geological and geotechnical engineering in the new...
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Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium
J. Carlos SantamarinaGeorgia Institute of Technology
USUCGER –
Sacramento May 2008
Committee on Earth
Resources
Geographical Sciences
Committee
Committee on Geophysical
and Environmental
Data
Mapping Science
Committee
Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics
Committee on Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Division onEarthand
Life Studies
TransportationResearch Board
Division onBehavioral andSocial Sciencesand Education
Division onPolicy and
Global Affairs
Division onEngineering and
Physical Sciences
National Academyof Engineering
National Academyof Sciences Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Study Committees
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
COGGE -
MissionTo identify, investigate, and report on questions relating to GGE to
government, industry, academia, and the public
To improve public policy on GGE issues
To identify new technologies and potential applications
To promote the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge
Types of ActivitiesReports
Symposia, roundtables, and forums on national issues
Proceedings from conferences and workshops
“White papers” that take a stand on pressing scientific concerns
COGGE Sponsors
Current Sponsors• National Science Foundation• US Nuclear Regulatory Commission• NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Research Program
Past Sponsors
• EPA• NSF• USNRC• DoD• DoE• BLM• Bureau of Reclamation• Federal Transit Administration• Gas Research Institute• Dowell-Schlumberger, Inc.
Sammantha
l. Magsino
NRC Program Officer
Gregory B. Baecher
(chair) University of Maryland
Thomas W. Doe
Golder Associates
Sandra Houston
Arizona State University
Edward Kavazanjian, Jr.
Arizona State University
Francis S. Kendorski
Agapito Associates, Inc
Wesley C. Patrick
Southwest Research Institute
J. Carlos Santamarina
Georgia Institute of Technology
A. Keith Turner
Colorado School of Mines
COGGE Membership
http://dels.nas.edu/besr/cogge.shtml
Recently Completed Studies
Assessment of the Performance of Engineered Waste Containment Barriers
(2007)
Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in the New Millennium: Opportunities for Research and Technological Innovation (2006)
Jane C. S. Long (chair) Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. (fmr)Bernard Amadei
University Of ColoradoJean-Pierre Bardet
University of Southern CaliforniaJohn T. Christian
WabanSteven D. Glaser
University of California, BerkeleyDeborah J. Goodings
University of MarylandEdward Kavazanjian
Arizona State UniversityDavid W. Major
Geosyntec Consultants Inc.James K. Mitchell
Virginia TechMary M. Poulton
The University of ArizonaJ. Carlos Santamarina
Georgia Tech
StaffAnthony R. De Souza (director)
Members of Study Committee
forcesspecific surfacerelative size
sphericityroundnesssmoothness
soil
fluidparticles
mineral size shape
microorganisms
surface chargedouble layerscapillarity
stiffnessthreshold strain
strength(scales)
conductiondiffusionenergy coupling
rheologydiagenesis
XVIII physics & mechanics 1950 chemistry 2000 biology
Biotechnology: Concepts
Shaped the earth – 3.5 bya
Size ~1 μm
~1017 microorganisms per m3 soil
Very fast growth mutation and adaptation ubiquitous
Processes work on small scale and in short times
Effects may reverse - Long-term stability ?
Limiting factors: water, C-source, nutrients, environment
??
Capture inorganic compounds from solution• environmental restoration –
bio-remediation
Bio-cementation Increase Gmax• lower settlement• stabilize liquefiable soils
Gas bio-generation lower fluid bulk stiffness Bfl• hinder shear induced generation of pore fluid pressure
Bio-films and clogging lower permeability k• control flow
Bio-processes can be engineered• Precondition prior to excavation, tunneling, and mining• Self-healing infrastructure• Grow foundations in-situ
Biotechnology: Possibilities
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
100000.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Dep
th [m
]ACTIVE AND MOTILE
Trapped but may
displace individual particles
TRAPPED
T d d
Trap
ped.
Lim
iting
fact
or is
not
mec
hani
ca
Possible pore size reduction by grain crushing
Trapped and indented
(spore-forming species might be dormant)
(position of lower boundary depends on lateral soil stress)
DEAD
Trap
ped:
Lim
iting
fact
or is
not
mec
hani
cal
TRAPPED
ACTIVE AND
MOTILE
Particle Size [μm]
Dep
th [m
]
Biotechnology: Size Limitation in Soils
Nanotechnology
Feynman (1950’s): Nano-technology
Tunneling and AFM (1980’s)
Nano-manipulation (Eigler
1990)
Nano-scale building blocks
Geoengineers: early nanotechnologists
Surface control NaPAAC
H
OH
Na
C
H
CO
C
H
OH
Na
C
H
CO
Unprecedented soil engineering at the particle level
with predetermined physical & chemical properties
Engineered nano-particles
tracers and sensors
Sensors …
Nanotechnology: Possibilities
(N. Skipper – UCL 2002)
Strain (Dowding; Soga)
Pore fluid chemical properties
Moisture content (Brillouin
-
Pamukcu)
Temperature (Raman -
SENSA)
30 km …
every 1 m …
1oC resolution
Sensors: Distributed Optical Sensors
laser
Signal Processing
IMPROVING TOOLS –
REMOTE SENSINGGeophysics: New tools
Laboratory: VS
VP
attenuation
electrical k ε
thermal k
Tomography (all kinds)
Field:
parallel to labP. Mayne
JS Lee
12
3
1
61
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
11
098
7
6
5
4
AlshibliLSU
IMPROVING TOOLS –
REMOTE SENSINGGeophysics: Renewed Geo-relevance
'logkPaσ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
maxGlogkPa
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠Small-strain stiffness
Spatial variability
Pore fluid chemical properties
Water content (unfrozen)
Unsaturation
Diffusive/advective
fronts
Process Monitoring
BiloxiD’Iverville
I-110 Bridge
Pile 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Bathymetry: 200 kHz
Sub bottom profiling: 20 kHz
NSF - D. Fratta
Geophysics: Sonar
From airborne and space platforms
Non-contact passive and active methods
Information: vegetation type and density
lithology, mineralogy
Groundwater and soil type
morfology
displacements
Resolution: 10-25 m for satellite systems -1-3 m airborne
Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing: Radar Interferograms
Ground subsidence
(Phoenix)
Tectonic displacement
(after Northridge 1994)
IT: Microelectronics –
Moore's Law
data from Birnbaum and Akinwande
1.E+03
1.E+05
1.E+07
1.E+09
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Tran
sist
ors
per C
hip
40048080
8086
8028680386
80486
Pentium & 80786
Pentium IIIPentium IV
doubles: 24 months
IT: Storage
data from Kurzweil
0.00001
0.001
0.1
10
1000
100000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Kilo
byte
s pe
r do
llar
doubles:14 months
2006: < $10/GB2007: $0.30/GB`
IT: Calculations per second
0.000001
0.0001
0.01
1
100
10000
1000000
100000000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
(Cal
cula
tions
/sec
ond)
/ $1
000
doubles:19 months
data from Kurzweil; Moravec
2006: 104
MIPS computers
Brain: 108
MIPS
IT: Communications
0.0001
0.01
1
100
10000
1000000
100000000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
MB
ytes
per
sec
ond
0.0000001
0.00001
0.001
0.1
10
MB
ytes
per
sec
ond
per $
doubles:10 months
doubles:7 months
wireless
data from Kurzweil
IT: New Paradigms
•
site characterization
confirmation GIS data
•
laboratory testing single, information-rich test
•
design and construction IT-based Observational Method
•
wiki-geo-engineering collective knowledge & ingenuity
www.brgm.fr
Assessment of new technologyDISCIPLINE ORTECHNOLOGY
POTENTIALIMPACT
STATUS KNOWLEDGEREQUIREMENTS
BIO-TECH High Well-developed high short term impact
biologygeochemistry
NANO-TECH Med to Low Early stages Solutions looking for problems
physicschemistrymaterials science
SENSORS & SENSING SYSTEMS
Med to High Revolution in progressHigh impact in short time
electronicssignal processinginversion math
GEOPHYSICALMETHODS
High Established – Vs GmaxNew tools available Higher resolution in mid-term
electronicssignal processinginversion math
REMOTESENSING
High New family of tools and methods will have large impact in short term
electronicsdata managementcomputer science
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
High Critical role in sensing systems; smart infrastructure systems being developed
data managementcomputer science
Assessment of new technologyDISCIPLINE ORTECHNOLOGY
POTENTIALIMPACT
STATUS KNOWLEDGEREQUIREMENTS
BIO-TECH High Well-developed high short term impact
biologygeochemistry
NANO-TECH Med to Low Early stages Solutions looking for problems
physicschemistrymaterials science
SENSORS & SENSING SYSTEMS
Med to High Revolution in progressHigh impact in short time
electronicssignal processinginversion math
GEOPHYSICALMETHODS
High Established – Vs GmaxNew tools available Higher resolution in mid-term
electronicssignal processinginversion math
REMOTESENSING
High New family of tools and methods will have large impact in short term
electronicsdata managementcomputer science
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
High Critical role in sensing systems; smart infrastructure systems being developed
data managementcomputer science
Fractured Media -
Flow (Characterization, monitoring, design)
Underground Engineering -
Urban Infrastructure
Probabilistic Risk Assessment –
Risk-informed geo-decision making
Life Cycle Lifecycle Geoengineering: Thinking Beyond Construction
Sustainable management of municipal solid waste (e-waste)
Centrifuge modeling (security issues: dams and levees)
Geoengineering
application of 3D data
Energy (underlying theme in all studies)
COGGE Active Themes (May 2008)
National Academyof Engineering
National Academyof Sciences Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Make solar energy economical
Provide energy from fusion
Develop carbon sequestration methods
Manage the nitrogen cycle
Provide access to clean water
Restore and improve urban infrastructure
Advance health informatics
Engineer better medicines
Reverse-engineer the brain
Prevent nuclear terror
Secure cyberspace
Enhance virtual reality
Advance personalized learning
Engineer the tools of scientific discovery
Gra
nd C
halle
nges
Energy: 25 yr Horizon
Current Consumption: ~13 TW
Status quo
15.2 TW 17%
Promote growth
≥1.5 kW/per.
21.6 TW 66%
Limit over-spending
≤
4 kW/per.
11.0 TW -15%
Limit over-spending ≤
4 kW/per. 14.2 TW 9%
& promote growth ≥1.5 kW/per.
Population growth 36%
Energy Sources Economics Reserves
… diffuse
generations
limited (?)
approaching saturation
~5 c per kWh 26 c/ kwh
3-6 c per kWh
~4 c per kWh
~7 c per kWh
6-8 c per kWh
>20 c per kWh solar>6.5 c per kWh wind
centuries
45% petroleum
25% natural gas
25% coal
2.5% nuclear power
2.5% hydroelectric
< 1% renewable non-hydro
C-Based: Global Warming
IPCC 2007
(relative to 1980-1999)
2020-2029 2090-2099
Global Solutions
Regional Solutions
Great time for Geotechnical Engineering
Unprecedented tools
Unprecedented challenges with central role for Geotechnologyinfrastructurewaterenergy (production, transport, conservation, waste)global warming (C-sequestration)
Rich & complex phenomena, interwoven processes: EDUCATION
Exceptional opportunities !