definition: changes to an organism’s dna sequence
TRANSCRIPT
Definition: changes to an organism’s DNA sequence
Genetic Disorders in HumansSickle-Cell Disease Hemophilia albinism Phenylketonuria Cystic Fibrosis Tay Sachs Disease colorblindnessAdrenoleukodystrophy (Lorenzo's Oil)Herditary DeafnessCoffin-Lowry SyndromeAchondroplasia (dwarfism)Fragile X Syndrome
Huntington's DiseaseMarfan Syndrome (Alton Giant)Trisomy 13 (Edward's Syndrome)Phenylketonuria (PKU)Rett SyndromeKlinefelter SyndromeTurner SyndromeRett SyndromeProgeria (premature aging)Xeroderma pigmentosumGaucher DiseasePrader-Willi SyndromeDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Albinism
Progeria
What causes mutations?Wrong base is added during DNA replication.Environmental factors:
UV rays (sunlight, tanning beds)X-raysRadiationChemicals Cigarette smoke
Mutations can lead to cancer, diseases, nothing, or an advantageMutations accumulate with age
How do mutations change a trait?
Mutation
Normal
Example
What is a mutation?A change in the DNA nucleotides 2 general types:
Point Mutation or Substitution 1 base in the DNA is changed or substituted for another
Frame Shift Mutation 1 base is added or removed so the reading frame is shifted over
SubstitutionSubstitution: One base is switched for anotherTHE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT.
THE FAT CAP ATE THE RAT.
SubstitutionDNA: CCT GAG GAG CCT GTG GAG
Pro – Glu – Glu Pro – Val – Glu
One base is changed, so only one amino acid could be changed
Ryan Clark
January 3, 2012:
“The Pittsburgh Steelers safety and leading tackler won’t play in Sunday’s NFL playoff game at the Denver Broncos due to a blood condition that led to major medial complications the last time he played in the mile-high altitude of Denver.”
- From USAtoday.com
Sickle Cell AnemiaAbnormal hemoglobin that distorts red blood cells
Substitution: Example
Frame Shift MutationInsertion: A base is added to the DNA
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RATTHE FAT ECA TAT ETH ERA .
Deletion: A base is removed from the DNATHE FAT ATA TET HER AT C in “CAT” is
gone.Adding or deleting a base shifts the reading
frame.All of the codons after the mutation are
changed, so all the amino acids are changed.
Fruit Flies and Mutations