arc2 1.1 jun12 studentworkbook

ArcGIS II: Essential Workflows

Student Edition

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Course version 1.1. Version release date June 2012.

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Course introduction

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................iCourse goals ...........................................................................................................................................iAdditional resources ...............................................................................................................................i

1 Author, share, and use maps

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1-1Author > Share > Use......................................................................................................................... 1-2Authoring GIS content ....................................................................................................................... 1-3The Author > Share > Use workflow .................................................................................................. 1-5Publishing a web map ........................................................................................................................ 1-7Exercise 1: Create a web map using the author>share>use workflow............................................... 1-9

Open piracy map document...................................................................................................... 1-10Identify spatial patterns ............................................................................................................. 1-10Select features based on spatial location .................................................................................. 1-11Export selected points ............................................................................................................... 1-13Create a server connection ........................................................................................................ 1-14Prepare data for publishing ....................................................................................................... 1-15Publish map as a service ............................................................................................................ 1-16Create a web map...................................................................................................................... 1-17

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 1-20

2 Integrating data

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2-1Where does data come from?............................................................................................................ 2-2Layers and data .................................................................................................................................. 2-3Commonly used data in ArcGIS ......................................................................................................... 2-5Getting data into the geodatabase.................................................................................................... 2-6Exercise 2: Integrate and organize GIS data ...................................................................................... 2-9

Create a folder connection ........................................................................................................ 2-10Add a basemap layer ................................................................................................................. 2-11Add oil and gas wells to the map .............................................................................................. 2-12Add oyster harvesting areas to the map.................................................................................... 2-13Search for data........................................................................................................................... 2-14Identify location of downloaded data........................................................................................ 2-15Export a layer's data to the geodatabase.................................................................................. 2-16Export data using the Catalog window ..................................................................................... 2-18Locate features based on a spatial location............................................................................... 2-21Update Item Description............................................................................................................ 2-22

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 2-24

i

3 Managing map layers

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3-1Map scale ........................................................................................................................................... 3-2Displaying map scale.......................................................................................................................... 3-4Specifying scale in ArcMap ................................................................................................................ 3-7Controlling the visibility of features.................................................................................................... 3-8Displaying layers at different scales ................................................................................................. 3-10Creating pre-defined display areas .................................................................................................. 3-11Organizing layers.............................................................................................................................. 3-13Exercise 3: Use layers to create optimal map displays..................................................................... 3-15

Use map scales to explore level of detail .................................................................................. 3-16Build an attribute query ............................................................................................................. 3-18Create a layer from selected features ........................................................................................ 3-21Set layer scale ranges ................................................................................................................ 3-22Use your map scale ranges ........................................................................................................ 3-23Display data using a definition query ........................................................................................ 3-24Create layer scale ranges for lakes ............................................................................................ 3-29Display your final map ............................................................................................................... 3-30Create group layers ................................................................................................................... 3-30

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 3-33

4 Displaying data

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4-1Why symbolize your data?.................................................................................................................. 4-2Displaying data categories................................................................................................................. 4-3Displaying data quantities.................................................................................................................. 4-4Types of attributes .............................................................................................................................. 4-5Differentiate between categories and quantities ............................................................................... 4-8Surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit....................................................................................... 4-9Crater Lake area slope...................................................................................................................... 4-10Road atlas......................................................................................................................................... 4-11Classifying data ................................................................................................................................ 4-12Normalizing data .............................................................................................................................. 4-14Normalizing data .............................................................................................................................. 4-15Exercise 4: Symbolize GIS Data........................................................................................................ 4-17

Evaluate attributes for symbology ............................................................................................. 4-18Apply the Natural Breaks classification ...................................................................................... 4-20Work with the Equal Interval classification................................................................................. 4-24Use the Quantile method .......................................................................................................... 4-27Display graduated symbols........................................................................................................ 4-29Compare quantitative maps ...................................................................................................... 4-31Normalize data........................................................................................................................... 4-32

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 4-35

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5 Working with tabular data

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5-1Working with tables............................................................................................................................ 5-2Exercise 5A: Explore tables and attributes......................................................................................... 5-5

Explore stores data ...................................................................................................................... 5-6Display store locations ................................................................................................................. 5-7Export point locations.................................................................................................................. 5-8Symbolize point locations ............................................................................................................ 5-9Symbolize customer locations ................................................................................................... 5-11Change table appearance ......................................................................................................... 5-12Summarize a table ..................................................................................................................... 5-14Format a field............................................................................................................................. 5-16

Table relationships............................................................................................................................ 5-17Types of table relationships.............................................................................................................. 5-19Working with table relationships ...................................................................................................... 5-19Exercise 5B: Join and relate tables................................................................................................... 5-23

Determine cardinality between tables ....................................................................................... 5-24Join two tables........................................................................................................................... 5-24Calculate values from the joined table ...................................................................................... 5-26Relate tables .............................................................................................................................. 5-27Explore the relate....................................................................................................................... 5-28Change the display expression.................................................................................................. 5-30

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 5-31

6 Creating and editing data

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6-1Editing GIS data ................................................................................................................................. 6-2What types of data can you edit?....................................................................................................... 6-3The editing workflow.......................................................................................................................... 6-4Applying the editing workflow ........................................................................................................... 6-5Exercise 6: Create and update features ............................................................................................. 6-9

Use an editing map to visualize edits ........................................................................................ 6-10Add a new point feature ............................................................................................................ 6-11Add a new line feature............................................................................................................... 6-15Delete a feature ......................................................................................................................... 6-18Create a new polygon................................................................................................................ 6-19Copy and paste features............................................................................................................ 6-21Merge features........................................................................................................................... 6-23

Review the editing workflow ............................................................................................................ 6-25Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 6-26

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7 Labeling features

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7-1What is missing from this map?.......................................................................................................... 7-2What is labeling? ................................................................................................................................ 7-3The labeling workflow ........................................................................................................................ 7-4Labeling options in ArcGIS................................................................................................................. 7-4Introducing Maplex ............................................................................................................................ 7-6Creating map labels with Maplex....................................................................................................... 7-7Exercise 7: Label features using Maplex ............................................................................................ 7-9

Prepare your map for labeling ................................................................................................... 7-10Set the label symbol .................................................................................................................. 7-11Label polygons........................................................................................................................... 7-12Label line features...................................................................................................................... 7-14Create label classes ................................................................................................................... 7-16Label features using Python....................................................................................................... 7-18Apply a label scale range........................................................................................................... 7-21Place labels outside the polygon............................................................................................... 7-23Assign feature weights............................................................................................................... 7-24Apply a reference scale.............................................................................................................. 7-25

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 7-27

8 Designing map layouts

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8-1What is a map layout? ........................................................................................................................ 8-2Workflow to create a map layout ....................................................................................................... 8-3Creating a map layout ........................................................................................................................ 8-5Exercise 8: Create a map layout......................................................................................................... 8-9

Begin the map layout................................................................................................................. 8-10Size and position your map ....................................................................................................... 8-11Add the map title....................................................................................................................... 8-13Add a sub-title ........................................................................................................................... 8-15Group elements ......................................................................................................................... 8-16Create a map legend ................................................................................................................. 8-16Adjust legend properties ........................................................................................................... 8-17Add an overview map................................................................................................................ 8-20Add a scale bar .......................................................................................................................... 8-22Add a north arrow...................................................................................................................... 8-25Add dynamic text....................................................................................................................... 8-25Add a map border ..................................................................................................................... 8-26Export your map ........................................................................................................................ 8-27

Creating a map book........................................................................................................................ 8-29Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 8-31

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9 Evaluating data for analysis

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9-1Evaluating data quality ....................................................................................................................... 9-2Error in GIS data ................................................................................................................................. 9-3Currency and credibility ..................................................................................................................... 9-4Completeness .................................................................................................................................... 9-6Consistency ........................................................................................................................................ 9-8Accuracy ........................................................................................................................................... 9-10Aligning geographic data................................................................................................................. 9-12Discovering error .............................................................................................................................. 9-14Exercise 9: Evaluate data quality ...................................................................................................... 9-15

Evaluate data currency and credibility ....................................................................................... 9-16View list of geographic transformations .................................................................................... 9-17Transform the geographic coordinate system ........................................................................... 9-18Create a selection and export transformed data. ...................................................................... 9-19Evaluate data completeness ...................................................................................................... 9-22Evaluate data consistency.......................................................................................................... 9-22Evaluate data accuracy .............................................................................................................. 9-23

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 9-25

10 Solving spatial problems

Lesson introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10-1What are spatial problems?.............................................................................................................. 10-2Using geoprocessing tools for analysis ............................................................................................ 10-3Analysis through geoprocessing ...................................................................................................... 10-5Buffer ................................................................................................................................................ 10-5Clip ................................................................................................................................................... 10-6Intersect............................................................................................................................................ 10-8Union ................................................................................................................................................ 10-9Merge ............................................................................................................................................. 10-11Spatial join...................................................................................................................................... 10-12Using geoprocessing tools for analysis .......................................................................................... 10-14The spatial analysis workflow ......................................................................................................... 10-17Exercise 10: Apply the analysis process ......................................................................................... 10-21

Frame the question.................................................................................................................. 10-22Explore and prepare data: Census........................................................................................... 10-23Explore and prepare data: Combine block groups ................................................................. 10-24Explore and prepare data: Integrate demographic data ......................................................... 10-24Explore and prepare data: Customer locations ....................................................................... 10-25Explore and prepare data: Find total sales per store............................................................... 10-26Explore and prepare data: Find demographic profile of a store ............................................. 10-27Explore and prepare data: Create exclusion zones ................................................................. 10-29Explore and prepare data: Create proposed sites................................................................... 10-30

v

Perform the analysis: Find suitable locations........................................................................... 10-32Perform the analysis: Locate sites close to highways............................................................... 10-34Perform the analysis: Find demographic profile of candidate locations.................................. 10-34Examine and refine the results: Forecast future results............................................................ 10-36

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................. 10-38

11 Sharing geographic information

Lesson introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11-1Creating models with ArcGIS ........................................................................................................... 11-2Sharing geographic information....................................................................................................... 11-4Sharing geographic information....................................................................................................... 11-6Exercise 11A: Build and run a model ............................................................................................... 11-9

Create a new toolbox .............................................................................................................. 11-10Create a new model and add the Buffer tool .......................................................................... 11-10Select by location..................................................................................................................... 11-12Select by attributes .................................................................................................................. 11-14Write the selected features to a new feature class .................................................................. 11-15Run the model ......................................................................................................................... 11-15Run the model as a tool........................................................................................................... 11-16

Working with packages .................................................................................................................. 11-20Exercise 11B: Share geographic information ................................................................................. 11-23

Author the geoprocessing package......................................................................................... 11-24Share the geoprocessing package........................................................................................... 11-27Use the geoprocessing package.............................................................................................. 11-28Delete your geoprocessing package ....................................................................................... 11-29

Lesson review ................................................................................................................................. 11-30

Appendixes

Appendix A: Esri data license agreement ..........................................................................................A-1Appendix B: Answers to lesson review questions

Lesson 1: Author, share, and use maps .......................................................................................B-1Lesson 2: Integrating data ...........................................................................................................B-2Lesson 3: Managing map layers...................................................................................................B-3Lesson 4: Displaying data ............................................................................................................B-4Lesson 5: Working with tabular data............................................................................................B-5Lesson 6: Creating and editing data............................................................................................B-6Lesson 7: Labeling features .........................................................................................................B-7Lesson 8: Designing map layouts ................................................................................................B-8Lesson 9: Evaluating data for analysis..........................................................................................B-9Lesson 10: Solving spatial problems..........................................................................................B-10Lesson 11: Sharing geographic information ..............................................................................B-11

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Introduction

In this course, you will focus on the essential workflows, tools, andtechniques of ArcGIS for Desktop. Building on your basicunderstanding of GIS concepts, you will develop skills to help youbecome proficient and productive in your use of ArcGIS. The skillsyou will acquire in this course include:

Working with features and attributes Creating and modifying data Making maps Using tools and data to answer questions and solve spatial

problems Sharing geographic information

Course goals

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

Use ArcGIS to create and share maps and data. Create and update geographic data using editing tools. Manage, symbolize, and label map layers to optimize

visualization. Create map layouts to visualize data and share analysis results. Apply the analysis workflow, geoprocessing tools, and models

to solve geographic problems.

Additional resources

ArcGIS Resource Center - http://resources.arcgis.comThis site provides unified access to web-based help, online content,and technical support.

Esri GIS Dictionary - www.esri.com/gisdictionaryThis dictionary includes definitions for GIS terms related to geodata,analysis, GIS modeling and web-based GIS, cartography, and Esrisoftware.

i

Icons used in this workbook

Notes point out additional information, exceptions, or specialcircumstances that apply to a particular topic or procedure.

Tips provide brief help for performing a task or clarifying concepts.

External resources provide optional, special-interest informationabout course topics.

Best practices offer industry or professional guidelines, help set goalsor priorities, and save time.

Estimated times provide guidance on approximately how manyminutes an exercise will take to complete.

Warnings alert you to potential problems or to actions that should beavoided.

ii

Author, share, and use maps

Introduction

In this lesson, you will build on your basic GIS knowledge byexploring the author > share > use workflow. How can you quicklyanalyze your data and share your results with others, even those whomay not have ArcGIS?

Topics covered

The author > share > use workflow Exploring and analyzing a map Publishing a web map

Learning objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Follow a workflow for authoring and publishing a map. Create a web map to share geographic information.

1

author > share > use

basemap layer

operational layer

web map

Key terms


1-1

Author > Share > Use

ArcGIS is a complete system for analyzing, displaying, managing, andsharing your geographic information. ArcGIS for Desktop is designedfor you, the GIS professional, to help manage your GIS projects. WithArcGIS for Desktop, you can:

Author maps and create data. Share your maps, data, and workflows with others. Use, explore, and analyze your own data and maps, or those

shared by others.

Figure 1.1

ArcGIS for Desktop allows

you to author GIS content,

share your content with

others, and have others

use your content for their

own GIS projects.

ArcGIS for Desktop is also the starting point for distributing your GISmaps and data within your organization, or the across the Internet,using the author > share > use workflow

Author

Authoring refers to the processes related to creating a map in ArcMapusing local and/or online data sources. You author a map when youwant to use your data to answer questions, or to help you makedecisions. You also author maps when you want to share yourinformation with others.

Share

There are many ways to share your geographic information. You canshare a map online that others can access using their web browser.

LESSON 1

1-2

You can create packages containing maps and data that others candownload and use in ArcGIS for Desktop.

When you share your geographic information, you allow others toview patterns and relationships in your data, and recreate yourworkflows with their own data. ArcGIS allows you to share your data inmany ways, depending on your audience. You can share with otherprofessional desktop users, or with everyone, via mobile or webmapping applications.

Use

You can use data, maps, and workflows shared by others to answerquestions and discover spatial patterns and relationships. You can useyour maps and data, then share results with others, or you can usemaps and data that others have shared to perform your own analysisand data exploration.

Authoring GIS content

ArcGIS for Desktop software is used by GIS professionals to authorgeographic information. Authoring includes a comprehensive set ofGIS tasks, including mapping, data compilation, and analysis. Thiscourse will focus on many of the authoring tasks and workflowstypically done by GIS professionals, prior to sharing maps and datawith others.

Figure 1.2

ArcGIS for Desktop is your

starting point for

authoring GIS content you

can deploy across an

organization or onto the

web.


1-3

ArcGIS for Desktop is the software that you will use to manage yourGIS workflows and projects. Much of your authoring work will befocused on the following tasks:

Creating data Building models Performing analysis Designing high-quality maps for print and web

LESSON 1

1-4

The Author > Share > Use workflow

The following workflow can be used to create a web map. After youhave created your map, you can share the web address (URL) withothers so they can access your map using only their web browser.

Figure 1.3

The workflow to create a

web map involves

authoring your map using

ArcMap, then publishing

your map as a service, and

sharing the URL with

others.

A description of each step in the workflow is provided in the followingsections.

Symbolize layer(s) in ArcMap

ArcGIS for Desktop is the software you will use to author your map.The authoring process involves symbolizing your layers as you wish tohave them appear to your end-user. Operational layers, or layers thatare the primary focus of your map, should be symbolized. These arethe layers that your end-user will interact with in their web map. If youhave additional layers, such as basemap layers, which provide aframe of reference for your operational layers, you may not wish topublish these, but use the basemaps available from ArcGIS.com.

Share as a service

Once you have symbolized your map, choose to share your map as aservice. This will display a dialog box allowing you to enter theproperties of your map, such as a title, and search tags so others can


1-5

find and use your map. You will also analyze your map for anypublishing errors prior to creating your service.

Display service in ArcGIS.com

After publishing, sign in to your ArcGIS.com account in your webbrowser. If you published your map to ArcGIS.com, you can search forthe service you just published. If you published to a local server, youcan add the URL of this service.

Add basemap to service

After adding your operational layer(s) from your service, you maychoose to add a basemap to provide background locationinformation for your operatational layers.

Save map

Save your map to your account so you can make changes later. Youmust sign in to ArcGIS.com in order to save your map.

Share URL

Your map is now ready to share from Esri's servers. You can save yourmap and then share it with the public or with a specific group. Theapplication can be shared with others in the following ways:

A URL link Social media (Facebook or Twitter) Embedding your application in a website

LESSON 1

1-6

Publishing a web map

Web maps allow you to share your data without others having toinstall any ArcGIS software. They can simply use their web browser,mobile phone, or ArcGIS Explorer Online to access and use your GISweb maps. You can also access web map services through ArcGIS forDesktop.

To make a map available on the web, you need to complete thefollowing three tasks:

Author your layers in ArcMap. Publish the layers to ArcGIS.com or your ArcGIS for Server site. Create a web map using the resulting map service.


1-7

30 minutes Exercise 1: Create a web map using theauthor>share>use workflow

You will use world piracy locations from Anti-Shipping ActivityMessages (ASAM) to view spatial patterns in world piracy. You willdetermine locations of piracy that occurred more than 50 kilometersoffshore, and share your results as a web map.

In this exercise, you will:

Visualize and analyze data. Create data. Publish your piracy data to an on-premises server. Combine your piracy data with a basemap using ArcGIS.com.

Figure 1.4

Piracy locations published

from ArcGIS for Desktop

are combined with a

basemap using

ArcGIS.com. If you have

an ArcGIS.com account,

you can save your map,

and share it with others.


1-9

Step 1: Open piracy map document

In this exercise, you will explore world-wide piracy data from the Anti-Shipping Activity Message(ASAM) reports, collected by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). You will performan analysis of the data, identifying patterns of piracy and locating incidents more than 50kilometers from the coastline. You will then publish the data in a web map, so that those withoutArcGIS may see the results of your analysis.

a Open ArcMap by clicking the ArcMap icon on the Windows taskbar.

b On the ArcMap - Getting Started dialog box, under Existing Maps, click Browse for more.

c Browse to your C:\Student\ARC2\Web_Maps folder.

d Select Piracy.mxd and click Open.

e On the Standard toolbar, click the Full Extent button .

f Your map document contains two layers:

Piracy incidents shown as orange points. Continents shown as neutral-colored polygons.

The background of your data frame is colored blue to symbolize the world's oceans.

Step 2: Identify spatial patterns

In this step, you will explore the distribution of the piracy data.

a On the Tools toolbar, use the Zoom In , Zoom Out , and Pan tools to explore yourpiracy data.

Alternatively, you can start ArcMap by clicking the Windows Start button, then browsing toAll Programs > ArcGIS, and clicking ArcMap 10.1.

LESSON 1

1-10

1. What areas of the world have the most occurrences of piracy?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Do most of the incidents occur near the coastline or far offshore?

______________________________________________________________________________

b Click the Full Extent button to zoom back to the full extent of your Piracy data.

Step 3: Select features based on spatial location

In this step, you will use ArcGIS to find piracy incidents that occurred more than 50 kilometersfrom the coastline.

The coordinate system of your map does not preserve distance accurately throughout the world.Distances are maintained accurately near the equator, and become more distorted at the northand south latitudes. Because your piracy data is located near the equator, you can select piracylocations within 50 kilometers of the coastline using your current coordinate system with a highlevel of accuracy. However, if your data was located near the poles, you would have to choose acoordinate system that allows you to measure distances accurately in these areas.

The properties of shape, area, distance, and direction can be maintained by acoordinate system. Always consider whether your coordinate system is appropriatefor the intended use of your data.

a From the Selection menu, choose Select By Location.

The Select By Location dialog box opens. This tool allows you to select features based on theirspatial relationship to other features in your map document.

b Complete your dialog box according to the following specifications:

Selection method: select features from Target layers(s): Check the box next to Piracy Source layer: Confirm Continents is selected the drop-down list


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c Under Spatial Selection method for target layer feature(s), choose the option, are within adistance of the source layer feature, from the drop-down list.

d At the bottom of the dialog box, set the distance to 50, then choose Kilometers from thedrop-down list.

e Your Select By Location dialog box should look like the following example.

f Click OK to select the piracy locations within 50 kilometers of the coastline.

These are all of the points within 50 kilometers of the coastline, which is the opposite of what youwish to show. You will now switch your selected features, so all features that are currentlyunselected, those greater than 50 kilometers from the coast, will be selected.

g In the table of contents, right-click your Piracy layer, point to Selection, and choose SwitchSelection.

LESSON 1

1-12

Step 4: Export selected points

You now have your desired set of features. This is the set you are interested in publishing to a webmap for others to view. Before you publish your map, you will export your selected features totheir own dataset in your geodatabase.

a Right-click the Piracy layer, point to Data, and choose Export Data.

b Click the Browse button .

c On the Saving Data dialog box, click the Home button .

The Home button allows you to quickly browse to the location of your mapdocument.

In this case, the geodatabase in which your Piracy points are stored is also located in this samefolder.

d Double-click the ASAM geodatabase.

This geodatabase contains the continents and piracy data used in your map.

e For Name, type Offshore_Piracy, and click Save.

f Your Export Data dialog box should look like the following example.

g Click OK.


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h Click Yes when prompted to add the exported data as a new layer.

i On the tools toolbar, click the Clear Selected Features button .

j Click the box next to your Piracy layer to turn off the layer.

The points shown on your map correspond with those more than 50 kilometers from the coastline.

Step 5: Create a server connection

In this step, you will share your results by publishing a web map. You can publish your map to anysite running ArcGIS for Server, like ArcGIS.com or a server in your own organization, referred to asan on-premises server.

You will begin by creating an on-premises map service, then add a basemap service fromArcGIS.com.

To make a connection to a server, and access its services, you will need to know the server's hostname.

a Click the Windows Start button.

b In the search box, type cmd and press Enter.

A command-prompt window with a black background displays.

c In the window, type hostname, then press Enter.

d Record your hostname here:

________________________

e Close the command-prompt window.

f Click the Catalog tab on the right side of the ArcMap window.

If you do not see the Catalog tab, click the Catalog button on the Standard toolbar.

LESSON 1

1-14

g Near the bottom of the catalog tree, click the plus (+) sign next to GIS Servers to expand thelist, if necessary.

h Double-click Add ArcGIS Server.

i In the Add ArcGIS Server dialog box, click the button next to Publish GIS services, then clickNext.

The Server URL will have this form: http://myserver:6080/arcgis.

j Enter the URL, substituting the hostname you just recorded for myserver.

k Type student for both User Name and Password, then click Finish.

l If necessary, click Yes on the Insecure Token Service URL message.

Your connection is added to the Catalog window, as shown in the following example. The defaultconnection name is shown, with your privilege level (publisher) shown in parentheses.

Step 6: Prepare data for publishing

In this step, you will prepare your data for publishing. You will change the default symbology foryour Offshore_Piracy layer to match the orange symbols used for all piracy locations.

a In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the Offshore_Piracy layer and choose Properties.

b Click the Symbology tab.

The symbology tab allows you to control how your layer is displayed on your map. You will copythe symbology used for the Piracy layer.

c Click Import.


1-15

d On the Import Symbology dialog box, confirm that Piracy is selected in the Layer drop-downlist.

e Click OK.

f Click OK to apply your symbology changes and close the layer properties.

You should now see your layer in the table of contents, displayed with the orange circlesymbology.

Next, you will remove the Piracy and continents layers from your map. Your published map willonly contain the points. When you create your web map, you will add a basemap behind yourpoints, which will display continents and oceans.

g Right-click the Piracy layer and click Remove.

h Remove the Continents layer.

Step 7: Publish map as a service

Now you are ready to share your map as an ArcGIS for Server map service.

a From the File menu, point to Share As, then click Service.

b Because you will be publishing a service, accept the default choice, and click Next.

c Under Choose a connection, click and select your publisher connection from Step 1.

d Confirm that Piracy is entered for the Service name, and click Next.

e Accept the default root location as the existing folder, and click Continue.

The Service Editor opens, which allows you to set properties of your new service.

f On the left side of the dialog box, click Item Description.

g For Summary (required), type World piracy locations more than 50 kilometers from thecoastline.

LESSON 1

1-16

h For Tags (required), enter piracy, world.

Your summary and tags are included in the Item Description for your new map service.

i At the top of the Service Editor window, click Publish.

ArcGIS for Server analyzes your map and data, making sure that it meets the guidelines forpublishing.

j Click OK to accept the Copying Data to Server message.

k When the Service Publish Result dialog box notifies you that your map has successfullypublished, click OK.

Step 8: Create a web map

With your on-premises server now running, you are ready to build an application which willcombine, or mash-up, your operational layer with an online basemap.

a Open a web browser and enter www.arcgis.com in the address box.

b At the top of the page, click the MAP link.

This is the ArcGIS.com Map Viewer hosted by Esri. There is already a basemap loaded, and a setof menus across the top for customizing your application. The basemaps are hosted by Esri(ArcGIS Online) and Microsoft (Bing Maps) servers.

c At the top of the application, click Basemap to see your choices.

d Click the Oceans basemap.

e Click and drag your map so it is centered on the area of eastern Africa.


1-17

f Use your center mouse wheel, or the zoom level indicator on the left side of the map, to zoomin to your map, similar to the following example.

In order to add your new service to the viewer, you will need to enter its URL address.

g Click Add, then click Search for Layers.

h Under Search for layers to add, click the drop-down arrow next to the In field, and select A GISserver.

i In the URL box, type http://:6080/arcgis, using the hostname you wrote downearlier, and press Enter.

j Click the name of your service in the results panel.

Notice you can add it to the map, check its details, or use it as a basemap.

k In the results list, click Add.

Your service is now displayed as an operational layer on top of the basemap layer.

l At the bottom of the panel, click Done Adding Layers.

The panel now shows the contents of your map.

LESSON 1

1-18

m Click the layer's title to expose the sub-layer.

The sub-layer is automatically named the same as the layer name in ArcMap.

n Click the small arrow to the sub-layer's name and select Enable Pop-up.

o Zoom in closer to any of your piracy locations.

p Click one of the locations in the map.

A pop-up window allows your clients to find out more about your data.

Your map is ready to share from Esri's servers. If you are logged in with an Esri Global Account,you can save your map and then share it with the public or with a group of users. The applicationcan be shared with others in the following ways:

A URL link Social media (Facebook or Twitter) Embedding your application in a website

ArcGIS.com is an excellent way to rapidly deploy and share your geographic information.

q Close your web browser.

r From the ArcMap File menu, choose Exit.

s Click No when asked to save changes.


1-19

Lesson review

1. Diagram the general workflow to create a web map.

2. What two types of layers are used to create a web map?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 1

1-20

Answers to Lesson 1 questions

Exercise 1: Create a web map using the author>share>use workflow (page1-9)

1. What areas of the world have the most occurrences of piracy?

Eastern Africa and the Saudi Arabian peninsulaSoutheastern Asia

2. Do most of the incidents occur near the coastline or far offshore?

Most incidents are close to the coastline.


1-21

Integrating data

Introduction

One of the first tasks in any GIS project is to locate the data which willsupport the purpose of your project. The data you choose may needto serve multiple uses, such as analysis and cartography. For manyprojects, you will not have all of the data you need available withinyour organization. ArcGIS provides the ability to search for data bothlocally and online. Once you have located and acquired the data tosupport your project, you will want to organize it, along with yourlayers and map documents.

Topics covered

Data you can use in ArcGIS Searching for data Organizing data

Learning objectives


Identify different types of data that can be used in a map. Create a file geodatabase. Create geodatabase feature classes from different sources. Describe the properties of a feature class.

2

CAD

Catalog window

feature class

geodatabase

shapefile

Key terms

Integrating data

2-1

Where does data come from?

One of the first steps in a GIS project is to gather your data. Thinkabout the types of geographic data that will be important in your GISprojects. You may work with one or more of these data categories:

Addresses Demographics Engineering Environmental Elevation GPS/survey Imagery (satellite, aerial photography, asset photographs, etc.) Land records Tables/spreadsheets (customers, work orders, etc.) Utilities

Answer the following questions after thinking about the types of datathat are important to your GIS projects.

1. Consider the list of data categories shown above. What types ofdata will you use in your GIS projects?

2. Can you acquire all the data you need from within yourorganization?

3. You may have to look outside your organization for data. Thiscould include other agencies or companies that specialize in thedata you need for your project. If you need to look beyond yourown organization, what agencies or companies may have thedata you need?

4. GIS data is commonly available through web sites for downloador viewing directly with ArcGIS. Could some of the data youneed be available through online sources? If so, where mightyou look?

LESSON 2

2-2

Layers and data

The symbolized layers in your map represent GIS data stored on yourcomputer. GIS data does not contain the symbology you see whenyou look at the data in ArcMap.

Feature classes

GIS vector data is stored as feature classes. The features within eachfeature class have these characteristics in common:

Geometry Attribute table Coordinate system

Figure 2.1

Feature classes stored in a

geodatabase. Each feature

class stores the geometry,

attributes, and coordinate

system shared by all of the

features.

Feature classes can be of many different formats, includingshapefiles, computer-aided design (CAD) files, and geodatabases.

Types of feature classes

The three most common types of feature classes are points, lines, andpolygons.

Points: Features that are too small to be represented as lines orpolygons, as well as true-point locations (such as GPS observations).

Lines: Represent the shape and location of geographic objects, suchas street centerlines and streams, that are too narrow to depict asareas. Lines are also used to represent features that have length butno area, such as contour lines and boundaries.

Integrating data

2-3

Polygons: Area features that represent the shape and location offeatures such as states, counties, parcels, soil types, and land-usezones.

Symbolizing feature classes

Symbology is created automatically when you bring a feature classinto ArcMap. You can also control the layer symbology directly byadjusting the layer properties.

Figure 2.2

Cities, countries, and

rivers symbolized for

South America. ArcGIS

layers allow the same data

to be displayed uniquely

in both maps.

You can have multiple layers in your map document that reference thesame source data. You can also have multiple map documents withlayers that reference the same source data. Each of these layers maybe symbolized uniquely. ArcGIS layers allow you to change thedisplay of your data without directly affecting your underlyingfeatures.

LESSON 2

2-4

Commonly used data in ArcGIS

ArcGIS can support many different types of data. The following tablelists some of the most commonly used data types and formats, alongwith a description of the data.

ArcGIS Help Library:

Geographic Data Formats

Data type Description

Address Descriptive locations Street address, zip code, county, or state

CAD Computer Aided Design Engineering and design drawings

Elevation Height above, or depth below, a reference surface,such as mean sea level

Many supported raster and vector formats

Geodatabase Native format for ArcGIS Storage of features, tables, and behaviors in a

relational database

Imagery Aerial photos or satellite images of the earth Many supported formats

KML Keyhole Markup Language Commonly used with Google Earth and other

Internet-based GIS applications

Shapefile Simple format for storing point, line, and areafeatures

Temporal Time or date information for geographic locations

X,Y or X,Y,Zcoordinates

Coordinate values May include elevation, or Z-values

Table 2.1

Types of data commonly

used in ArcGIS. A

powerful feature of ArcGIS

is the ability to work with

numerous file-based data

types. Many of the data

types listed are supported

by different specific

formats, both raster and

vector.

Integrating data

2-5

Getting data into the geodatabase

ArcGIS Help Library:

Essential readings about

the geodatabase.

Workspace folders and geodatabases provide the primary containersto store and manage geographic information for ArcGIS. A workspaceis a standard Windows folder, and may contain datasets in manyformats, such as shapefiles, CAD data, spreadsheets, and images.

Identifying geographic data

ArcGIS provides different colors and styles of icons which allow you toquickly identify both the format and type of geometry stored in yourdatasets.

Figure 2.3

ArcGIS supports working

with data in different

formats and stored in

multiple locations. This

data can be converted

into a geodatabase, which

provides many advantages

when working with ArcGIS.

Organizing datasets using geodatabases is useful because it providesa way for you to control the following:

Controlling access to the data A framework for sharing and updating data Organizing data in the same format Documenting data

LESSON 2

2-6

Getting data into the geodatabase

There are three primary ways of getting data into your geodatabase:

Export a layer's data from the ArcMap table of contents. Select a data source in the Catalog window and choose Export. Select a geodatabase and choose Import.

While ArcGIS allows you to use data in a variety of different formats,geodatabases are the native format for ArcGIS. The geodatabase letsyou take full advantage of the tools and capabilities of ArcGIS. Forthis reason, you are encouraged to create and use geodatabases foryour GIS projects.

The default geodatabase

Each map document has a default geodatabase. This is the homelocation for the spatial content of your map, and is used for addingdatasets and for saving result datasets created by editing andgeoprocessing operations. For example, when you export featuresfrom a layer, the data will be saved in the map's default geodatabaseunless you specify another location. All output from geoprocessingtools or models will be saved to this default location.

Integrating data

2-7

40 minutes Exercise 2: Integrate and organize GIS data

Numerous oil and gas wells are in production throughout the state ofLouisiana. You will determine if these wells are located within oysterharvesting areas and other protected areas.

In this exercise, you will:

Search for data locally and online. Display data. Select and organize data.

In this exercise, you will search for data that helps you to determinethe oil and gas wells that may pose a risk to oyster harvesting areas.To organize your data, you will create a new file geodatabase andnew feature classes.

Figure 2.4

Oil and gas wells with

oyster harvesting areas,

shown on top of a

basemap from ArcGIS

Online.

Integrating data

2-9

Step 1: Create a folder connection

In this step, you will create a folder connection to the GIS data you will use in this course. Folderconnections save you time by allowing you to browse directly to a local folder or network locationwithout having to navigate a folder tree from the top level.

a Open ArcMap.

b On the left side of the ArcMap - Getting Started dialog box, click My Templates, then click OKto open a new Blank Map.

c Click the Catalog tab on the right side of the ArcMap window.

d On the toolbar at the top of the Catalog window, click the Connect To Folder button .

The Connect To Folder dialog box appears. This dialog box allows you to browse a folder that youcan connect to directly.

e Click the down arrow next to Computer, and browse to your C:\Student\ARC2 folder.

Make sure to browse to your C:\Student\ARC2 folder as instructed above. TheStudent folder you see when you open the Connect To Folder is different thanyour C:\Student folder.

If you do not see the Catalog tab, click the Catalog button on the Standard toolbar.

LESSON 2

2-10

f Click the Student folder to select it in the folder tree, as shown in the following graphic.

g Click OK.

You should now see your folder connection listed in the Catalog window.

Step 2: Add a basemap layer

To give your data some context and a frame of reference, you will add a basemap layer fromArcGIS Online.

a On the Standard toolbar, click the down arrow next to the Add Data button .

Integrating data

2-11

b Choose Add Basemap.

Several basemaps are listed in the Add Basemap window.

c Choose the Oceans basemap, then click Add.

The basemap may take a few moments to display.

The basemap layer appears at the bottom of your table of contents and shows the entire world.Also, notice that there are several sub-layers grouped within the main basemap layer.

Next, you will search for data. You will then zoom in to the extent of your data and see how thebasemap shows more detail and provides a reference for your operational layers.

Step 3: Add oil and gas wells to the map

In this step, you will add oil and gas well sites to your map.

a Open the Catalog window.

b Under Folder Connections, expand your Student\ARC2 connection.

c Double-click your Integrating_data folder.

d Expand Oil_Gas.DWG.

This is a CAD file that contains the point locations of oil and gas wells.

e From the CAD file, click and drag the Oil_Gas data into your map.

The Oil_Gas layer is added to your map. It is named Oil_Gas.DWG Oil_Gas. This is a CAD fileshowing point locations for active oil and natural gas wells within the state of Louisiana that havestarted production within the past five years.

Next, you will rename your layer to make it more descriptive and easier to understand.

f Confirm that your new layer is highlighted in blue in the table of contents.

LESSON 2

2-12

g Click the layer name to edit the text, as shown in the following graphic.

h Type Oil and Gas Wells and press Enter to rename the layer.

i Right-click the Oil and Gas Wells layer and choose Zoom to Layer.

Step 4: Add oyster harvesting areas to the map

In this step, you will add oyster harvesting polygons to your map.

a On your own, open the Catalog window and drag the Oyster_harvest_areas.shp into your mapfrom your Integrating_data folder.

b On the Geographic Coordinate Systems Warning, click Close.

Integrating data

2-13

The coordinate system of the oyster harvesting polygons is different than your map. ArcMap willproject the data to display correctly in your map.

Step 5: Search for data

Next, you will search for protected areas within the state of Louisiana. You do not have protectedareas available on your local computer, so you will search online to see if there is data you canuse.

a On the Standard toolbar, click the down-arrow next to the Add Data button and chooseAdd Data From ArcGIS Online.

b In the Search field at the top of the ArcGIS Online window, type Louisiana protected areasand press Enter.

c Locate the coastal Gulf of Mexico protected areas in the search results, as shown in thefollowing graphic.

LESSON 2

2-14

d Click Details to read a description about this data.

Notice that this data is available as a layer package.

e Click the Add Data icon to download the layer package and display the data in ArcMap.

The layer package will take a few moments to download. Once downloaded, it will unpack anddisplay as a new layer in ArcMap.

f On the Geographic Coordinate Systems Warning, click Close.

g If necessary, expand the width of your table of contents to see the full names of your maplayers.

1. What is the name of the new layer added to your map?

______________________________________________________________________________

h Click the plus sign (+) next to the new layer to see the different categories of protected areas.

Step 6: Identify location of downloaded data

In this step, you will determine the location of the data you downloaded from ArcGIS Online.

a Right-click the Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas layer and choose Properties.

This warning tells you that the layer file you are downloading has a different geographiccoordinate system that the one currently used by your map document. You will learn moreabout these warnings later in this course. Your data still displays accurately at this small,zoomed out, scale.

Integrating data

2-15

The Layer Properties dialog box appears. You will learn to use many of these properties as youwork through this course.

b Click the Source tab.

2. Under Data Source, what is the Data Type?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the name of the top-level folder where the data located?

______________________________________________________________________________

c Click Cancel to close the Layer Properties.

Step 7: Export a layer's data to the geodatabase

You now have three layers in your map document. However, these layers are all in differentformats and locations. In many GIS projects, it is most efficient to organize your data in the sameformat and location. In this step, you will create a new file geodatabase, and then create newfeature classes from your three layers.

There are several ways in which you can move your data to a geodatabase. You will use a differentmethod for each of your three layers, to experience the different options provided by ArcGIS.

First, you will create a new file geodatabase to store your new feature classes.

a Open the Catalog window and browse to your C:\Student\ARC2\Integrating_data folder.

b Right-click the Integrating_data folder, point to New, then choose File Geodatabase.

The new geodatabase appears in the Catalog tree and is set for you to provide a meaningfulname.

c Rename your file geodatabase to Protected_Areas.

Your geodatabase in the Catalog window should look like the following graphic.

LESSON 2

2-16

Now you will create new feature classes from your ArcMap layers.

d In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas layer, point toData, then click Export Data.

e On the Export Data dialog box, click the Browse button .

f At the top of the Saving Data dialog box, click the down arrow and browse to yourC:\Student\ARC2 folder connection.

g For Save as type, choose File and Personal Geodatabase feature classes.

h Double-click the Integrating_data folder and again on the Protected_Areas geodatabase.

i At the bottom of the dialog box, for Name, type Protected.

j Click Save.

k Confirm that your Export Data dialog box looks like the following graphic.

l Click OK to export your data.

m Click Yes when prompted to add the new feature class to your map as a layer.

A new layer, named Protected, has been added to your table of contents.

Integrating data

2-17

Step 8: Export data using the Catalog window

You have created your first feature class. The other two layers could be done in the same way.However, you will now use the Catalog window to create your next two feature classes.

a Open the Catalog window and browse to your Integrating_data folder.

b To allow the Catalog window to stay open, click the Auto Hide push pin at the top of thewindow.

c In the Catalog window, right-click the Oyster_harvest_areas shapefile, point to Export, thenchoose Geodatabase (single).

The Feature Class to Feature Class geoprocessing tool opens. This tool allows you to convert froma variety of different formats to new feature classes in your geodatabase.

At the bottom of the tool window, you can click buttons to show or hide the tool help. In the help,you can read a general description of the tool and also receive specific help for each of the tool'sinput parameters.

The green dots indicate that a parameter is required for the tool to run. Many tools haveadditional optional parameters.

For the first parameter, notice that the Input Features are already set to the shapefile.

Next, you will set the Output Location.

When setting a tool's parameters, you can use the browse buttons on the tool, or you can alsodrag and drop from the Catalog window onto the tool.

d For Output Location, drag the Protected_Areas geodatabase into the tool's Output Locationfield.

e For Output Feature Class, type Oyster_Harvest.

LESSON 2

2-18

Spaces are not allowed in names of database objects. Use an underscore in place ofa space to separate words when naming items.

f All remaining parameters are optional. Your tool should look like the following graphic.

g Click OK to create your new feature class.

The new feature class is added to your map as a layer.

h In the Catalog window, expand your Protected_Areas geodatabase to see your new featureclass.

Next, you will create a new feature class from your oil and gas wells CAD data.

i This time, right-click the Protected_Areas geodatabase, point to Import, then choose FeatureClass (single).

Notice that this is the same tool that you used to export your shapefile.

j In the Catalog window, browse to your Oil_Gas.DWG CAD file and click the plus sign (+) toexpand the contents.

k Drag the Oil_Gas points into the Input Features of the tool.

At the bottom of the ArcMap window, you may see blue scrolling text indicating the tool isrunning. Geoprocessing tools run in the background by default. Some geoprocessingoperations may take a long time to run depending on the type and complexity of theoperation. Running these tools in the background allows you to continue using ArcMapwhile the tool is running.

If you do not see your new feature class listed, right-click the geodatabase and chooseRefresh.

Integrating data

2-19

Notice that the Output Location is already set to your geodatabase.

l For Output Feature Class, type Oil_Gas.

m Your completed tool should look like the following graphic.

n Click OK to import your Oil_Gas CAD data.

o View the contents of your Protected_Areas geodatabase.

You should see your three new feature classes, as shown in the following graphic.

Your original data still exists. By converting the data into a geodatabase, your data is now locatedin the same location and format. Your original data could now be deleted if you determine that itwill no longer be needed.

p In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the new Oil_Gas layer and open the layerproperties.

4. What is the data type?

______________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the data location?

______________________________________________________________________________

q Close the Layer Properties.

r Click the Auto Hide push pin on the Catalog window to close the window.

LESSON 2

2-20

Step 9: Locate features based on a spatial location

In this step, you will use your data to locate wells that may impact the protected areas, includingthe oyster harvesting areas.

Before you perform your analysis, you will remove the original layers from your map.

a Right-click the original Oil and Gas Wells layer and choose Remove.

b Remove the Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas and Oyster_harvest_areas layers.

6. When you remove the layers from your map, are you also deleting the data associated witheach layer?

______________________________________________________________________________

Your map now shows the new geodatabase layers, along with the basemap from ArcGIS Online.

c From the Selection menu, choose Select By Location.

This dialog box lets you select features based on their location. In this scenario, you want tolocate wells that are within the oyster harvesting areas.

d In the Select By Location dialog box, for target layer(s), check the box next to Oil_Gas.

e For Source layer, select Oyster_Harvest from the drop-down list.

f For Spatial selection method for target layer feature(s), select "are within the source layerfeature" from the list.

Notice that the check box at the bottom. You could also apply a search distance to find featuresthat close to other features based on a distance measurement.

g Click OK.

7. Did you find any wells within the oyster harvesting areas?

______________________________________________________________________________

Integrating data

2-21

h To see how many you have selected, click the List By Selection button at the top of thetable of contents.

i You should see 35 selected features for the Oil_Gas layer, as shown in the following example.

You have determined that there are 35 oil or gas wells that may impact the oyster harvestingareas.

j At the top of the table of contents, click the List By Drawing Order button .

k On your own, export the Oil_Gas features to your new geodatabase, naming the new featureclass Oyster_Area_Wells.

Hint: Use the same method as you used to export your Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas layerearlier in this exercise. Make sure to only export the selected features, as indicated onthe dialog box.

l Click No when prompted to add the new feature class to your map.

m On the Tools toolbar, click Clear Selected Features to unselect these oil and gas wells.

Step 10: Update Item Description

A key aspect in working with data in ArcGIS is to create documentation for each of your datasets.These item descriptions are used by ArcGIS Search to help you find datasets, layers, and otherArcGIS items. The Item Description is also part of the larger, more comprehensive set ofdocumentation known as metadata.

a In the Catalog window, in your Protected_Areas geodatabase, right-click theOyster_harvest_areas and click Item Description.

A thumbnail of the data is shown at the top, as well as tags that could be used when searching forthis data, either locally or online.

LESSON 2

2-22

b Use the Item Description to answer the following questions:

8. What organization created this data?

______________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the extent of the data?

______________________________________________________________________________

There are currently two tags for this data; Business and Economic, and North America. Tags areimportant because they allow your data to be located using the ArcGIS Search.

c At the top of the Item Description window, click Edit.

d Enter additional tags (keywords), separated by a comma, that might be useful when searchingfor this data.

When adding tags, think about both the data theme and spatial location that wouldbe useful when searching for data.

e Click Save.

Do you see your new tags? Other components of the item description may be edited in the sameway.

f Close the Item Description window.

g From the ArcMap File menu, choose Exit.

h Click No when prompted to save changes to your map.

In this lesson, you used several techniques to find and organize data within a geodatabase.

Integrating data

2-23

Lesson review

1. In the exercise, what types of data did you import into the geodatabase?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe three ways to get data into a geodatabase.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the components a feature class?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 2

2-24

Answers to Lesson 2 questions

Exercise 2: Integrate and organize GIS data (page 2-9)

1. What is the name of the new layer added to your map?

Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas

2. Under Data Source, what is the Data Type?

Shapefile Feature Class

3. What is the name of the top-level folder where the data located?

The data is located within the C:\Users folder.

4. What is the data type?

File Geodatabase Feature Class

5. What is the data location?

C:\Student\ARC2\Integrating_data\Protected_Areas.gdb

6. When you remove the layers from your map, are you also deleting the data associated witheach layer?

No. Layers area only a set of properties to display your data. Removing a layer doesnot delete the data associated with the layer.

7. Did you find any wells within the oyster harvesting areas?

Yes. You should see highlighted blue points on your map indicating the wells that arewithin an Oyster_Harvest polygon.

8. What organization created this data?

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries

9. What is the extent of the data?

Within the state of Louisiana.

Integrating data

2-25

Managing map layers

Introduction

Working with map layers is a fundamental concept to creating mapsand visualizing your data with ArcGIS for Desktop. Layers representyour data through a variety of properties, including symbology.ArcGIS for Desktop allows you to interact with map layers in the sameway, even though these layers may represent different types of datastored in different locations. The visibility of features, and entirelayers, can be controlled through the layer properties. You can alsoorganize your layers to clarify and control the rendering of the mapdisplay.

Topics covered

Displaying map scale Controlling layer and feature visibility Organizing layers

Learning objectives


Explain the relationship between map scale and dynamic mapdisplays.

Manage layer visibility using scale ranges. Control feature visibility using definition queries. Determine when it is beneficial to group layers.

3

definition query

group layer

large scale

representative fraction

scale bar

small scale

spatial bookmark

Structured QueryLanguage

verbal scale

Key terms

Managing map layers

3-1

Map scale

Maps are smaller in size than the data they represent. This ratio of sizereduction is referred to as map scale.

Examples of map scale

In the following example, the United States, with the state ofColorado highlighted, is an example of a small-scale map. Zooming into the state of Colorado, more detail can be shown, such as countyboundaries. Zooming to an even larger scale, the detailed shapes offeatures such as buildings, lakes, and roads can displayed.

Figure 3.1

Map scale is the

relationship of distances

on the map to their actual

distances. Maps may be

small, medium, or large

scale.

LESSON 3

3-2

Large-scale and small-scale maps

Maps can show very accurate and detailed information, such asmeasurements for property boundaries. Maps can also show moregeneralized information, such as a state or country. Scale is oftenused as a way to group maps into categories.

Small-scale maps show less detail than large-scale maps, andusually cover a broader geographic area. These maps show thegeneral shapes of features, but are not meant for highlyaccurate distan

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