genetics since mendel. i. independent assortment a. monohybrid crosses 1. mendel’s 1 st crosses...
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I. Independent Assortment
A. Monohybrid crosses• 1. Mendel’s 1st crosses using
the genes for one trait
B. Dihybrid crosses• 1. Mendel’s 2nd test, crossing
2 pure plants. Plant A had 2 dominant traits over Plant B who had homozygous recessive for both traits
• 2. He then crossed the offspring
Mendel wondered if alleles segregate independently. In other words, does the fact that the plant has a gene to be tall make it more likely to have a purple flower gene
I. Independent Assortment• C. The heterozygous offspring from the 1st crossed
showed that the genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation(sperm/egg– 1. This account for the wide variation between
organisms of the same species
Review Mendel’s Principles• 1. Inheritance is determined by individual units called
genes. Passed on from parent to offspring.• 2. With traits that have more than 1 form, some forms
of that gene are dominant while others are recessive. (Law of Dominance)
• 3. Sexually reproducing organisms, each individual gets a copy from each parent.(Law of individual assortment)
• 4. Alleles segregate independently from one another (Law of segregation)
Most genes are beyond Mendel’s work since not all genes show simple dominant and recessive alleles.
Most traits are determined by multiple alleles and
multiple genes
II. Incomplete Dominance • A. When progeny of 2 homozygous parents show an
intermediate phenotype this inheritance is called incomplete dominance. No allele is completely dominant (All Caps for cross)– 1. Example: Red flower plant crossed with a White
flower plant produced Pink flowered plants
III. Codominance• A. Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, the
appearance is a speckled animal– Ex. Ermitte chicken, Roan cow, Geckos, AB Blood
IV. Multiple Alleles • A. Mendel studied traits in pea plants where only
two alleles controlled them.• B. Many traits however, are controlled by more
than 2 alleles and are said to be multiple allele that produce more than 3 phenotypes– 1. Example: blood type (IA, IB & i)
V. Polygenic Inheritance• A. A trait that is produced by a combination of
genes is called polygenic inheritance– 1. Examples: Skin color (4 genes), eye color, height
VI. Linked Genes• A. Some genes on the same
chromosome stay together during assortment & move as a group. This group of genes are considered linked genes & are usually inherited together. – 1. The frequency of crossing-over
between any 2 linked alleles is proportional to the distance between them. • Farther apart more likely to separate
during crossing-over more recombination
VII. Genetics & the Environment
• A. Characteristics are determined by interaction between genes and the environment.– 1. Temperature can alter how genes can be expressed– 2. Diabetes, heart disease, cancer bipolar disorder all
have a genetic component with environmental influence. (nature vs. nuture)