geography a – component 2

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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS

In addition to this paper you may use a calculator and a ruler if required.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Answer both questions in Section A. Answer one question in Section B. Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not use pencil or gel pen. Do not use correction fluid.Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.If additional space is required you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) should be clearly shown.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terms accurately will be assessed in your answer to question 2 (d).

LDE*(S19-C111U20-1)© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

GCSE

C111U20-1

GEOGRAPHY A – Component 2Environmental and Developmental Issues

WEDNESDAY, 5 JUNE 2019 – AFTERNOON1 hour 30 minutes

S19-C111U20-1

Surname

Other Names

CandidateNumber

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CentreNumber

For Examiner’s use only

Question MaximumMark

MarkAwarded

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2 34

SPaG 4

either 3 16

or 4 16

Total 88

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SECTION A: CORE THEMES

Answer all of the questions in this section.

CORE THEME 5: Weather, Climate and Ecosystems

1. (a) Study Graph 1.1 below and Map 1.2 on page 3.

Graph 1.1 – Climate graph for Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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F M A M J J A S O N D 0

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Months of the Year

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0 250 500 750km

NIGERIA

GHANA

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IVORYCOAST

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICOF CONGO

CAMEROON

KisanganiEQUATORIAL GUINEA

LIBERIA

GABON

AtlanticOcean

CONGORainforests

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(i) Complete the paragraph to describe the temperature and rainfall pattern for Kisangani. [4]

Choose the correct answers from the box below. Use Graph 1.1.

The temperature in Kisangani remains constant at …………................................……………… all year

round. The monthly rainfall …………................................……………… throughout the year. The wettest

month is …………................................……………… .

January is the driest month with …………................................………………mm of rainfall.

Map 1.2 – Location of Kisangani and central African rainforests

fluctuates August decreases increases

26°C 36°C April 160°C

60 98 October 115

(ii) Give one reason why tropical rainforest ecosystems are located in this part of the world. [2]

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(b) (i) Diagram 1.3 below shows flows and stores in the nutrient cycle of a tropical rainforest. Complete the table below to identify store X and flow Y. [2]

Diagram 1.3 – The nutrient cycle of a tropical rainforest

Store X

Flow Y

X

Y

LITTER

SOIL

Dead organic matter

Uptake

Weathering

Leaching

Run-off

Precipitation

(ii) Give one reason why nutrient cycling occurs rapidly in rainforests. [2]

(iii) Give two examples of human activities that lead to deforestation in tropical rainforests. [2]

Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iv) Explain why deforestation in tropical rainforests has an impact on both climate and the nutrient cycle. [6]

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Energy source % of UK renewable energy

Wave and tidal 4

Solar and geothermal 4

Wind 22

Bioenergy 70

(c) (i) The UK uses the natural environment to generate some renewable energy resources.

Complete the Divided Bar Graph 1.5 below using the data provided in Table 1.4. [2]

Table 1.4 – Renewable energy sources in the UK

Divided Bar Graph 1.5 – Renewable energy sources in the UK

0%

40%

Wave & tidalKey:

Solar & geothermal

Wind

Bioenergy

30%

20%

10%

80%

70%

60%

50%

100%

90%

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(ii) Tick (√) two other appropriate techniques that could be used to present the data in Table 1.4. [2]

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(iii) Describe two impacts of energy production on the environment. [4]

Impact 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Impact 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Technique Tick (√)

Choropleth map

Proportional circles

Scatter graph

Line graph

Pie chart

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08 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C111U20-1)

(d) Study the information in Resource Box 1.6 about Storm Brian, a low-pressure system which affected some parts of the UK in October 2017.

Resource Box 1.6

Trees brought down by Storm Brian Dangerous coastal conditions

Flood defences were erected in Fowey, Cornwall

• Storm Brian affected much of the UK in October 2017. The UK is a HIC. • Wind gusts of 84 mph were recorded on the Isle of Wight, and 78 mph on the Llyn

Peninsula in Wales. • There was disruption to English Channel and Irish Sea ferry sailings, flights from Heathrow

and many railway services. • Weather warnings were issued, and the Environment Agency issued red and amber flood

warnings meaning “take action”. • People were urged to stay away from sea fronts and not to take “storm selfies”. • 8.4mm of rain fell in an hour in Port Logan, Scotland.

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The hazards created by low pressure systems pose a greater risk to the economy than to people in HICs. To what extent do you agree with this statement? [8]

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CORE THEME 6: Economic Development and Resource Issues

2. (a) Study Map 2.1 below. The map shows the level of income inequality within countries.

Map 2.1 – The pattern of global inequality 2017

Higher values indicate greater levels of inequality

N

South America

North America

AsiaEurope

Africa

Australasia

24 30 40 50 60 64 No data

Equator

(i) Tick (√) the two correct statements in the table below which correctly describe the pattern of inequality shown on Map 2.1. [2]

Statement Tick (√)

The countries with the highest levels of inequality are found in Africa.

The countries with the lowest levels of inequality are found in South America.

There is absolute equality in North America.

The continent with the lowest levels of inequality is Europe.

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(ii) Describe the patterns of regional inequality in one named LIC or NIC. [4]

(iii) Give two reasons for inequality within countries. [4]

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(b) Study Graph 2.2 below.

Graph 2.2 – Difference in hourly pay of selected regions compared to the UK average

South East LondonOuter LondonInner London

East Anglia

South West

Liverpool

Greater Manchester

West Yorkshire

West Midlands

North East

Sheffield region–20% –10% 0%

UK average

10% 20% 30% 40%

36%

– 5%

– 5%

– 8%

– 8%

– 8%

– 9%

– 11%

– 13%

18%

10%

Answer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(i) Calculate the difference in hourly pay between Inner London and the Sheffield region. Show your working. [2]

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(ii) Describe two social impacts of regional inequality in the UK. [4]

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(c) Study the Graphs 2.3 and 2.4 below.

Graph 2.3 – Largest recipients of aid from the UK government in 2015

Pakistan

Ethiopia

Nigeria

Sierra Leone

South Sudan

Syria

Tanzania

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

India

Largest country recipients of aid

£351.4m

£334.1m

£253.5m

£213.8m

£205.2m

£201.6m

£199.7m

£199.6m

£157.5m

£150.4m

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01980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Graph 2.4 – Changes in UK government aid spending

£ bi

llions

Year


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(i) What conclusions can you reach about overseas aid provided by the UK from the information shown in the graphs? [4]

(ii) Explain why long-term development aid can be more effective than emergency aid. [6]

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(d) Study the information in Resource Box 2.5 about the Liverpool City Region Enterprise Zone.

Resource Box 2.5

Stanley Dock before redevelopment Redevelopment – Liverpool One • Liverpool ranks as the third most deprived city in England according to a 2016 study. This

considered income, employment, health, education, skills and crime. • The government designated 24 Enterprise Zones across the UK in 2012 as part of a

strategy to improve the economy and create jobs in areas of need. One of these is in the Docklands area of Liverpool.

• Stanley and Prince’s Docks are part of the Liverpool City Region Enterprise Zone. • The redevelopment projects will include residential space, offices, visitor attractions,

shops and services. • Stanley Dock has been redeveloped into the luxury Titanic Hotel. • Redevelopment in the city centre includes the Liverpool One shopping centre. • Enterprise Zones attract investment due to their potential to generate economic growth.

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Study the information about the Liverpool City Region Enterprise Zone in Resource Box 2.5.

Evaluate the success of investment in creating growth in deprived areas of the UK. [8]

Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terminology accurately will be assessed in your answer to this question. [4]

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SECTION B: OPTIONS

Answer one question in this section.Choose either Question 3 (Theme 7) OR Question 4 (Theme 8)

THEME 7: Social Development Issues

3. (a) Study Map 3.1 below.

Map 3.1 – Child labour by region

(i) In the world in total there are 168 million child labourers. How many are found in the ‘Rest of the World’? Show your working. [2]

77.7 millionASIA AND THE PACIFIC

59 millionSUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

? millionREST OF THE WORLD

12.5 millionLATIN AMERICA AND

THE CARIBBEAN

9 millionMIDDLE EAST AND

NORTH AFRICA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Million


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(ii) Explain why child labour is more common in some parts of the world. [4]

(b) (i) Give two factors that result in people becoming refugees. [2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Study the information in Resource Box 3.2 about refugee movements from Syria.

Resource Box 3.2

Syrian refugee children attending school in a refugee camp in Jordan

Syrian refugee children in Turkey

Information about the refugee crisis • According to the UN Refugee Agency, more than half of the world’s refugees come

from Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia. • In 2017, there were over 65 million refugees worldwide. • The UN works with charities, local and national governments and the public to

ensure refugees are protected. • The UN has provided humanitarian aid with cash for medicine and food, stoves and

fuel for heating, insulation for tents, thermal blankets and winter clothing. • In 2015, 3370 migrants died crossing the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe.

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To what extent have initiatives to tackle issues associated with international refugee movements been successful? [8]

End of Question 3

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THEME 8 – Environmental Challenges

If you have answered question 3, do not answer this question.

4. (a) Study Diagram 4.1 below.

Diagram 4.1 – Ecological footprints (measured in 1000s of square metres)

(i) Calculate the mean ecological footprint of the top 6 African countries. Show your working. [2]

11.68

Top 6 countries with the biggest ecological footprint per person

Top 6 African countries with the biggest ecological footprint per person

QATAR

Mean ecological footprint - 8.73% of top 6 countries

KUWAIT UAE DENMARK USA BELGIUM

MAURITIUS MAURITANIA BOTSWANA SOUTHAFRICA

EGYPT NAMIBIA

9.72 8.44 8.25 7.19 7.11

4.552.86 2.84 2.59 2.06 2.03

Mean: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Explain why ecological footprints vary throughout the world. [4]

(b) Give two impacts of consumerism on the environment. [2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Study the information in Resource Box 4.2 below about habitat restoration on the Sefton Coast in north-west England.

Resource Box 4.2

Repairing dune damage with Christmas trees to trap sand

Habitat created for the endangered Natterjack toad Information about issues on the Sefton coast. • Coastal erosion is reducing the dune habitats along the Sefton Coast. Climate

change is likely to make this problem worse. • Increasing visitor numbers are causing disturbance to habitats for wintering birds. • The coastline is also under pressure to be used for urban development. • The dunes are managed to conserve habitats and control visitor numbers whilst still

allowing access. • Sheep and cattle are allowed to graze to increase the range of species in the dunes. • Less money has been spent on conservation since 2010 which means fewer

wardens and fewer repairs to damaged habitats.

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To what extent have strategies to restore habitats damaged by human activity been successful? [8]

End of Question 4

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geography a – component 2

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