genetic engineering ii do now: what was griffith’s experiment? what was his conclusion?

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Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

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Page 1: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Genetic Engineering II

Do Now:What was Griffith’s experiment?

What was his conclusion?

Page 2: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Transformation• Scientists now know the following about Griffith’s

experiment:- The heat-killed bacteria must have contained DNA

fragments- When he mixed those fragments with live bacteria, a

few of them actually took up the DNA molecules- Conclusion: bacteria can be transformed simply by

placing them in a solution containing DNA molecules• During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from

outside the cell: This external DNA becomes a part of the cell’s DNA

Page 3: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Transforming Bacteria

• Bacteria can be transformed using recombinant DNA: a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining 2 or more sequences that would not normally occur together

- Most recombinant DNA involves a small, circular DNA called plasmid

Combine the 2 DNA strands with ligase

Page 4: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Plasmid• Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria

and have been very useful for DNA transfer:- Small extra circles of DNA located in the

cytoplasm of the bacterial cell- Carry extra genes that bacteria can use- Can be swapped between bacteria- Can be picked up from the environment

Page 5: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

How can plasmids help us?

• It is a way to get genes into bacteria easily:

- Insert new gene into plasmid

- Insert plasmid into bacteria = vector

- Let the bacteria make proteins for that new gene

Page 6: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Applications of recombinant DNA and transformation

Copies of Gene

Copies of Protein

Produce human growth hormones

Genes for pest resistance

Basic gene research Gene used to alter

bacteria to clean up for oil spill

Protein dissolves blood clots in heart attack

Basic protein research

Page 7: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Application of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic Organisms: Organisms that contain genes from other organism

- Transgenic microorganisms: Because they reproduce rapidly and are easy to grow, transgenic bacteria now produce a host of important substances useful for health and industry

e.g. the human forms of proteins such as insulin, growth hormone and clotting factor

Page 8: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

- Transgenic animals: They have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply

e.g. spider goat, glow fish- Transgenic plants: They are now an important

part of our food supplye.g. Many of these plants contain genes that produce a natural insecticide, others have genes that enable then to resist weed killing chemicals

Application of Genetic Engineering

Page 9: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

• Cloning: A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

• Cloned bacteria and other microorganism are easy to grow, but this is not true for animals

• In 1997, Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep named Dolly

Application of Genetic Engineering

Page 10: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

Dolly News Clip

Page 11: Genetic Engineering II Do Now: What was Griffith’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

CloneA donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder

These 2 cells are fused

The nucleus of the egg cell is removed

An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep The fused cell

begins dividing normally

The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother

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