genetics and heredity. deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) dna is an organism’s genetic material. large...
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Genetics
andHeredit
y
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
•DNA is an organism’s genetic material.
•Large molecule with a shape similar to a twisted ladder (double helix).
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•Chromosomes – made of coiled DNA.
•Gene – a section (pair) of a chromosome that has genetic information for 1 trait.
•Allele – 1 copy of a gene. Each characteristic (trait) has two alleles, one from each parent.
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Traits are controlled by genes
•Genes are located on your chromosomes•Individuals inherit genes from their parents•Your cells contain 23 chromosome pairs
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•Trait – a physical characteristic that can be seen.
•Example of traits – eye color, freckles, number of legs, thumb on top, rolling tongue.
•Each trait is represented by two letters (ex: Tt).
What is a trait?
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Heredity and Genetics
•Heredity – passing of traits from parents to offspring.
•Genetics – the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring.
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The Father of Genetics
•Gregor Mendel•Austrian Monk•Gardener, bee keeper, scientist•Experimented on plants, especially known for his work on pea plants.
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Mendel studied 30,000 common pea plants over 8 years and many generations. Mendel found
that traits show up without any blending.
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•Dominant trait – the allele that masks the appearance of another allele. Represented by a capital letter.
•Recessive trait – the allele that is blocked by a Dominant allele. Represented by a lower case letter.
Dominant vs. Recessive
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Dominant Traits Recessive Traits• Broad lips• Hazel or green eyes• Second toe longest• Widow’s peak hairline• Crossing thumbs – left on
top• Unattached earlobe• Rolling tongue• Dimples• Freckles• Straight thumb when
extended• Curly hair
• Thin lips• Blue or grey eyes• Big toe longest• Straight hairline• Crossing thumbs – right
on top• Attached earlobe• Non-rolling tongue• No dimples• No freckles• Bent thumb when
extended• Straight hair
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The Punnett Square
•Reginald Punnett created the Punnett Square
•A tool used by scientists to predict the genotypes of offspring.
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•Genotype – The two specific two alleles inherited for a particular gene (example TT, Ss, oo, Gg, etc.)
•Phenotype – The observable characteristic that appears such as blue eyes, two legs, tallness, etc.
Genotype & Phenotype
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Using the Punnett Square
•Draw the square
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Using the Punnett Square
Write the genotypes of the parents on the outside of the box. T
t
T
t
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Using the Punnett Square
• Fill in the boxes with the alleles down and across
T T T t
T t
T
t t T t t
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Using the Punnett Square
Each box represents 1 offspring.
In the above Punnett Square, how many different genotypes are there? How many different phenotypes are there? How can you represent those number in a percent (%)
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•The genotypes are 1 or 25% BB , 2 or 50% Bb, and or 25% bb•The phenotypes are 3 or 75% purple and or 25% white
Answers
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Different types of Genotypes
•Heterozygous genotype – a genotype in which the two alleles are different. (example Tt)
•Homozygous genotype – a genotype in which the two alleles are the same. (example TT or tt)
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Different types of Genotypes
•Hybrid – a heterozygous genotype and is the result of 2 genetically different parents.▫Example: TT + tt = Tt
•Pure Bred – a homozygous genotype and is the result of 2 genetically same parents▫Example: TT + TT = TT or tt + tt = tt
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What is a pedigree?•A pedigree is a chart of the genetic
history of family over several generations. •Show the phenotypes of genetically
related family members.
• http://www.schooltube.com/video/c188ce8266b54a18992b/tions
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Symbols in a Pedigree Chart
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Examples of Pedigrees