gennady fiksel robert rosner uw madison center for magnetic self-organization in laboratory and...
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Gennady Fiksel
Robert Rosner
UW Madison
Center for Magnetic Self-Organization in Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasma
August 4-6, Madison, WI
Anomalous Ion Heating
Status and Research Plan
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Preamble
• Anomalous ion heating and/or acceleration is present in many laboratory and space plasmas.
• There are no reliable and experimentally proved explanations of that.
• There is definite correlation with magnetic reconnections and/or magnetic turbulence.
• The goal is to understand the nature of ion heating and unravel the relation to magnetic turbulence and reconnection.
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Outline
• Overview of results. Similarities and differences in different experiments/observations.
• Ion heating and magnetic turbulence• Plans and progress.
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST - anomalously high ion temperature observed
200
250
300
350
400
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Ip = 400ka, D, 17 oct 2000 Te (TS)Ti (RS)
ne (1013 cm-3 )
Temperature (eV)
It is expected that Ti /Te ≈ 0.1 based on the balancebetween collisional e/i heating and losses.
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST - fast ion heating in during reconnection events
Both impurities and majority components are rapidly heated.Stronger heating of heavy ions.
TD TC4+ Te
electrons
Deuterium
C4+
Heating phase:Required heating power ~ 1MW/m3
What can provide it?
Cooling phase:Why so fast?
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST - Ion heating is isotropic
T|| ≈ T
No fast Alfvenic flows were detected. Distribution function remains Maxwellian
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MRX - Enhanced ion heating inside reconnection region
(Hsu et al. ‘00)
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Solar corona - strong heating of protons and heavy ions
Heating is M and Z dependent
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Solar corona - strong flow, ion heating is anisotropic
From: Cranmer et al.,
ApJ, 511, 481 (1998) Note the large anisotropy: TO/TO 10
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
SSX - Alfvenic flows and ion heating
Fit to a thermal distribution with drift:T=33±11eV and V=86±20eV
Ion energy distribution measured with electrostatic analyzersC. Cothran
M. Brown
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Comparison table
MST MRX SSX Solar corona
T|| / T ≈1 ? ? < 1
<<1 in wind
Vflow/VA small small ≈ 1 from <<1
to >> 1
TZ/Tp ≥1 ? ? >> 1
Localization global.
better resolution
soon
reconnection layer
reconnection
layer
narrow regions in
corona
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Magnetic fluctuations and/or magnetic reconnection present in all cases and thought to be the maincandidate for ion heating.
We do not know if the ion heating mechanism is the same or different in these cases
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST - correlation of ion heating with active control of magnetic activity
In improved confinement regimes with low magnetic fluctuationsthe “anomalous” contribution to ion heating decreases.Ion heating drastically decreases when reversal surface q=0 and edge resonant m=0 fluctuations are removed from plasma
Reversal surfaceinside plasma qwall < 0
Reversal surfaceremoved qwall > 0
Time (ms)0-1-212-101Time (ms)Ti (eV)040801200200400600051015bt(a)/B(a) (%)m=1m=0051015
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST - correlation of ion heating with active control of magnetic activity
In improved confinement regimes with low magnetic fluctuationsthe “anomalous” contribution to ion heating decreases.Ion heating drastically decreases when reversal surface q=0 and edge resonant m=0 fluctuations are removed from plasma
Reversal surfaceinside plasma qwall < 0
Reversal surfaceremoved qwall > 0
Time (ms)0-1-212-101Time (ms)Ti (eV)040801200200400600051015bt(a)/B(a) (%)m=1m=0051015
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MRX - Broad spectra of magnetic turbulence
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Solar magnetic turbulenceFr
equency
(H
z)
Solar distance (units of RS)
Wave frequencies vary extremely widely in the outflowing solar wind
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Questions
• What is the free energy source?• What is relation between ion heating and reconnections? • Viscous damping of reconnection flows or fluctuation induced
heating?• What fluctuations are responsible for ion accelerating and heating
and what is the absorption mechanism? • Energy flow from the energy source into fluctuations - direct
excitation or non-linear cascade?• Ion heating in different lab/space plasma - manifestation of the
same mechanism?
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST diagnostic set
• RS - Rutherford scattering diagnostic - local measurements of majority ion temperature.
• IDS - passive Ion Doppler Spectroscopy - chord averaged ion impurities temperature and flow.
• Thomson scattering - Te
Existing diagnostics
Coming online very soon• New Diagnostic Neutral Beam for CHERS - longer pulse, higher energy• New insertable probes for local ion Doppler spectroscopy• New probe for local measurements of ion energy deposition <JiE>• New Mach probe for local ion flow measurements
• Upgraded CHERS - active Doppler spectroscopy. Ion impurities temperature and flow. Good spatial (few cm) and temporal (10 usec) resolution.
• New high resolution, high frequency magnetic fluctuation probes
Commissioned and upgraded since the last CSMO meeting
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MST experimental plans
• Detailed accounting of ion energy balance - spatial profile of Ti, Te, ne, radiation, and CX losses. Models of ion thermal transport.
• Isotropy of ion heating, Z and M dependence.
• Cross-correlation of Ti with magnetic fluctuations in time and frequency domains, contribution from different modes.
• Local (edge) measurements of ion energy deposition <JiE>
• Local measurements of ion flows and evaluation of ion viscous heating - cross with the flow and momentum group.
• Active control of magnetic activity.• Active ion heating from externally driven E.
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
MRX
Newly upgraded MRX has expanded operation regimes to study ion heating, such as more collisionless or larger S plasmas.
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
SSX
Study ion heating and flow generation in FRC-like equilibrium
•ion Doppler spectroscopy (with contribution from MST)
•single shot measurement of Ti, vi (1 s resolution)
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Theory plans
• Ion acceleration by E field - effect of impurities, mirror trapping, stochastic magnetic field, and magnetic islands.
• Dielectric tensor for ion heating from tearing modes.• Viscous heating by compression tearing modes.• Ion heating in self consistent streaming electron emission theory• Cascade processes to generate small-scale/high-frequencies.
Assessment of Alfven cascades.• Ion and electron heating via Alfven cascades.• 2-fluid Nimrod study of ion heating from reconnection.• PIC simulation of ion heating from reconnection.
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CMSO
CMSO Meeting • August 4-6 2004 • Madison WI
Solar corona and astrophysics
Bob Rosner - next