene

L. Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Nilkitkwa

TopleyTakla

Asitka

Extension, block faulting

Folding, uplift

107

184

218

219

172-166

50-53

Saddle Hill

FF

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

208

SkeenaArch

SpikePeak

194

175

176

Trout Crk.

Rocky Ridge

50-53

Bulkley

78

50

178-176

SustutP

P

P

FF PPU-Pb Ar-Ar Fossil Porphyry Cu

BowserBasin

SustutBasin

Overlap Assemblages

Stikine Terrane

HazeltonArc

L. Cret.-EoceneArc

TaklaArc

AsitkaArc

Fig ure 6. Sche matic strati graphic re la tion ships, north ern Skeena arch.

Profile

CodeName Count

I05 Polymetallic veins Ag-Pb-Znÿ±Au 268L01 Subvolcanic Cu-Ag-Au-(As-Sb) 153L04 Porphyry Cuÿ±Moÿ±Au 140D03 Volcanic redbed Cu 86L05 Porphyry Mo (low F- type) 66I02 Intrusion-related Au pyrrhotite veins 38K01 Cu skarns 20G06 Noranda-Kuroko massive sulphide Cu-Pb-Zn 7E04 Sediment-hosted Cu 6H05 Epithermal Au-Ag (low sulphidation) 6I01 Au-quartz veins 6M01 Flood basalt - associated Ni-Cu 4H04 Epithermal Au-Ag-Cu (high sulphidation) 3I06 Cuÿ±Ag quartz veins 3I12 W veins 3K03 Fe skarns 3K04 Au skarns 3E14 Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb-Ag 2G04 Besshi massive sulphide Cu-Zn 2J01 Polymetallic manto Ag-Pb-Zn 2K02 Pb-Zn skarns 2L02 Porphyry-related Au 2L03 Alkalic porphyry Cu-Au 2

827

TABLE 2. MINERAL DEPOSIT TYPES OCCURRING IN THESKEENA ARCH PROJECT AREA

veins (38) and Cu skarns (20). Most of these de pos its are re -lated to the Late Cre ta ceous Bulkley and Eocene Babineand Nanika plutonic suites. These in tru sions are part of along-lived mag matic arc that forms the core of the Skeenaarch. A sche matic di a gram show ing the evo lu tion of Cre ta -ceous and Ter tiary vol ca nic cen tres is shown in Fig. 4.Redbed Cu oc cur rences are mostly as so ci ated with ba salticflows of the Takla and Hazelton Groups.

In re cent years, po ten tial for the dis cov ery of EskayCreek – type volcanogenic mas sive sul phide de pos its hasbeen rec og nized. The most pro spec tive tar gets are Mid dleJu ras sic sub ma rine vol ca nic rocks of the Hazelton Group(Massey, 1999; Massey et al., 1999) and mid-Cre ta ceousbi modal vol ca nic rocks of the Rocky Ridge For ma tion(Mac In tyre, 2001).

There is cur rently only one de posit in pro duc tion in thepro ject area: the Huck le berry por phyry Cu-Mo de posit atTahtsa Lake, 90 km south of the town of Hous ton. Twoother de pos its are in the ad vanced stages of fea si bil ity stud -ies: the Davidson (a.k.a. Gla cier Gulch or Yorke-Hardy)por phyry Mo de posit at Smithers and the Mor ri son por -phyry Cu de posit at Babine Lake.

CONCLUSIONS

This pro ject will help to stim u late min eral ex plo ra tionby pro vid ing min eral explorationists with a com pre hen -sive, up-to-date, all-in clu sive GIS-com pat i ble com pi la tionof ex ist ing geoscience data in one of the most pro spec tivear eas of BC. The cur rent da ta base for this area is a mix tureof dig i tal and nondigital data from a wide range of pro jectsthat were done at dif fer ent times and scales by dif fer entgov ern ment agen cies and ex plo ra tion com pa nies. The datafrom these pro jects need to be com piled, in te grated andstan dard ized into a for mat that can be used in a GIS. Build -ing such a da ta base will help explorationists iden tify newex plo ra tion tar gets and re-eval u ate ar eas of known min eraloc cur rences us ing new geo log i cal and met al lo gen ic mod -els. Par tic u lar fo cus will be di rected to ward por phyry Moand Eskay Creek – type de pos its. In ad di tion to pro vid ing acom pre hen sive stan dard ized da ta base, this pro ject will also an a lyze the data and gen er ate a list of po ten tial tar get ar easfor con sid er ation, thus as sist ing the ex plo ra tion com mu -nity in their eval u a tion of the po ten tial for new dis cov er ies.

REFERENCES

Bassett, K.N. (1991): Pre lim i nary re sults of the sedimentology ofthe Skeena Group in west-cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; in Cur -rent Re search, Part A, Geo log i cal Sur vey of Can ada, Pa per91-1A, pages 131–141.

Bassett, K.N. and Kleinspehn, K.L. (1996): Mid-Cre ta ceoustranstension in the Ca na dian Cor dil lera: ev i dence from theRocky Ridge volcanics of the Skeena Group; Tec ton ics, Vol -ume 15, pages 727–746.

Carter, N.C. (1976): Re gional set ting of por phyry de pos its in west-cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; in Por phyry De pos its of the Ca na -dian Cor dil lera, Suther land-Brown, A., Ed i tor, Ca na dianIn sti tute of Min ing and Met al lurgy, Spe cial Vol ume 15,pages 227–238

Carter, N.C. (1981): Por phyry cop per and mo lyb de num de pos its,west-cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; BC Min is try of En ergy,Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Bul le tin 64.

Carter, N.C., Dirom, G.E. and Ogryzlo, P.L. (1995): Por phyry cop -per-gold de pos its, Babine Lake area, west-cen tral Brit ish

Co lum bia; in Por phyry De pos its of the North west ern Cor -dil lera of North Amer ica, Schroeter, T.G., Ed i tor, Ca na dianIn sti tute of Min ing, Met al lurgy and Pe tro leum, Spe cial Vol -ume 46, pages 247–255.

Diakow, L.J., Web ster, I.C.L., Rich ards, T.A. and Tip per, H.W.(1997): Ge ol ogy of the Fawnie and Nechako Ranges, south -e rn Nechako Pla teau , cen t ra l Br i t i sh Co lum bia(93F/2,3,6,7); in In te rior Pla teau Geoscience Pro ject: Sum -mary of Geo log i cal, Geo chem i cal and Geo phys i cal Stud ies,Diakow, L.J. and New ell, J.M., Ed i tors, BC Min is try of En -ergy, Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Pa per 1997-2 andGeo log i cal Sur vey of Can ada, Open File 3448, pages 7–30.

Evenchick, C.A. (1999): Depositional and struc tural his to ries ofthe north ern two-thirds of the Bow ser Ba sin/Skeena FoldBelt, north ern Brit ish Co lum bia: re cords of terrane in ter ac -tions; in Terrane Paths 99, Circum-Pa cific Terrane Con fer -ence , Ab s t rac ts and Pro gram, Evenchick, C.A. ,Woodsworth, G.J. and Jongens, R., Ed i tors, Geo log i cal Sur -vey of Can ada – Geo log i cal As so ci a tion of Can ada, pages30–32.

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Grainger, N.C., Villeneuve, M.E., Heaman, L.M. and An der son,R.G. (2001): New U-Pb and Ar/Ar iso to pic age con straintson the tim ing of Eocene magmatism, Fort Fra ser andNechako River Map ar eas, cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; Ca na -dian Jour nal of Earth Sci ences, vol ume 38, pages 679–696.

Mac In tyre, D.G. (1985): Ge ol ogy and min eral de pos its of theTahtsa Lake dis trict, west-cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; BCMin is try of En ergy, Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Bul le -tin 75.

Mac In tyre, D.G. (1998): Babine Por phyry Dis trict Pro ject: bed -rock ge ol ogy of the Nakinilerak Lake map sheet (93M/8),Brit ish Co lum bia; in Geo log i cal Field work 1997, BC Min is -try of En ergy, Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Pa per 1998-1, pages 2-1–2-18.

Mac In tyre, D.G. (2001a): Geo log i cal com pi la tion of the Babinepor phyry cop per dis trict; BC Min is try of En ergy, Mines andPe tro leum Re sources, Open File Map 2001-3.

Mac In tyre, D.G. (2001b): The Mid-Cre ta ceous Rocky Ridge For -ma tion — a new tar get for sub aque ous hot-spring de pos its(Eskay Creek – type) in cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; in Geo -log i cal Field work 2000, BC Min is try of Energy, Mines andPe tro leum Re sources, Pa per 2001-1, pages 253–268.

Mac In tyre, D.G., Ash C. and Britton, J. (1994): Nass-Skeena(93/E, L, M; 94/D; 103/G, H, I, J, P; 104/A, B), BC Min is tryof En ergy, Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Open File 1994-14.

Mac In tyre, D.G., Desjardins, P. and Tercier, P (1989): Ju ras sicstrati graphic re la tion ships in the Babine and Telkwa ranges;in Geo log i cal Field work 1988, BC Min is try of En ergy,Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Pa per 1989-1, pages 195–208.

Mac In tyre, D.G. and Villeneuve, M.E. (2001): Geo chron ol ogyand tec tonic set ting of mid-Cre ta ceous to Eocenemagmatism, Babine por phyry cop per dis trict, cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; Ca na dian Jour nal of Earth Sci ences, Vol ume 38, pages 639–655.

Mac In tyre, D.G., Villeneuve, M.E. and Schiarizza, P. (2001): Tim -ing and tec tonic set ting of Stikine Terrane magmatism,Babine-Takla lakes area, cen tral Brit ish Co lum bia; Ca na -dian Jour nal of Earth Sci ences, Vol ume 38, pages 579–601.

Mac In tyre, D.G., Web ster, I.C.L. and Bellefontaine, K. (1996a).Babine Por phyry Dis trict Pro ject: bed rock ge ol ogy of theFulton Lake map area (NTS 93L16); in Geo log i cal Field -


work 1995, BC Min is try of En ergy, Mines and Pe tro leumRe sources, Pa per 1996-1, pages 11–35.

Mac In tyre, D.G., Web ster, I.C.L. and Bellefontaine, K. (1996b).Ge ol ogy of the Fulton Lake map sheet (93L/16), BC Min is -try of En ergy, Mines and Pe tro leum Re sources, Open FileMap 1996-29.

Mac In tyre, D., Web ster, I.C.L. and Desjardins, P. (1998): Bed rockge ol ogy of the Old Fort Moun tain map area, north-cen tralBC; BC Min is try of En ergy, Mines and Pe tro leum Re -sources, Open File Map 1997-10.

Mac In tyre, D.G., Web ster, I.C.L and Villeneuve, M. (1997).Babine Por phyry Dis trict Pro ject: bed rock ge ol ogy of theOld Fort Moun tain area (93M/1), Brit ish Co lum bia; in Geo -log i cal Field work 1996, BC Min is try of En ergy, Mines andPe tro leum Re sources, Pa per 1997-1, pages 47–67.

Massey, N.W.D. (1999): Volcanogenic mas sive sul phide de pos itsin Brit ish Co lum bia; BC Min is try of En ergy, Mines and Pe -tro leum Re sources, Open File 1999-2.

Massey, N.W.D., Alldrick, D.J. and Lefebure, D.V.L. (1999): Po -ten tial for sub aque ous hot-spring (Eskay Creek) de pos its inBrit ish Co lum bia; BC Min is try of En ergy, Mines and Pe tro -leum Re sources, Open File 1999-14.

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geology and mineral deposits of the skeena arch, west...

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