as geography revision - migration - migration as a component of population change

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MIGRATION REVISION Migration as a component of population change

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MIGRATION REVISION

Migration as a component of population change

MIGRATIONANDINTERNALMIGRATIONMigration is the movement of people across a specified boundary – national or international – to establish a new permanent place of residence. The United Nations defines permanent as a change of residence lasting more than one year.Internal migration refers to the people who move within the frontiers of one country. International migration refers to migrants who cross international boundaries.

IMMIGRATIONEMIGRATIONINOUTNETMIGRATIONImmigration is the ‘permanent’ movement of people into a particular country from one or a number of other countries.Emigration is the ‘permanent’ movement out of a country to one or a number of other countries.In-migration is the regional movement within a country towards a particular destination.Out-migration is the regional movement within a country away from a particular destination.Net migration is the number of migrants entering a region or country less the number of migrants who leave the same region or country. The balance may be either positive or negative.

COUNTRIESOFORIGINSANDDESTINATIONCountry / region of origin is the country or region from which a migration begins.Country / region of destination is the country or region where a migration is completed.Migration stream is formed by migrants sharing a common origin and destination.Counterstream is a reverse flow of migrants. For every migration stream, a counterstream or reverse flow at a lower volume usually results as some migrants dissatisfied with their destination return home.

PUSHANDPULLFACTORSPush factors are negative conditions at the point of origin, which encourage or force people to move.Pull factors are positive conditions at the point of destination, which encourage people to move.Chain migration is a process that occurs when after one or a small number of pioneering migrants have led the way, others from the same rural community follow.Relay migration is a phenomenon that occurs when at different stages in a family’s life cycle different people take responsibility for migration in order to improve the financial position of the family.

PUSHANDPULLFACTORS

PUSHANDPULLFACTORS

STEPVOLUNTARYFORCEDMIGRATIONTYPOLOGYStep migration is a process that occurs when the rural migrant initially heads for a familiar small town and then after a period of time moves on to a larger urban settlement. Over many years the migrant may take a number of stages up the urban hierarchy.Voluntary migration is when the individual or household has a free choice about whether to move or not.Forced migration occurs when the individual or household has little or no choice but to move.Migration typologies are classifications of migration into types, such as by distance, duration and causes.

FORCEDANDVOLUNTARYMIGRATION

Migration is more volatile than fertility and mortality, the other two basic demographic variables. It can react very quickly indeed to changing economic, political and social circumstances.Migration is defined as a ‘permanent’ change of residence lasting more than one year.Migration typologies are classifications of migration into types. The main elements of classification are distance, duration and cause.It is customary to subdivide the field of migration into two areas: internal migration and international migration.

TOPICSUMMARY1

Migrations are embarked upon from an area of origin and are completed at an area of destination.The most basic distinction drawn by demographers is between voluntary and forced migration.In 1958, W. Peterson noted the following five migratory types: primitive, forced, impelled, free and mass.E. S. Lee (1966) produced a series of Principles of Migration, in an attempt to bring together all aspects of migration theory at that time. Of particular note was his origin-intervening obstacles-destination model that emphasised the role of push and pull factors.

TOPICSUMMARY2

Mabogunje adopted a systems approach to explain rural–urban migration in Africa.The Todaro model takes a cost-benefit approach to rural–urban migration, opposing the simplistic ‘bright lights’ explanation.Stark’s ‘New Economics of Migration’ replaces the individual as the unit of analysis (Todaro) with the household.The three main sources of migration data are population censuses, population registers and social surveys.

TOPICSUMMARY3

RECENTAPPROACHESTOTHEMIGRATIONSTUDIES