geography 40352h (specification b) h… · 4 do not write outside the box (04)...
TRANSCRIPT
General Certificate of Secondary Education
Higher Tier
June 2012
Geography 40352H
(Specification B)
Unit 2 Hostile World
Monday 18 June 2012 9.00 am to 10.00 am
You will need no other materials.
You may use a calculator.
Time allowed
1 hour
Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen. You may use pencil for maps,
diagrams and graphs.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer either Section A (Questions 1 to 3) or Section B (Questions
4 to 6).
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.
Use your case studies to support your answers where appropriate.
Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 50.
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers. Where applicable, questions should be answered in
continuous prose. Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in
all answers.
40352H(JUN1240352H01)G/T74163 6/6/6/
Centre Number Candidate Number
Surname
Other Names
Candidate Signature
For Examiner’s Use
Examiner’s Initials
Question Mark
1
2
3
4
5
6
TOTAL
H
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Answer either Section A (Questions 1 to 3) or Section B (Questions 4 to 6).
Section A – Living with Natural Hazards
Use your case studies to support your answers where appropriate.
Total for this question: 18 marks
1 Study Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the distribution of earthquakes and active volcanoes
in and around Indonesia, south-east Asia.
Figure 1
Figure 1, which shows a map of the distribution of earthquakes and active
volcanoes in and around Indonesia, is not reproduced here due to third-party
copyright constraints.
1 (a) Describe the distribution of active volcanoes shown in Figure 1.
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1 (b) Explain why there are earthquakes in and around Indonesia.
Use Figure 1 and your own knowledge.
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1 (c) Study Figure 2. Figure 2 gives information about a volcanic eruption in Indonesia
(2010).
Figure 2
29 August 2010: Volcano erupts in Indonesia
Mount Sinabung erupted for the first time in 400 years. Before the eruption,
the volcano had been smoking for several days but the volcano was not
thought to be dangerous and no warnings were given. When the volcano
erupted, smoke and ash went 1500 m into the air and lava rushed down the
mountainside. Ash and smoke from the volcano covered villages and crops
and many people suffered breathing problems. Electricity in some villages
was cut off. The eruption took people by surprise and 19 000 people were
evacuated to emergency shelters. The government set up food kitchens for
the refugees and gave out 7000 masks. Since the eruption, scientists have
monitored Mount Sinabung. People were not allowed to return to their homes
until officials were sure the danger from the volcano was over.
0 500 km
Mount Sinabung
Equator
Indian Ocean
N
Sumatra
I N D O N E S I A
Kalimantan
Java
Jakarta
Sulawesi
Key
Capital city
1 (c) (i) Describe the location of Mount Sinabung within Indonesia.
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1 (c) (ii) ‘The eruption took people by surprise.’ Suggest one reason for this.
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(1 mark)
1 (c) (iii) Describe short-term responses to a volcanic eruption.
Use Figure 2 and your own knowledge.
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1 (d) Study Figure 3. Figure 3 shows a method of reducing the damaging effects of
earthquakes.
Figure 3
Figure 3 is not reproduced here due to third-party copyright constraints.
Figure 3 shows a building which has been earthquake proofed.
Suggest how the damaging effects of earthquakes on buildings can be reduced.
Use Figure 3 and your own knowledge.
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Total for this question: 15 marks
2 (a) Study Figure 4. Figure 4 gives information about tropical storms in and around
Australia (1990 to 2007).
Figure 4
Figure 4 is not reproduced here due to third-party copyright constraints.
Figure 4 shows a map of Australia, containing the landfall points of severe
tropical storms.
2 (a) (i) Complete the paragraph below.
The area with the most tropical storms is off the ......................................................
coast of Australia, at latitude ................................................................. degrees
south and longitude 117 degrees east. No severe tropical storms made landfall
south of the .......................................................... .
(3 marks)
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2 (a) (ii) Sea surface temperatures in the area shown as X on Figure 4 are above 27 ºC.
Explain how tropical storms form in this area.
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2 (b) Study Figure 5. Figure 5 shows how sea surface temperatures around Australia might
change between 2010 and 2030.
Figure 5
Key
Possible change in sea surface temperature + 1.0 °C + 1.5 °C + 2.0 °C
Australia
0 1000 km
N
Tropic of
Capricor n
2 (b) (i) Describe possible changes to sea surface temperature around Australia, as shown in
Figure 5.
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2 (b) (ii) Suggest how changes to sea surface temperatures around Australia might affect
tropical storms in the future.
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Total for this question: 17 marks
3 (a) Study Figure 6. Figure 6 gives information about two coastal areas.
Figure 6
Area A
Key Key
Area B
Farmhouse
Farmland
Largetouristresort
Holidayvillage
Campsite
Sea Sea
Averagetemperature(°C)
Summermonths
13
May
15
Jun
17
Jul
16
Aug
13
Sep
Averagetemperature(°C)
Summermonths
23
May
24
Jun
26
Jul
30
Aug
22
Sep
Minor road
Prevailing wind0 1 2 km
0 1 2 km
Prevailingwind
Picnic site Railway
Main road
FootpathConiferousforest
3 (a) (i) Compare the average temperatures in Area A with the average temperatures in
Area B, as shown in Figure 6.
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3 (a) (ii) Which of the areas in Figure 6 (A or B) is more at risk from wildfires?
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(1 mark)
3 (a) (iii) Explain your answer to Question 3 (a) (ii) above.
Use Figure 6 and your own knowledge.
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3 (b) Study Figure 7. Figure 7 shows a method used to reduce the number of wildfires.
Figure 7
Never play with matches or lighters.
The Forest Ranger says ... Help us to prevent wildfires
Check your campsite before leaving.
Build campfires away from low-hangingtree branches and all other plants.
Never use fireworks on public lands.
Never use stoves, lanterns or heatersinside a tent.
Don’t leave campfires unattended.
Use fire rings for campfires.
‘The method shown in Figure 7 is the best way of reducing the number of wildfires.’
Do you agree?
YES NO
Give reasons for your decision.
Use Figure 7 and your own knowledge.
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End of Section A
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Answer either Section A (Questions 1 to 3) or Section B (Questions 4 to 6).
Section B – The Challenge of Extreme Environments
Use your case studies to support your answers where appropriate.
Total for this question: 16 marks
4 (a) Study Figure 8. Figure 8 shows the amounts of deforestation in Indonesia.
Figure 8
0 500 km
Lowlands
Key
Equator
N
Java
Sumatra
Sulawesi
I N D O N E S I A
Highlands
Millions ofhectares
Mha
Sumatra and Kalimantan
Lowlands Forest cleared:% of forest cleared:
15.25 Mha41.72
Highlands Forest cleared:% of forest cleared:
0.95 Mha 2.94
The rest of IndonesiaRegion A Region B
Lowlands Forest cleared:% of forest cleared:
2.10 Mha13.76
Highlands Forest cleared:% of forest cleared:
3.02 Mha 8.11
X
Kalimantan
Irian Jaya
4 (a) (i) State two differences in the amounts of deforestation between the two regions of
Indonesia shown in Figure 8.
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4 (a) (ii) The annual rainfall total in the area shown as X in Figure 8 is 2862 mm.
Explain how climate affects the type and range of vegetation in tropical rainforests.
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4 (b) Study Figure 9. Figure 9 shows how tropical rainforest environments could be
managed.
Figure 9
Teach people about the importanceof the rainforests.
Restore damaged ecosystems.
Encourage people to live in a way
Establish nature reserves.
that doesn’t damage the environment.
‘The method shown in Figure 9 is the best way to manage tropical rainforest
environments.’
Do you agree?
YES NO
Give reasons for your decision.
Use Figure 9 and your own knowledge.
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Total for this question: 15 marks
5 (a) Study Figure 10. Figure 10 shows annual increases in sea surface temperature
around Antarctica between 1955 and 2000.
Figure 10
Antarctica
60 °W 40 °W
20 °W
0 °W
80 °W
100 °W
80 °S
70 °S
60 °S
50 °S
Key
Antarctic Peninsula
SouthAmerica
Less than 0.01 per year
Increase in sea surface temperature (°C)
0.01 to 0.03 per year
Over 0.03 per year
No data Land area
Complete the paragraph below.
The sea area with the greatest increase in surface temperature was to the north
and ....................................... of the Antarctic Peninsula, between latitudes 56 degrees
south and ............................................ degrees south. In this area the sea surface
temperature increased by ......................................... ºC each year.
(3 marks)
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5 (b) Explain how global warming could affect a cold environment.
Use an example(s) you have studied.
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5 (c) Study Figure 11. Figure 11 gives information about Antarctica.
Figure 11
Norway
Countries that have claimed territoryin Antarctica
New Zealand
Unclaimed
The United Kingdom,Argentina and Chile
have all claimedparts of this
area. Australia
Australia
France
Claims on territory were halted
by the Antarctic Treaty (1998).
The Treaty allows Antarctica to
be used for scientific research
but not for military activity.
Countries wanted territory
in Antarctica so they could
fish, catch whales and search
for minerals. However, the
Antarctic Treaty banned mining
for 50 years and put quotas on
the numbers of fish and whales
that could be caught. The
number of tourists in Antarctica
is increasing. The International
Association of Antarctic Tour
Operators (IAATO) was set up to
encourage responsible tourism.
5 (c) (i) Some countries have claimed territory in Antarctica. Give one reason for this.
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5 (c) (ii) Identify two features of the territorial claims in Antarctica shown on the map in
Figure 11.
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5 (c) (iii) Describe how organisations have responded to the environmental threats to Antarctica.
Use Figure 11 and your own knowledge.
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Total for this question: 19 marks
6 (a) Study Figure 12. Figure 12 shows the locations of two places and gives information
about maximum monthly temperatures in each place.
Figure 12
Prevailing wind direction
OceanContinentPlace A
Place B
Key:
Jan
39
Feb
38
Mar
35
Apr
30
May
25
Jun
Maximum monthly temperature at Place A (°C)
22
Jul
21
Aug
24
Sep
28
Oct
32
Nov
35
Dec
38
Jan
31
Feb
30
Mar
28
Apr
24
May
20
Jun
Maximum monthly temperature at Place B (°C)
16
Jul
15
Aug
17
Sep
20
Oct
24
Nov
27
Dec
29
0 500 km
6 (a) (i) Compare the maximum monthly temperatures in Place A with the maximum monthly
temperatures in Place B.
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6 (a) (ii) Which of the places in Figure 12 (A or B) is more likely to be in an area of hot desert?
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(1 mark)
6 (a) (iii) Explain your answer to Question 6 (a) (ii) above.
Use Figure 12 and your own knowledge.
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6 (b) Study Figure 13. Figure 13 gives information about desertification.
Figure 13
Desertification Reducing desertification
Increased soil erosion
Loss of farmlandto desertification
Climatechange
Population growthPoverty
Overgrazing and overcultivation
Productive land
Healthy crops and livestock
Increasing wealthEducation
Soil and water conservation andappropriate technology
6 (b) (i) Complete Figure 13.
Choose the two correct answers from those given below.
Reduced soil erosion Reforestation
Vegetation cover removed
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6 (b) (ii) Suggest how climate change could increase the risk of desertification.
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6 (b) (iii) Suggest how desertification can be reduced.
Use Figure 13 and your own knowledge.
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Figure 1: Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo
Figure 2: © BBC News
Figure 4: Scienceray.com
Figure 5: Csiro & Bureau of Meteorology (2007) Climate Change in Australia technical report
Figure 8: mongabay.com
Figure 9: mongabay.com
Figure 10: British Antarctic Survey
Figure 11: British Antarctic Survey