genting lanco power

7/18/2019 Genting Lanco Power

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PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF OVERALL PLANT LAYOUT IN

GENTING LANCO POWER (INDIA) PVT LTD, KONDAPALLI

An

Internship Report

Submitted Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the aar! o" the !e#ree o"

Bachelor of Technology

In

Me$han%$a& En#%neer%n# S'%tte! *

PARSA +ARGAV KRISNA

-.+ME/00

Un!er the #'%!an$e o"

Sr% V1Sr%n%2a3a Rao(LANCO)

SCOOL OF MECANICAL AND +UILDING SCIENCES

VIT UNIVERSITY(Estd. U/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)

Vellore – 632014, T!"l #d$, %&d"

1 2%t1a$1%n

4UNE 5-/-



A$6no&e!#eent

'e "s to e*+ress o$r dee+ se&se of rt"t$de &d s"&cerererds to o$r "&st"t$t"o& VELLRE I!STIT"TE F

TE#$!L%&' VELLRE , for +ro-"d"& $s & o++ort$&"t to

f$lf"ll o$r !ost cer"sed dre!

'e t& (r)Senthil *umar , "rector, , for llo"&

$s to +$rs$e t"s tr"&"&.

'e re lso t&f$l to Prof)+uppan,ror! !&er,

.tec ec&"cl E&"&eer"& for "s -l$le $"d&ce.

'e re rtef$l &d "&deted to o$r co&cer&ed $"de,

,r)V)Srini-asa Rao' e&"or ect"o& E&"&eer (A#C7) 8o&d+ll",V"d for "s -l$le $"d&ce &d coo+ert"o&.

s"&cere t&s to ll oter fc$lt !e!ers of e+rt!e&t

of ec&"cl E&"&eer"& for te"r "&d co:o+ert"o& &d s$++ort

+ro-"ded.



%#E;

%#T<7UCT%7#

A7UT A#C7 7'E< A#T

A#T AC8G<7U#

A#T =%G=%G=T

A#T 7VE<A V%E'

A%C C>CE

rto& ccle

rocesses of te rto& ccle

<&"&e ccle

rocesses of te <&"&e ccle

Co!"&ed ccle

e&ef"ts of te co!"&ed ccle

GA TU<%#E

Gs T$r"&e E&"&e ?$&d!e&tls

Gs T$r"&e "& Co!+o&e&ts

A"r %&let E@$"+!e&t

Co!+ressor

Co!$st"o& ect"o&



=<G

=EAT <EC7VE<> TEA GE#E<AT7<

$+ereter

Eco&o!"ser

eertor

TEA TU<%#E

TEA TU<%#E

T$r"&e r"&c"+les

#oles &d Te"r r"&c"+les

s"c T$r"&e T+es &d r"&c"+les

%!+$lse T$r"&e

<ect"o& T$r"&e

Co&de&ser

Cool"& toers

C"!&e



%#T<7UCT%7#



A+OUT LANCO POWER PLANT78

AGAAAT% AA<AA #A%U C7A#>, clled sA#C7 t %A 87#AA%, "t +oer e&ertor c+c"t of 36B.144'. Te

+l&t co&t"&s to s t$r"&es, to et reco-er ste! e&ertors, o&e ste! t$r"&e

te cool"& toers "c co&s"sts 13cells. #t$rl s, #AT=A &d = (" s+eedd"esel) re $sed s f$els e"ter "& !"*ed +ro+ort"o&s or "&d"-"d$ll.

LANCO Kondapalli Power Plant is an Independent Power Project (IPP) located atKondapalli Industrial Development Area near Vijayawada in India !"e Plant is a

#$%&'' Com*ined Cycle Power Project operatin+ on Natural ,as as primary-uel

!"e plant "as two ,as !ur*ines o- ,. /rame 0.1 two 2eat 3ecovery 4team,enerators and one 4team !ur*ine

5ased on a Power Purc"ase A+reement (PPA) -or a period o- &6 years1 t"e plant

supplies power to AP4DCL (And"ra Prades" 4out"ern Distri*ution Company Limited7

rest w"ile !ransmission Corporation o- And"ra Prades" Limited (AP !3AN4CO))

!"e Operation and aintenance o- t"e power plant is done *y t"e ,entin+ Lanco

Power (I) Private Limited1 w"ic" is jointly owned *y ,entin+ ,roup1 alaysia andLANCO ,roup1 India



Plant Background

!"e plant was set up as a s"ort +estation power projects in t"e private sector on t"e

*asis o- 8!ari--75ased International Competitive 5iddin+8 as per t"e ,overnment o- India9s +uidelines dated &% :anuary &006

5ased on And"ra Prades" 4tate .lectricity 5oard;s (now t"e !ransmission Corporation

o- And"ra

Prades" Limited (AP !3AN4CO) tender1 Lanco Kondapalli Power Private Limited wasawarded t"e project on 5uild1 Own and Operate (5OO) *asis

Plant Highlights

/irst Project cleared *y Central .lectricity Aut"ority (C.A) under t"e

International Competitive 5iddin+ (IC5) route -or Power Projects in India/irst IC5 Power Projects in India to ac"ieve /inancial Closure

one o- t"e lowest in terms o- evacuation cost to AP !3AN4CO

/irst private sector Power Project to receive dis*ursement o- -inance -rom

t"e Power /inance Corporation Limited1 IndiaLar+est Independent Power Project (IPP) in 4out" India and one o- t"e

lar+est IPPs in India



PLANT OVERALL VIEWLANCO POWER PLANT OVERALL VIEW

Te &co +oer +l&t co&s"sts of to s t$r"&es &d ste! t$r"&e &t$rl "r fro! t!os+ere "s dr& "&to te co!+ressor &d tese co!+ressed "r !"*ed "t f$el

"& co!$st"o& c!er &d "s "&"ted te ter!l e&er "t ses +rod$ced "s $t"l"ed

for r$&&"& te s t$r"&e, co$+led to lter&tor e&ert"& electr"c +oer t 15.-. te

et of fl$e ses co!"& o$t t s t$r"&e, "s $sed to et te ter &d +rod$ce teste!. Te ste! t$s +rod$ce "s se&t to te ste! t$r"&e. Tere effect"-el $s"& te

ste et of te fl$e ses for +oer e&ert"o& &d "&cres"& te eff"c"e&c of te

+l&t.

te! co!"& o$t fro! te ste! t$r"&e "s co&de&sed to ter "& teco&de&ser. '"c "s ter cooled "& co&de&ser, te c"rc$lt"& ter tes et fro!

ste!. Tere co&de&s"& te ste! to ter. Te +l&t $ses te cool"& toers to cool

te ot ter fro! te co&de&ser, to re@$"red te!+ert$re r&e reect"& te et

fro! te t!os+ere f"&llD te cold ter "s fed c to te co&de&ser fro! te cool"&toers.

'ter re@$"red for -r"o$s +$r+oses "s ot"&ed fro! te 8r"s& <"-er. Tere "s +$!+ rr&e!e&t t ferr to +$!+ ter to &co. Te +l&t lso co&s"sts of to lre

ter +o&ds to store ter for te e*tre!e co&d"t"o&s. '"t t"s stored ter +l&t c&

r$& for 15 ds "to$t & ostr$ct"o& "& d-erse co&d"t"o&s.

Te t+e of cool"& toer $sed "s of !ec&"cl drft "&d$ced t+e ere te

"r flo (or drft) &eeded "s +ro-"ded (s$ced) f& "c "s rr&ed t te to+ of tecool"& toer "s e*ter&ll dr"-e& +oer so$rce !otor. Te flo of ter to "r "s

of co$&ter flo t+e. %.e. te ot ter fro! +rt"c$lr e"t flls do& ords tro$

te &oles of te +"+es "t"& te toer &d ere s te "r !o-es tro$ "t -ert"cll

$+ ords t"& te et fro! te ter "& te for! of e-+orted ter (ter -+o$r).



+ASIC CYCLES

+ra*ton $*$&e



A co!!o& rr&e!e&t of s t$r"&e dr"-"& & electr"c e&ertor "s so& "& ?"$re

elo. Te s"c s t$r"&e co&s"sts of co!+ressor, co!$st"o& sect"o&, &d

t$r"&e sect"o&. A"r "s dr& "& to te co!+ressor "c r"ses te "r +ress$re fctor of 12 to1B1. Te te!+ert$re of te "r lso "&creses "t co!+ress"o&, &d ! e s

" s 600F? (316C) t te co!+ressor d"scre.

%& te co!$st"o& sect"o&, f$el "s "&ected "&to te co!+ressed "r &d $r&ed to co&-ert

te f$elHs ce!"cl e&er "&to et e&er. $r&"& te f$el res$lts "& " te!+ert$re,

" +ress$re s "t co&s"derle ter!l e&er. T"s ot s e&ters te t$r"&esect"o& ere "t e*+&ds, "-"& $+ "ts ter!l e&er to te ldes of te rott"&

t$r"&e. %& te +rocess of e*+&d"& &d cool"& tro$ te t$r"&e sect"o&, te ter!l

e&er of te s "s co&-erted "&to !ec&"cl e&er tt "s $sed to do or. A lre +ort"o& of te or fro! te t$r"&e, o$t 60I, "s $sed to dr"-e te co!+ressor. Te

re!"&der of te t$r"&e or "s -"lle to +rod$ce +oer dr"-"& e&ertor. Te

et e*$sted fro! te s t$r"&e "s t+"cll "& te r&e of 900 to 1100F? (4B2:9J3)C.

Pro$e33e3 o" the +ra*ton $*$&e



• Te f"rst +rocess "s te co!+ress"o& of "r "& te co!+ressor re+rese&ted te

l"&e A. As te "r "s co!+ressed, "ts te!+ert$re &d +ress$re "&creses &d tere"s corres+o&d"& "&crese "& e&tl+. As or "s do&e o& te "r, te "r stores

t"s e&er "& te for! of te!+ert$re &d +ress$re. Te +oer (e&er) to

+erfor! t"s or or""&tes fro! te t$r"&e "c "s d"rectl co$+led to te st$r"&e compressor through a common shaft.

Brayton Cycle T-h Diagram

• Te seco&d +rocess "s te dd"t"o& of et to te ccle t co&st&t +ress$re

$r&"& of f$el re+rese&ted te l"&e :C. Te te!+ert$re of te s ttres$lts fro! te co!$st"o& "&creses co&s"derl fro! te te!+ert$re of te

"r t te co!+ressor o$tlet.

• Te t"rd +rocess "s te e*+&s"o& &d cool"& of te s s "t +sses tro$ te

t$r"&e, "s re+rese&ted te l"&e C:. =ere, te e&er of te ot +ress$r"ed s

"s $sed to +erfor! or.

• Te f"&l +rocess "& te rto& ccle "s te cool"& of te ot s tt e*$sts to

te t!os+ere, re+rese&ted l"&e :A. Te e*$sted s !"*es "t !"e&t

"r, t$s decres"& "& te!+ert$re. Te !o$&t of et tt "s re@$"red to !e te rto& ccle or "s re+rese&ted te

re $&der l"&e :C. Te frct"o& of et tt "s reected "s re+rese&ted te re $&der



te l"&e :A. Te re etee& tese to l"&es re+rese&ts te et tt "s co&-erted to

$sef$l !ec&"cl e&er. Te et co&-erted to $sef$l !ec&"cl e&er "s 25I to 30I

of te totl et re@$"red to !e te +rocess or.

%del rto& ccle

•

%se&tro+"c +rocess : A!"e&t "r "s dr& "&to te co!+ressor, ere "t "s +ress$r"ed.

• "sor"c +rocess : Te co!+ressed "r te& r$&s tro$ co!$st"o& c!er,

ere f$el "s $r&ed, et"& tt "rK co&st&t:+ress$re +rocess, s"&ce te

c!er "s o+e& to flo "& &d o$t.

• %se&tro+"c +rocess : Te eted, +ress$r"ed "r te& "-es $+ "ts e&er,

e*+&d"& tro$ t$r"&e (or ser"es of t$r"&es). o!e of te or e*trcted te t$r"&e "s $sed to dr"-e te co!+ressor.

•

%sor"c +rocess : =et <eect"o& ("& te t!os+ere).

Act$l rto& ccle

• Ad"t"c +rocess : Co!+ress"o&.

• %sor"c +rocess : =et Add"t"o&.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic_process

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_process



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_process






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_process




• Ad"t"c +rocess : E*+&s"o&.

• %sor"c +rocess : =et <eect"o&.

Ran6%ne C*$&e

Te Ltrd"t"o&lL ter!l +oer +l&t "s te <&"&e Ccle +l&t, &!edfter te !& o "&-e&ted te ccle. A +oer +l&t ccle "s ser"es of +rocesses "&

"c fl$"d, e&erll ter/ste!, "s $sed to co&-ert et e&er to !ec&"cl e&er.

Te <&"&e Ccle "& "ts s"!+lest for! co&s"sts of o"ler, t$r"&e, co&de&ser, &d o"ler feed +$!+. Erl +l&ts d ter!l eff"c"e&c"es of ++ro*"!tel 25I to 30I.

7&l 25I to 30I of te et e&er "& te f$el $r&ed "& tese +l&ts s co&-erted to

electr"cl e&er. Te rest s lost "& -r"o$s s. <&"&e Ccle +l&ts re st"ll e"&

$"lt tod. Te <&"&e Ccle s ee& ref"&ed co&s"derl o-er te ers &d !de!ore eff"c"e&t te dd"t"o& of co!+o&e&ts l"e feed ter eters, s$+er eters, &d

reeters. Te eff"c"e&c of te <&"&e Ccle s lso ee& "!+ro-ed "&cres"& te

+ress$re &d te!+ert$re of te ccle. 7&e of te !ost eff"c"e&t <&"&e Ccle +l&tse-er $"lt ("ldel+" Electr"cHs Edd sto&e +l&t, U&"ts 1 &d 2) s +lced "& ser-"ce

ro$&d 1960. Te ter!l eff"c"e&c of te Edd sto&e +l&t s 42I. Te ls of

ter!od&!"cs &d co&s"dert"o&s s$c s !ter"l l"!"tt"o&s -e +re-e&ted &s"&"f"c&t "!+ro-e!e&t s"&ce te&.



Pro$e33e3 o" the Ran6%ne $*$&eTere re fo$r +rocesses "& te <&"&e ccle, ec c&"& te stte of te or"&

fl$"d. Tese sttes re "de&t"f"ed &$!er "& te d"r! elo.



• Pro$e33 /85 Te or"& fl$"d "s +$!+ed fro! lo to " +ress$re, s te fl$"d

"s l"@$"d t t"s ste te +$!+ re@$"res l"ttle "&+$t e&er.

• Pro$e33 589 Te " +ress$re l"@$"d e&ters o"ler ere "t "s eted t co&st&t

+ress$re & e*ter&l et so$rce to eco!e dr st$rted -+or.

• Pro$e33 98: Te dr st$rted -+or e*+&ds tro$ t$r"&e, e&ert"&

+oer. T"s decreses te te!+ert$re &d +ress$re of te -+or, &d so!e

co&de&st"o& ! occ$r.

• Pro$e33 :8/ Te et -+or te& e&ters co&de&ser ere "t "s co&de&sed t co&st&t +ress$re &d te!+ert$re to eco!e st$rted l"@$"d. Te +ress$re &dte!+ert$re of te co&de&ser "s f"*ed te te!+ert$re of te cool"& co"ls s

te fl$"d "s $&dero"& +se:c&e.

The first process in the Rankine Cycle is the increase in pressure of the

condensate from the condenser by the boiler feed pump. The increase in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Transition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Transition



pressure occurs with a slight increase in enthalpy. The increase in energy whichthe boiler feed pump adds to the cycle is represented by line 1-2.

The second Rankine Cycle process (Line 2-! is the addition of heat

(represented by "! to the water entering the boiler. #ithin the boiler$ the water istransformed from a li%uid to a gas (steam!. The generation of steam is assumed

to occur at a constant pressure. &dditional energy is added to the steam as itpasses through the superheated (line '!. The steam is then epanded andcooled as it passes through the turbine as represented by line '-). *ere$ theenergy of the steam is used to perform work.

The last process in the Rankine Cycle is the condensation of the steam that

ehausts from the turbine$ represented by line )-1. +uring condensation$considerable heat$ called the heat of ,aporiation$ is lost.

The heat re%uired making the Rankine Cycle work is determined by the area under thelines between points 2 to ' and the heat lost from the cycle is under the line betweenpoints ) and 1. The area between the lines represents the heat that is con,erted to

useful mechanical energy. The useful mechanical energy is only about 1/ of the heatre%uired to make the cycle work.



%& & "del <&"&e ccle te +$!+ &d t$r"&e o$ld e "se&tro+"c, ".e., te +$!+ &d

t$r"&e o$ld e&erte &o e&tro+ &d e&ce !*"!"e te &et or o$t+$t. rocesses 1:

2 &d 3:4 o$ld e re+rese&ted -ert"cl l"&es o& te Ts d"r! &d !ore closelrese!le tt of te Cr&ot ccle. Te <&"&e ccle so& ere +re-e&ts te -+or

e&d"& $+ "& te s$+eret re"o& fter te e*+&s"o& "& te t$r"&e "c red$ces te

e&er re!o-ed te co&de&sers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic





Ga3 T'r%ne3 an! Co%ne! C*$&e

Te f"rst +rct"cl s t$r"&e s de-elo+ed "& E$ro+e "& 1939. At te

e&d of 'orld 'r %%, te f"rst s t$r"&es ere de-elo+ed for "rcrft. ortl fter te

r, te f"rst "&d$str"l s t$r"&es for +oer +rod$ct"o& &d oter "&d$str"l++l"ct"o&s, s$c s dr"-"& loco!ot"-es, ere "&trod$ced. Gs t$r"&es $se &oter t+e

of ccle clled te rto& ccle, lso &!ed fter "ts "&-e&tor. Te f"rst co!!erc"l,

"&d$str"l s t$r"&es ere relt"-el "&eff"c"e&t, t+"cll -"& ter!l eff"c"e&c of 16Ito 1JI.

A co!"&ed ccle +l&t co&s"sts of o&e or !ore s t$r"&es tt dr"-ee&ertors &d e*$st "&to s+ec"l o"ler clled et reco-er ste! e&ertor

(=<G) tt e&ertes ste! for <&"&e Ccle $&"t.

7&e of te +r"&c"+l reso&s for te +o+$lr"t of te co!"&ed ccle +oer

+l&ts "s te"r " ter!l eff"c"e&c. Co!"&ed ccle +l&ts "t ter!l eff"c"e&c"es s" s 60I re e"& $"lt. Co!"&ed ccle +l&ts c& c"e-e tese eff"c"e&c"es

ec$se !$c of te et fro! te s t$r"&e(s) "s c+t$red &d $sed "& te <&"&eCcle +ort"o& of te +l&t. <efer to ?"$re te et fro! te e*$st ses o$ld

&or!ll e lost to te t!os+ere "& s"!+le s t$r"&e ccle

A&oter reso& for te +o+$lr"t of co!"&ed ccle +l&ts "s te relt"-el

sort t"!e re@$"red for te"r co&str$ct"o&. Alto$ "t tes lo&er to $"ld co!"&ed

ccle +l&t t& s"!+le s t$r"&e +l&t, co!"&ed ccle +l&t c& e $"lt "& !$cless t"!e t& <&"&e Ccle +l&t of co!+rle o$t+$t.

7&e of te "est ostcles to e-e& reter cce+t&ce of co!"&ed ccle +l&ts "s te fct tt te s t$r"&es $sed "& co!"&ed ccle +l&ts st"ll $r& o"l &d s.Gs t$r"&es $"lt to dte c&&ot $r& col d"rectl. 7fte& o"l &d s cost !$c !ore

t& col. '"le te co!"&ed ccle +l&t !"t e !ore eff"c"e&t ter!od&!"cll

t& col f"red +l&t, te col +l&t !"t e less e*+e&s"-e to r$& ec$se of te loer cost for f$el. 7&e sol$t"o& to te " f$el cost for s t$r"&es "s te de-elo+!e&t

7f s t$r"&es tt c& $r& col. '"le tere -e ee& e*+er"!e&tl s t$r"&es $"lt

"t t"s c+"l"t, &o&e -e reced co!!erc"l"t"o&



#t$rl s "s te !ost co!!o& f$el $sed co!"&ed ccle s t$r"&e

+oer +l&ts. %& rece&t ers oe-er, !&$fct$rers -e des"&ed &d $"lt s

t$r"&es "c c& $r& -r"o$s for!s of lo &d !ed"$! t$ s. Tese lo t$ ssesc& e der"-ed s +rod$ct of te ref"&er +rocess, or "& so!e cses, +rod$ced tro$

+rocess referred to s s"f"ct"o&. $r"& s"f"ct"o&, sol"d f$el s$c s col or ood

"s ro$ted tro$ eted -essel of ++ro*"!tel 1500:2000F? (B16:1093C). Te "te!+ert$re e&-"ro&!e&t c$ses & "!!ed"te relese of -olt"le sses fro! te sol"d

f$elD "t te res$lt"& +rod$cts of te s"f"ct"o& +rocess e"& cr, s, &d

lo:!ed"$! t$ s. Gs t$r"&es c& $r& te res$lt&t s s es"l s &t$rl s, &dt$s "&d"rectl c& $se ood or col s f$el.



A t+"cl s"!+le:ccle s t$r"&e "ll co&-ert 30I to 40I of te f$el "&+$t"&to sft o$t+$t. All $t 1I to 2I of te re!"&der "s "& te for! of e*$st et. Te

co!"&ed ccle "s e&erll def"&ed s o&e or !ore s t$r"&es "t et:reco-er



ste! e&ertors "& te e*$st, +rod$c"& ste! for ste! t$r"&e e&ertor,

et:to:+rocess, or co!"&t"o& tereof.

Figure below sos co!"&ed ccle "& "ts s"!+lest for!. ="

$t"l"t"o& of te f$el "&+$t to te s t$r"&e c& e c"e-ed "t so!e of te !ore

co!+le* et:reco-er ccles, "&-ol-"& !$lt"+le:+ress$re o"lers, e*trct"o& or to++"&ste! t$r"&es, &d -o"d&ce of ste! flo to co&de&ser to +reser-e te lte&t et

co&te&t. Att"&"& !ore t& B0I $t"l"t"o& of te f$el "&+$t co!"&t"o& of

electr"cl +oer e&ert"o& &d +rocess et "s &ot $&$s$l.



Combined cycle

+ENEFITS OF TE COM+INED CYCLE

Te de!&d for co!"&ed ccle +oer +l&ts s "&cresed dr!t"cll

o-er te lst decde. Te +r"&c"+l reso& for t"s "&crese "& +o+$lr"t "s +rol tefct tt co!"&ed ccle +l&ts offer te !ost eff"c"e&t, +ro-e& tec&olo for e&ert"&

ste! &d/or electr"c +oer co!!erc"ll -"lle tod. Tere re oter reso&s for te

"&crese "& +o+$lr"t oe-er, "&cl$d"& -"l"l"t of s &d o"l f$el, !oderte c+"tl

cost, &d sort co&str$ct"o& sced$le s co!+red to co&-e&t"o&l <&"&e Ccle +l&ts.T"s ect"o& descr"es te e&ef"ts of co!"&ed ccle tec&olo



Ga3 T'r%neGa3 T'r%ne En#%ne F'n!aenta&3

& gas turbine is an internal combustion engine. Like all internal combustion

engines$ gas turbines compress air$ take in fuel for combustion$ and use the resultant,olume of hot gases to de,elop shaft horsepower. Referring to 0igure the three primarysections of a gas turbine engine are

• Compressor - &ir is drawn into the air inlet by the compressor. #ithin the compressor$the air in compressed and a corresponding temperature increase is incurred. The hot$compressed air is discharged to the combustion section of the engine.

• Combustor - 0uel is admitted into the combustion section by fuel noles. The fuel/air iture is ignited and combustion occurs.

• Turbine - The hot and rapidly epanding gases are directed aft through the turbinerotor

&ssembly. There$ thermal and kinetic energy are con,erted into mechanical energy. The3ases are then epelled out the turbine ehaust.

Basic Gas Turbine Engine



Ga3 T'r%ne Ma%n Co;onent3

/1 A%r In&et E<'%;ent

Te f$&ct"o& of te "r "&let "s to del"-er "r, "t !"&"!l t$r$le&ce &d +ress$re -r"t"o& to te s t$r"&e co!+ressor. Gs t$r"&es re se&s"t"-e to "&let "r

@$l"t ec$se of te "&ere&t des"& &d te e&or!o$s !o$&t of "r co&s$!ed.?"ltrt"o& "s &ecessr to +ro-"de +rotect"o& "&st te effects of co&t!"&ted "r tt

! derde s t$r"&e +erfor!&ce &d l"fe tro$ eros"o&, corros"o&, fo$l"&, &d

+l$"& of te cool"& +sses

2. Compressor

Te f$&ct"o& of te s t$r"&e co!+ressor "s to eff"c"e&tl co!+ress te

re@$"red !ss of "r &d del"-er te "r to te co!$st"o& sect"o&. Tere re to s"c

t+es of co!+ressors $sed for s t$r"&e ++l"ct"o&sD ce&tr"f$l co!+ressors &d *"lflo co!+ressors. A*"l flo co!+ressors re !ost ofte& $sed "& +oer +l&t

++l"ct"o&s ec$se of te"r "l"t to +$!+ lre -ol$!es of "r t " eff"c"e&c.

ot te ce&tr"f$l &d *"l:flo co!+ressors co!+ress "r "!+rt"& !o!e&t$! to

te "r !e&s of rott"& ele!e&ts &d te& co&-ert"& tt !o!e&t$! to +ress$re "&s$"tle stt"o&r +sses. <efer to ?"$re 2:4. %& te ce&tr"f$l t+e co!+ressor, "r "s

dr& "& t te ce&ter, or MeeN of r+"dl rott"& -&e d"sc. Ce&tr"f$l ct"o& o& te

rott"& "r !ss forces "t to te t"+s of te d"sc ere "t "s fl$& off t " t&e&t"l-eloc"t. $"tl s+ed sttor ldes rece"-e t"s fst !o-"& "r stre! &d slo "t

do& "& s$c !&&er s to "&crese te +ress$re. Ao$t lf of te +ress$re r"se

7cc$rs "& te rotor &d te re!"&der "& te sttor +sses.

Te to !"& ele!e&ts of & *"l flo co!+ressor re te sttor &d te

rotor. Te rotor "s co&str$cted "t se-erl ros of f"*ed ldes "c "!+rt !o!e&t$!to te "r &d force "t rerrd. ?ollo"& ec ro of rotor ldes "s ro of stt"o&r

ttor ldes. A& *"l flo co!+ressor drs "& "r fro! te t!os+ere &d !o-es "t

rllel to te *"s of rott"o&. Te "r "s co!+ressed "& ot te rotor &d sttor lde

+sses, co&t"&$ll d"ff$s"& te "r flo fro! " -eloc"t to lo -eloc"t, "t corres+o&d"& r"se "& +ress$re. Ec co&sec$t"-e +"r of rotor &d sttor ldes

co&st"t$tes +ress$re ste.



A=%a& an! Centr%"'#a& Co;re33or3

Co'3t%on Se$t%on

Te co!$st"o& sect"o& "s te re of te s t$r"&e e&"&e ere f$el

"s "&ected for co!$st"o&. Te "&ected f$el "s -er eff"c"e&tl !"*ed (to!"ed) "t te

co&t"&$o$s flo of ot co!+ressed "r d"scred te co!+ressor. Te res$lt&tter!l e&er fro! te co!$st"o& sect"o& "s d"rected to te &oles &d ldes of te

t$r"&e sect"o& ere sft orse+oer "s +rod$ced. Vr"o$s rr&e!e&ts of te s

t$r"&e co!$st"o& sect"o& re $sed d"ffere&t !&$fct$rers.

Te fo$r s"c rr&e!e&ts of co!$st"o& sect"o&s re

O C&:T+e Co!$stor

O A&&$lr Co!$stor

O C&:A&&$lr Co!$stor

O "lo Co!$stor



=<G EAT

RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS

%& te s"!+le ccle !ode of o+ert"o&, te te!+ert$re of te e*$st s

le-"& s t$r"&e c& e s " s 1,100? (593C), &d flo rtes c& e s " s

3 !"ll"o& +o$&ds +er o$r. T"s " te!+ert$re s re+rese&ts so$rce of et e&ertt c& e reco-ered "f te !e&s to do so re -"lle. reco-er"& t"s ste et,

&ot o&l c& te o$t+$t of +oer +l&t e "&cresed, $t "ts o-erll eff"c"e&c "ll e

retl e&&ced.

Te f$&ct"o& of et reco-er ste! e&ertor "s to reco-er te ste et

-"lle "& te e*$st ses fro! s t$r"&e &d tr&sfer "t to te ter &d ste!co&t"&ed "& "ts t$es. Te et reco-ered "s $sed to e&erte ste! t " +ress$re &d" te!+ert$re, "c "s te& $sed to e&erte dd"t"o&l +oer "& te ste! t$r"&e

e&ertor.

A& =<G "s s"cll et e*c&er co!+osed of ser"es of s$+ereted,

e-+ortor, &d eco&o!"er sect"o&s. Tese sect"o&s re +os"t"o&ed fro! s "&let to s

o$tlet to !*"!"e et reco-er fro! te s t$r"&e e*$st s. Te et reco-ered "&

te =<G "s $sed to e&erte s$+ereted ste! "c "s co&d"t"o&ed to s+ec"f"cte!+ert$re for s$++l to te ste! t$r"&e e&ertor.

=<Gs c& e cteor"ed "&to s"&le +ress$re &d !$lt" +ress$re. "&le +ress$re =<Gs -e o&l o&e ste! dr$! &d ste! "s e&erted t s"&le +ress$re

le-el eres !$lt" +ress$re =<Gs e!+lo to (do$le +ress$re) or tree (tr"+le

+ress$re) ste! dr$!s. As s$c tr"+le +ress$re =<Gs co&s"st of tree sect"o&s & (lo +ress$re) sect"o&, reet/% ("&ter!ed"te +ress$re) sect"o&, &d & = ("

+ress$re) sect"o&. Ec sect"o& s ste! dr$! &d & e-+ortor sect"o& ere ter

"s co&-erted to ste!. T"s ste! te& +sses tro$ s$+er eters to r"se tete!+ert$re &d +ress$re +st te st$rt"o& +o"&t

4n combined cycle applications$ it is typical to ha,e *R536s with two or three pressure le,els in order to capture as much of the heat from the flue gas as

possible. The highest pressure heat transfer sections are installed first in the flue gaspath$ followed by the lower pressure heat transfer sections. & simplified illustration of a7three pressure8 *R53 is shown in 0igure be

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_drum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_drum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporator




Simplified Schematic of HSG

S';erheater

A 3';erheater "s de-"ce $sed to co&-ert st$rted ste! "&to dr ste! $sed for +oer e&ert"o& or +rocesses. Tere re tree t+es of s$+ereters &!el rd"&t,

co&-ect"o&, &d se+rtel f"red. A s$+ereter c& -r "& s"e fro! fe te&s of feet to

se-erl $&dred feet ( fe !eters or so!e $&dred !eters).

A rd"&t s$+ereter "s +lced d"rectl "& te co!$st"o& c!er.

A co&-ect"o& s$+ereter "s locted "& te +t of te ot ses.

A se+rtel f"red s$+ereter, s "ts &!e "!+l"es, "s totll se+rted fro! te o"ler.

Te !"& d-&tes of $s"& s$+ereter re red$ced f$el &d ter co&s$!+t"o& $t

tere "s +r"ce to + "& "&cresed !"&te&&ce costs. %& !ost cses te e&ef"tso$te"ed te costs &d s$+ereters ere "del $sed.

E$ono%3er3

E$ono%3er3 re !ec&"cl de-"ces "&te&ded to red$ce e&er

co&s$!+t"o&, or to +erfor! &oter $sef$l f$&ct"o& l"e +reet"& fl$"d. %& s"!+le

ter!s, & eco&o!"er "s et e*c&er. oder&:d o"lers, s$c s tose "& col:f"red +oer stt"o&s, re st"ll

f"tted "t eco&o!"ers "c re desce&d&ts of Gree&Hs or""&l des"&. %& t"s co&te*t

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station



te re ofte& referred to s feed ter eters &d et te co&de&ste fro! t$r"&es

efore "t "s +$!+ed to te o"lers.

Eco&o!"sers re co!!o&l $sed s +rt of et reco-er ste! e&ertor "& co!"&ed ccle +oer +l&t. %& & =<G, ter +sses tro$ & eco&o!"er, te&

o"ler &d te& s$+ereted. Te eco&o!"er lso +re-e&ts flood"& of te o"ler "tl"@$"d ter tt "s too cold to e o"led "-e& te flo rtes &d des"& of te o"ler.

A co!!o& ++l"ct"o& of eco&o!"ers "& ste! +oer +l&ts "s to c+t$rete ste et fro! o"ler stc ses (fl$e s) &d tr&sfer "t to te o"ler feed ter.

T"s r"ses te te!+ert$re of te o"ler feed ter t$s loer"& te &eeded e&er

"&+$t, "& t$r& red$c"& te f"r"& rtes to cco!+l"s te rted o"ler o$t+$t. Eco&o!"sersloer stc te!+ert$res "c ! c$se co&de&st"o& of c"d"c co!$st"o& ses &d

ser"o$s e@$"+!e&t corros"o& d!e "f cre "s &ot te& "& te"r des"& &d !ter"l

select"o&.

Deaerator

The primary function of the deaerator is to remo,e non-condensable gasesfrom the feedwater entering the *R53. The efficiency of the deaerator in performing thisfunction is partially dependent on the temperature of the incoming feedwater. 4f the inletwater temperature is abnormally low$ proper deaeration cannot take place. This createsthe need for additional chemical in9ection to control feedwater dissol,ed oygen contentand thus wasted chemicals and money are epended. The :perator must ensure thatthe feedwater heater to the deaerator is in ser,ice and operating properly$ and that it isnot bypassed for any reason.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heater

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheater


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heater


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheater





Te re!o-l of d"ssol-ed ses fro! o"ler feed ter "s & esse&t"l +rocess "& ste! sste!. Te +rese&ce of d"ssol-ed o*e& "& feed ter c$ses r+"d

locl"ed corros"o& "& o"ler t$es. Cro& d"o*"de "ll d"ssol-e "& ter, res$lt"& "& lo

+= le-els &d te +rod$ct"o& of corros"-e cro&"c c"d. o += le-els "& feed ter c$ses se-ere c"d ttc tro$o$t te o"ler sste!. '"le d"ssol-ed ses &d lo +=

le-els "& te feed ter c& e co&trolled or re!o-ed te dd"t"o& of ce!"cls, "t "s

!ore eco&o!"cl &d ter!ll eff"c"e&t to re!o-e tese ses !ec&"cll. T"s

!ec&"cl +rocess "s &o& s deert"o& &d "ll "&crese te l"fe of ste! sste!dr!t"cll.

eert"o& "s sed o& to sc"e&t"f"c +r"&c"+les. Te f"rst +r"&c"+le c& e

descr"ed =e&rHs . =e&rHs sserts tt s sol$"l"t "& sol$t"o& decresess te s +rt"l +ress$re o-e te sol$t"o& decreses. Te seco&d sc"e&t"f"c +r"&c"+le

tt o-er&s deert"o& "s te relt"o&s"+ etee& s sol$"l"t &d te!+ert$re. Es"l

e*+l"&ed, s sol$"l"t "& sol$t"o& decreses s te te!+ert$re of te sol$t"o& r"ses&d ++roces st$rt"o& te!+ert$re. A deertor $t"l"es ot of tese &t$rl

+rocesses to re!o-e d"ssol-ed o*e&, cro& d"o*"de, &d oter &o&:co&de&sle ses

fro! o"ler feed ter. Te feed ter "s s+red "& t"& f"l!s "&to ste! t!os+ere

llo"& "t to eco!e @$"cl eted to st$rt"o&. +r"& feed ter "& t"& f"l!s"&creses te s$rfce re of te l"@$"d "& co&tct "t te ste!, "c, "& t$r&, +ro-"des

!ore r+"d o*e& re!o-l &d loer s co&ce&trt"o&s. T"s +rocess red$ces te

sol$"l"t of ll d"ssol-ed ses &d re!o-es "t fro! te feed ter. Te l"erted sesre te& -e&ted fro! te deertor.



STEAM TUR+INE



STEAM TUR+INES

te! t$r"&es co&-ert te et e&er of ste! "&to rott"o&l

!ec&"cl e&er. Te !ec&"cl e&er of te ste! t$r"&e "s te& $sed to +rod$ce

electr"cl e&er fro! e&ertor. Te ste! t$r"&e:e&ertor "s, "tself, -er s"!+le

!c"&e "t fe !o-"& +rts. T"s "s des"rle ec$se "t llos te ste! t$r"&e:e&ertor to -e -er ood rel""l"t. %t "s &ot $&$s$l for ste! t$r"&e:e&ertor to

o+erte co&t"&$o$sl for !ore t& er "to$t s$tdo&.

T'r%ne Pr%n$%;&e3

Te +oer +l&t "s ofte& descr"ed s & e&er co&-ers"o& fctor "&"c te ce!"cl e&er "& te f$el "s tr&sfor!ed "& ser"es of ste+s "&to electr"cl

e&er, "t te t$r"&e:e&ertor s o&e +rt of te +oer +l&t. Te f$&ct"o& of teste! t$r"&e "s to co&-ert te e&er "& s$+ereted " +ress$re ste! fro! te o"ler

or =<G, "&to !ec&"cl e&er. %t "s co!!o& to refer to te e&er co&-ers"o& tt

occ$rs "& te t$r"&e s ++e&"& "& s"&le ste+. Te co&-ers"o& of e&er "& te

t$r"&e ct$ll occ$rs "& to ste+s. ?"rst, te et e&er "& te ste! "s co&-erted "&to"&et"c e&er of ste! et &oles. eco&d, te ste! ets re $sed "t $cets or

ldes !o$&ted o& rotor to +rod$ce !ec&"cl force &d tor@$e.

No>>&e3 an! The%r Pr%n$%;&e3

A ste! t$r"&e &ole "s de-"ce tt co&-erts et e&er of ste! "&to

"&et"c e&er (e&er of !ot"o&) e*+&d"& te ste!. A s"!+l"f"ed, co&-ere&t

&ole of te t+e !ost ofte& $sed "& ste! t$r"&es "s so& t te ?"$re elo.

Ass$!e tt ste! t te!+ert$re T1 &d +ress$re 1 e&ters co&-ere&t

&ole. Te "er te +ress$re &d te!+ert$re, te !ore ter!l e&er "s "& te ste!.Te ste! "s !o-"& t -eloc"t V1 efore e&ter"& te &ole. Te ste! le-es te

&ole t loer +ress$re &d te!+ert$re, T2 &d 2 $t t "er -eloc"t, V2. T"s "s

ec$se so!e of te et e&er "& te ste! s ee& co&-erted "&to e&er of !ot"o&,

clled "&et"c e&er. 8"&et"c e&er "s f$&ct"o& of te s@$re of -eloc"tD terefore, ste -eloc"t "&creses, so does te "&et"c e&er.

Te rt"o of te +ress$re $+stre! &d do&stre! of te &ole "scr"t"cl "& te eff"c"e&t o+ert"o& of te &ole. %t "s des"&ed to o+erte "t co&st&t

+ress$re rt"o for est eff"c"e&c "& e&er co&-ers"o&. %f t$r"&e co&d"t"o&s c&e te

+ress$re rt"o, "&eff"c"e&c res$lts. Also, "f c&es to te &ole s$c s eros"o& occ$r,te des"& "s $+set &d "&eff"c"e&c res$lts. Co!!o& +role!s "t &oles "c occ$r



"& o+ert"o& re eros"o& fro! der"s "& te ste! &d de+os"ts fro! co&t!"&t"o& of te

ste!.

Con!ergent "o##le

+a3%$ T'r%ne T*;e3 an! Pr%n$%;&e3

Te "&et"c e&er "& et of ste! "s &ot $sef$l s "t "s. Te &ole

"tself c&&ot co&-ert te e&er "& te ste! to $sef$l !ec&"cl e&er. Tere re to

s"c t$r"&e t+es "!+$lse &d rect"o&. ot $se &oles &d rotor $cets (lso clled ldes), $t "& d"ffere&t s.

%!+$lse T$r"&e



Te s"c co&ce+t of & "!+$lse t$r"&e "s, sted et of " -eloc"t ste!

"s d"rected tord t$r"&e eel. Te "!+$lse of te ste! -eloc"t ct"& "&st te

t$r"&e ldes c$ses te eel to rotte.

Te o+ert"& +r"&c"+les of & "!+$lse t$r"&e re, te! e&ters & "!+$lse

t$r"&e tro$ stt"o&r &ole tt e*+&ds te ste! &d cretes ste! et. Teste! et str"es te rotor $cets (ldes). Ec set of &oles &d rotor $cets "s clled

ste. Te r+ "& ?"$re "ll$strtes tt te e&t"re +ress$re dro+ "& te ste occ$rs t

te &oles, &d te -eloc"t &d -ol$!e of te ste! "&crese "& te &oles.

'"t"& & "!+$lse t$r"&e, te e*+&ded ste! str"es te $cets forc"&

te! to rotte &d red$c"& te -eloc"t of te et of ste!. Te force of te ste! o& te

$cets +rod$ces te !ec&"cl e&er &eeded to t$r& te e&ertor. T"s !ec&"cle&er co!es fro! te et of ste! "c s "ts -eloc"t red$ced co&s"derl.

%& lre !oder& +oer +l&ts, tere "s co&s"derle ter!l e&er "& ec

+o$&d of ste! del"-ered to te t$r"&e. %t "s "!+rct"cl &d "&eff"c"e&t to $"ld s"&le

&ole &d rotor lre e&o$ to co&-ert ll te ste!Hs ter!l e&er "&to $sef$l or.Terefore, lre !oder& t$r"&es re $s$ll !$lt":sted, "t ec ste co&-ert"&

+rt of te ste!Hs ter!l e&er to !ec&"cl e&er. %& s"c !$lt":sted ste!

t$r"&e, ste! e&ters tro$ te f"rst ste &ole, "c co&-erts +rt of te ter!l

e&er "& te ste! "&to "&et"c e&er. Te ste! et fro! te f"rst ste &ole str"este f"rst ste rotor $cets. After le-"& te f"rst ste rotor $cets, te ste! +sses

tro$ te seco&d ste &ole. o!e of te re!"&"& ter!l e&er "s te& co&-erted

to "&et"c e&er. Te seco&d ste rotor $cets re forced to rotte te ste! etle-"& te seco&d ste &oles.



<ect"o& T$r"&es

The basic operating principles of an ideal reaction turbine are$ the turbine

rotor is forced to turn by the acti,e force of the steam 9et lea,ing the nole. 4n an idealreaction turbine$ the mo,ing buckets would be the only noles. Therefore$ all the steamepansion would occur in the mo,ing buckets. This is impractical in large turbinesbecause it is difficult to admit steam to mo,ing noles. Thus$ large turbines use fiednoles to admit steam to mo,ing noles. Therefore$ practical$ large reaction turbinesuse a combination of impulse and reaction principles.

The rotary lawn sprinkler is an eample of a ;pure< reaction turbine. 4npractice$ so called pure reaction turbines are seldom used$ and are ne,er used in=ractical utility turbines. =ractical reaction turbines are a combination of reaction andimpulse. There are stationary noles 9ust as there are for impulse turbines. There arealso rotating noles$ not of the sort one might epect from the figure of the simple

reaction turbine.

The typical reaction turbine has stationary noles and mo,ing noles. Themo,ing noles are created by ,arying the cross section of the openings betweenad9acent buckets (usually called blades in such turbines! as shown in 0igure below.



Reaction turbines can be classified by the percentage of the energycon,ersion that occurs in the mo,ing noles. Typically$ turbines that are called reactionturbines ha,e about )>? reaction and )>? impulse. Turbines which use a combinationof impulse and reaction principles are often referred to simply as reaction turbines todistinguish them from the impulse turbines. There are rotating blades (similar to impulseturbine buckets! in the practical reaction turbine and the profile of the blades is such that

the passages between ad9acent blades form noles$ as shown in 0igure abo,e$ inwhich the stationary noles are shown at the top and the mo,ing blades are below.

eaction Turbine Stage



:ne practical result of this design is that$ unlike impulse turbines$ there isa pressure drop across the mo,ing row of blades by design that is =2$ the pressurebetween the noles and the blades is higher than the pressure downstream of theblades$ =. This results in a force being imposed upon the rotor in the downstreamdirection$ unlike the impulse turbine. &ccordingly$ one characteristic of reactionTurbines are high thrust loading that re%uires special design features to make

reasonable sied thrust bearings practical.

0igure below shows a series of reaction turbine stages. @ach stageconsists of a set of fied noles and a set of mo,ing noles. The pressure drop occurso,er both the fied and mo,ing noles. Reaction turbines are multi-staged byalternating sets of fied and mo,ing noles. @ach pair of fied and mo,ing nolesmakes up one stage.

eaction Turbine Characteristic



C$"DE"SE



Con!en3er

Co&de&ser "s te co!!o&l $sed ter! for ter cooled sell &d t$eet e*c&er "&stlled o& te e*$st ste! fro! ste! t$r"&e "& ter!l +oer

stt"o&s. Tese co&de&sers re et e*c&ers "c co&-ert ste! fro! "ts seo$s to

"ts l"@$"d stte t +ress$re elo t!os+er"c +ress$re. 'ere cool"& ter "s "& sort

s$++l, & "r:cooled co&de&ser "s ofte& $sed. A& "r:cooled co&de&ser "s oe-er s"&"f"c&tl !ore e*+e&s"-e &d c&&ot c"e-e s lo ste! t$r"&e e*$st +ress$re

s co&de&ser.

Co&de&sers re lso $sed "& ++l"ct"o&s &d "&d$str"es oter t& te

co&de&s"& of ste! t$r"&e e*$st "& +oer +l&ts.

Te +r"!r f$&ct"o& of co&de&ser "s to co&de&se te t$r"&e e*$stste! "&to co&de&ste. %& t"s res+ect, te co&de&ser ser-es s te et s"& for te<&"&e Ccle &d co&se@$e&tl, te +o"&t of et reects &d et loss fro! te ccle.

Te !ore eff"c"e&t te co&de&ser "s, te less et tt "s d$!+ed o$t of te ccle, &d t$s

o-erll +l&t eff"c"e&c "s "&cresed.

%& ter!l +oer +l&ts, te +r"!r +$r+ose of s$rfce co&de&ser "s

to co&de&se te e*$st ste! fro! ste! t$r"&e to ot"& !*"!$! eff"c"e&c &dlso to co&-ert te t$r"&e e*$st ste! "&to +$re ter (referred to s ste!

co&de&ste) so tt "t ! e re$sed "& te ste! e&ertor or o"ler s o"ler feed ter.

te! s$rfce co&de&sers re te !ost co!!o&l $sed co&de&sers "& !oder& +oer +l&ts. Te e*$st te! fro! te t$r"&e flos o& te sell s"de ($&der -c$$!)

of te Co&de&ser, "le te +l&tNs c"rc$lt"& ter flos "& te t$e s"de. Te so$rce of

te c"rc$lt"& ter c& e e"ter closed:loo+ (".e. cool"& toer, s+r +o&d, etc.) or o&ce:tro$ (".e. fro! le, oce&, or r"-er). Te co&de&sed ste! fro! te t$r"&e,

clled co&de&ste, "s collected "& te otto! of te co&de&ser, "c "s clled ot ell.

Te co&de&ste "s te& +$!+ed c to te ste! e&ertor to<e+et te ccle.

Te !"& et tr&sfer !ec&"s!s "& s$rfce co&de&ser re te

co&de&s"& of st$rted ste! o& te o$ts"de of te t$es &d te et"& of tec"rc$lt"& ter "&s"de te t$es. T$s for "-e& c"rc$lt"& ter flo rte, te ter

"&let te!+ert$re to te co&de&ser deter!"&es te o+ert"& +ress$re of te co&de&ser. As

t"s te!+ert$re "s decresed, te co&de&ser +ress$re "ll lso decrese. As descr"edo-e, t"s decrese "& te +ress$re "ll "&crese te +l&t o$t+$t &d eff"c"e&c.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchanger


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangers


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_generator












http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency





Coo&%n# toer3

%& +oer +l&ts, te ot ter fro! co&de&ser "s cooled "& cool"& toer, sott "t c& e re$sed "& co&de&ser for co&de&st"o& of ste!. %& cool"& toer ter "s

!de to tr"cle do& dro+ dro+ so tt "t co!es "& co&tct "t te "r !o-"& "& te

o++os"te d"rect"o&. As res$lt of t"s so!e ter "s e-+orted &d "s te& "t "r.%& e-+ort"o&, te et "s te& fro! te $l of ter, "c "s t$s cooled.

C&a33%"%$at%on '"t res+ect to dr"& "r tro$ te toer, tere re tree t+es of cool"& toers

!atural draft

T"s $t"l"es $o&c -" tll c"!&e. 'r!, !o"st "r naturally r"ses d$e to te

de&s"t d"ffere&t"l to te dr, cooler o$ts"de "r. 'r! !o"st "r "s less de&se t& dr"er

"r t te s!e +ress$re. T"s !o"st "r $o&c +rod$ces c$rre&t of "r tro$ tetoer.

Cross fow

Cross flo "s des"& "& "c te "r flo "s d"rected +er+e&d"c$lr to te ter flo(see d"r! elo). A"r flo e&ters o&e or !ore -ert"cl fces of te cool"& toer to

!eet te f"ll !ter"l. 'ter flos (+er+e&d"c$lr to te "r) tro$ te f"ll r-"t.

Te "r co&t"&$es tro$ te f"ll &d t$s +st te ter flo "&to & o+e& +le&$! re.A distribution or hot water basin co&s"st"& of dee+ +& "t oles or nozzles "& te

otto! "s $t"l"ed "& cross flo toer. Gr-"t d"str"$tes te ter tro$ te &oles

$&"for!l cross te f"ll !ter"l.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_effect

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_than_air#Water_vapour


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_than_air#Water_vapour



Counter fow

%& co$&ter flo des"& te "r flo "s d"rectl o++os"te of te ter flo (see d"r!

elo). A"r flo f"rst e&ters & o+e& re e&et te f"ll !ed" &d "s te& dr& $+

-ert"cll. Te ter "s s+red tro$ +ress$r"ed &oles &d flos do&rd tro$te f"ll, o++os"te to te "r flo.

*;ero&o%! $oo&%n# toer3



=+erolo"d cool"& toers -e eco!e te des"& st&drd for ll

&t$rl:drft cool"& toers ec$se of te"r str$ct$rl stre&t &d !"&"!$! $se of

!ter"l. Te +erolo"d s+e lso "ds "& ccelert"& te $+rd co&-ect"-e "r flo,"!+ro-"& cool"& eff"c"e&c. Te re +o+$lrl ssoc"ted "t &$cler +oer +l&ts.

=oe-er, t"s ssoc"t"o& "s !"sled"&, s te s!e "&d of cool"& toers re ofte&

$sed t lre col:f"red +oer +l&ts s ell. "!"lrl, &ot ll &$cler +oer +l&ts -ecool"& toers, "&sted cool"& te"r et e*c&ers "t le, r"-er or oce& ter.

,echanical draft

T"s $ses +oer dr"-e& f& !otors to force or dr "r tro$ te toer.

Induced draft. A !ec&"cl drft toer "t f& t te d"scre "c +$lls "r

tro$ toer. Te f& induces ot !o"st "r o$t te d"scre. T"s +rod$ces loe&ter"& &d " e*"t"& "r -eloc"t"es, red$c"& te +oss""l"t of recirculation "& "c

d"scred "r flos c "&to te "r "&te. T"s f&/f"ll rr&e!e&t "s lso &o& s

draw-through.

Forced draft. A !ec&"cl drft toer "t loer t+e f& t te "&te. Te f&

forces "r "&to te toer, cret"& " e&ter"& &d lo e*"t"& "r -eloc"t"es. Te lo

e*"t"& -eloc"t "s !$c !ore s$sce+t"le to rec"rc$lt"o&. '"t te f& o& te "r "&te,

te f& "s !ore s$sce+t"le to co!+l"ct"o&s d$e to free"& co&d"t"o&s. A&oter d"sd-&te "s tt forced drft des"& t+"cll re@$"res !ore !otor orse+oer t&

& e@$"-le&t "&d$ced drft des"&. Te forced drft e&ef"t "s "ts "l"t to or "t

" stt"c +ress$re. Te c& e "&stlled "& !ore co&f"&ed s+ces &d e-e& "& so!e"&door s"t$t"o&s. T"s f&/f"ll eo!etr "s lso &o& s blow-through.

Ch%ne*

A $h%ne* "s str$ct$re for -e&t"& ot fl$e ses or s!oe fro! o"ler ,

sto-e, f$r&ce or f"re+lce to te o$ts"de t!os+ere. C"!&es re t+"cll -ert"cl, or s &er s +oss"le to -ert"cl, to e&s$re tt te ses flo s!ootl, dr"& "r "&to te

co!$st"o& "& t "s &o& s te stc, or c"!&e, effect. Te s+ce "&s"de c"!&e

"s clled flue.

C"!&es ! e fo$&d "& $"ld"&s, ste! loco!ot"-es &d s"+s. %& te

U, te ter! 3o6e3ta$6 (collo@$"ll, 3ta$6 ) "s lso $sed e& referr"& to loco!ot"-e

c"!&es. Te ter! "'nne& "s e&erll $sed for s"+sH c"!&es &d so!et"!es to refer to loco!ot"-e c"!&es. C"!&es re tll to "&crese te"r dr of "r for co!$st"o&

&d to d"s+erse +oll$t&ts "& te fl$e ses o-er reter re so s to red$ce te

oll$t&t co&ce&trt"o&s "& co!+l"&ce "t re$ltor or oter l"!"ts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue

genting lanco power

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