genetically modified mosquitoes e. justin balido 16 march 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
E. Justin Balido
16 March 2012
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CURRENT MALARIA INTERVENTIONS
• Indoor residual spraying• Insecticide treated bed nets• Larval controls
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MOSQUITO RELEASE
• Mosquitoes are bred to express certain traits• These bred mosquitoes are released into the wild• The released mosquitoes mate with wild mosquitoes• The next generation of wild mosquitoes is altered
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GOALS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITO INTERVENTIONS
• Reduction of malaria incidence– Population reduction– Population replacement
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POPULATION REDUCTION
• Sterile Insect Technique– Irradiation– Chemosterilization– Cytoplasmic incompatibility – Trangenic sterilization
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POPULATION REDUCTION
• Successes in Anopheles– El Salvador, Anopheles albimanus
• Chemosterilization
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POPULATION REDUCTION
• Failures– El Salvador– WHO & Indian Council of Medical Research
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TRANSGENIC STERILIZATION
• Introduction of genes that induce lethality in the offspring of mosquitoes
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POPULATION REPLACEMENT
• Induce plasmodium resistance in anopheles mosquitoes
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ANIMAL STUDIES
• Rodent– Proteins prevented
parasite from leaving the midgut
• Avian– Antibodies attack
parasite in hemolymph before entering salviary glands
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• Marshall JM, Taylor CE (2009) Malaria Control with Transgenic Mosquitoes. PLoS. 2009; 6(2)
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ENDOGENOUS PROMOTERS
• Genes inherent in mosquitoes that will promote the production of engineered proteins
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ENDOGENOUS PROMOTERS
• Bloodmeal-triggered– Also utilizes genes already present in mosquito to
enhance immunity
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DRIVE SYSTEMS
• Mechanisms that would help the exogenous gene spread through the population
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DRIVE SYSTEMS
• Transposable Elements– Replicate within single host’s genome– Many obstacles
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DRIVE SYSTEMS
• Medea– Offspring lethality
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TRANSGENIC FUNGI
• Metarhizium anisopliae– Induce malaria resistance– Antibody production– Peptide production
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FITNESS CONCERNS
• Study using plasmodium resistant, plasmodium susceptible, and control– Plasmodium resistant showed less population
growth– Fitness most dependent on larval survival and
gravid female survival• Plasmodium resistant performed lower than other
groups
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ADVANTAGES
• Human compliance• Sustainability
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DISADVANTAGES
• Ethical Concerns• Biosafety• Sustainability• Scale
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ETHICS
• Religious issues• Consent
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BIOSAFETY
• Cartagena Protocol– Precautionary Principle– Least harmful alternative
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SUSTAINABILITY
• Gene drive success• Natural Selection• Mosquito Release Numbers
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LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
• More research needs to be done• Each study has its own drawbacks and
advantages