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MOSQUITO

Sources: Ken Boyce, Trumans, ESA, Pasteur, internet

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Mosquito problem2

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KLB3

KLB

Kejadian yang melebihikeadaan biasa, pada satu /

sekelompok masyarakattertentu.(Mac Mahon and Pugh, 1970;Last, 1983, Benenson, 1990),

Peningkatan frekuensi

penderita penyakit, padapopulasitertentu, pada tempat danmusim atau tahun yang sama(Last, 1983).

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KLB dan Epidemiologi

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No . 949/

MENKES/SK/VII/2004.

Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) : timbulnya atau

meningkatnya kejadianKesakitan atau kematianyang bermakna secara epidemiologis pada suatu

daerah dalam kurun waktu tertentu.

Epidemiology is study of the distribution and causes

of diseases.(Elizabeth Barrett)

4

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Problems with mosquitoes

Nuisances to human and they also transmit diseases

such

Transmit diseases (can kill): DHF/DF, malaria,

filariasis, chikungunya, encephalitis

The most effective way to control the mosquito

population is to get rid of their breeding sources.

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7

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Global Distribution of Malaria

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http://www.humenhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Transmission-of-dengue-fever3.gif

9

Read article about demam berdarah dengueSee also :http://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash

/dbd.swf

http://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swfhttp://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swfhttp://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swfhttp://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swf

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The Family Culicidae - Mosquitoes

Worldwide distribution

> 3450 species and subspecies (38 genera)

Great habitat diversity

Approximately 40 million years older than humans (fossilsfrom Eocene, 38-54 mya)

Anophelinae (subfamily) - Anopheles (genus)

Culicinae (subfamily) - Aedes, Culex, Haemagogus,Mansonia, Ochlerotatus and all other genera

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Mosquitoes

Order : Diptera

Toxorhynchitinae Anophelinae Culicinae

Family: Culicidae

Aedes CulexAnopheles

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Mosquito Characteristics (note

conspicuous forward projecting

proboscis)

Non-biting Gnat (note proboscis

curved under head)

MosquitoGnat

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Bloodfeeding - only females take blood

Males and females feed on plant sugars

Gonotrophic cycle - feed, egg development, oviposition

(half-gravid, gravid)

Egg biology - oviposition location, type of egg,

desiccation resistance, diapause

Larval biology - aquatic, spiracle for breathing, filter-

feeders, some cannibalistic, variable habitats

Mosquito Characteristics

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Mosquito eggs:

Culexegg raft

Anopheles egg

with floats

Aedes egg

Patterns on the

external eggsurface are

species specific

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Eggs

Laid singly On water

Anopheles

On land Aedes

Egg rafts Culex spp.

15

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Egg stage comparison

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PupaLighter than water

Non-feeding

Respiration

Anopheline Culicine

Pupal Stage Comparison

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Mosquito Pupa and Larvae

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Anopheles Pupa and Larvae

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Comparison of

male and

femaleAnophelines

vs. CulicinesCulicine

Anopheline

females

males

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Mosquito facts

CO2,

temperature,humidity,odor,colour (infra-red)movement

Malaria

West Nile virusfilarial diseasesdengueencephalitisyellow fever

1.5 KM/hour~ 75 - KM20 - 35 meters

Detection Transmission

Immunity

Blood-meal

endophage4x weight

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Larval StageGrowth Stage

Larval instars (4)

Aquatic, Filter feeders

Respiration

Anopheles

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How long from egg to adult?

3 to 5 days for flood water species like Aedes

7 to 10 days for standing water species like Culex

14 to 21 days for rice field species like Anopheles

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Mosquito Genre in Indonesia

Aedes

A. aegypti

A. albopictus

Anopheles

A. Sondaicus

Culex

C. quenquefascciatus

25

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Adults

1-2 months

Females feed onblood

Mating usually

occurs at breeding

site.

Nectar feeders

.751.25 KM range

26

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When are Mosquitoes Active?

Dusk & Dawn (Culex)

Daytime (Aedes)

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How Long do Mosquitoes live?

Depends on the temp and species

Ranging 2-3 weeks

Aedes lived longer than Culex.

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How Far can a Mosquito Fly from a

Development Site?

Flight Range Distance Species

Short Hundreds

meters- 1.5 KM

Culex

quenquefasciatus

Medium 4.5 to 15 KM Culex tarsalis

Long 15 to 60 KM An. freeborni

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Habitats30

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Habitats31

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Rice Fields/Clean Water Sources

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Habitats33

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Mosquito Immature Habitats

Agricultural

Industrial

Domestic

Natural

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Mosquito Breeding Sites Around the

Home/Community

http://www.nwmadil.com/catchbasin4.JPG

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Mosquito Control39

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Mosquito Management

Best achieved as an area wide/regional

effort/community.

40

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42

Steinly , B. A., R. J. Novak and Ahmad, I. 1993. A shift in Culex pipiensoviposition initiation in east-central Illinois during1991.Vector Contr. Bull. North-Central States. 1(2): 215-224http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdf

http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdfhttp://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdfhttp://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdfhttp://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdf

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IPM

Inspection (weekly), breeding places

Elimination of breeding sites

Fogging

Residual spraying ( malaria)

-education

Note: fogging only for adults, make sure that one

also treat/kill the larvae

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Mosquito Traps

Newly developed carbon dioxide

baited traps do attract and trap many

adult mosquitoes Expensive

Practical benefits unknown

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Habitat Reduction

Eliminate water-trapping containers

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Homeowner Insecticides

Aerosol

Abate

Metophrene

DEET

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