genetic diversity of oil palm: a source for ecological...
TRANSCRIPT
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF OIL PALM: A SOURCE
FOR ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION OF OIL
PALM IN AREAS AFFECTED BY BUT ROT DISEASE
Barba J., Baquero Y. Mendoza L.*
Palmar del Río –Ecuador
Research and Development Unit
For three decades the disease known as bud rot (BR), has been a major
problem in extensive oil palm growing areas of Latin America.
Introduction
So far, the onset of BR has been associated with a number of pathogens,
mainly Phythopthora palmivora (Cenipalma – Colombia) disease and
Fusarium oxysporum sp.
In the 80s, we began to notice that the hybrid of Elaeis guineensis with E. oleifera,
could be an alternative planting material, with tolerance to BR and other lethal
diseases of oil palm in the region.
E. oleifera is widely distributed in tropical America, several authors
agree that there is great genetic variability in this species.
Topology-based clustering method and NJ dissimilarity index - Romero H. Cenipalma 2013
The oleifera species are found in all countries that have been devoted to the
oil palm in America.
Cereté - Colombia Coari – Brasil - Colombia
Taisha - Ecuador
Manaus – Brasil – Costa Rica
Serra – Perú
Ecuador is one of the world's 17 most bio diverse countries in the planet,
similar to Indonesia and Malaysia.
Genetic diversity is one of the biggest resources of breeders in order to
find alternatives for specific health problems.
Palmar del Rio, lost 10,000 hectares in the 90s by BR and was the first
plantation to received seeds of hybrid materials OxG at experimental and
commercial level from EMBRAPA - Brazil and IRHO (CIRAD) – France.
Objectives
• To evaluate OxG hybrid ecotypes obtained from American
oleifera accessions and assess their tolerance to BR.
• Collect and evaluate germplasm E. oleifera in the
Ecuadorian Amazon region.
• Select the best combinations for tolerance to BR, bunch
production and oil extraction.
Materials y Methods
1995 -1996 PDR received
the first hybrid seeds
OxG.
1997 - 1998 PDR planted
experimental plots and
evaluated for 10 consecutive
years for BR tolerance, yield and
oil content.
1998 - 2000 PDR Taisha oleifera is planted at the affected BR sites in order to evaluate its tolerance of the oleifera.
2002 - 2005 PDR makes first crosses OxG , we used Avros, La Mé, Yangambí , Calabar and Angola parents.
2004 - 2008 PDR planted and evaluated progenies OxG Taisha origin.
2007 - 2008 PDR carried out a new collection of E. oleifera in the region of Nuevo Rocafuerte and Pastaza (Ecuador).
2009 - 2010 PDR planted experimental plots with this new germplasm for selection of elites palms and OxG crosses.
Results
Hybrids OxG obtained Brazilian and Central America oleiferas
Country River Bank Collecting site TM/ha % O/B Oil/ha/Year% BR/Year
2010
Solimoes River Caimbe, Manicoré, Tefe, Igarape 31,14 18,30 5,70 21
Itapinima, Anitinga lake, Sta. Helena 28,87 17,40 5,02 24
Caracarí 16,41 18,80 3,09 4
Codajas 16,28 15,89 2,59 2
Lower Madeira 19,36 15,67 3,03 3
Top Madeira 14,70 15,43 2,27 2
Black river 16,38 17,87 2,93 3
Mangenot 34,23 21,75 7,44 35
Costa Rica Golfito 30,12 18,54 5,58 23
Panamá Armuelles 32,29 18,19 5,87 15
BrazilMadeira River
Several of the OxG hybrids obtained from Brazilian and Central
American oleiferas showed susceptibility to BR. In the order hand, the
materials with higher tolerance to BR showed lower yields and reduced
oil content.
E. Oleifera - Taisha native palm from Ecuador
The E. oleifera - Taisha has so far not reported losses due to BR of
these palms, in situ disease tolerance is demonstrated.
This Ecuadorian oleifera has several desirable characteristics for OxG seed
production programs, and for breeding through gene introgression programs in
guineensis palms.
Reduced growth Good fertility, long peduncle
Morillo et al. (2010), mentions that oleifera is an important gene pool for the
contribution to the competitiveness and sustainability of oil palm sector.
Coefficient SM
0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.90 0.95 1.00
118_ac2
120_ac2
88_ac3
89_ac3
p1_a3
p1_a2
p2_a2
p1_a4
38_ac5
p1_a5
p2_a5
44_ac5
61_ac4
p1_a10
p2_a10
p2_a4
p2_a7
47_ac5
p2_a11
p4_a1
p3_a1
p1_a7
p1_a8
p3_a8
p2_a8
p4_a7
p3_a7
71_ac1
72_ac1
p1_a11
p1_a9
p2_a9
p1_a1
p1_a6
p2_a6
49_ac5
55_ac4
58_ac4
p4_a4
p2_a1
UPGMA dendrogram of 40 plant diversity oleifera palm with nine SSRs markers
G1
G2
Origin CollectionYear of
collectionCollector Locality Región Populations Accessions
Palms
planted
1997 1 3 26
1998 3 5 560
Serra 1 5 38
NJ Erene 2 7 67
Ishpingo 12 43 610
La Boca 1 5 185
Colombia 2006 Cereté 1 3
Brazil 2008 Coari 7 97
7 20 76 1586
1
2
2
Ecuador
Exchange in
America
Morona
Nuevo Rocafuerte
Pastaza
2007
2008
Total
F. Orellana
J. Barba
J. Barba
Taisha
PDR-2013 has a genebank that represents 7 regions, with 20
populations, 76 accessions and a total of 1,586 palms in evaluation
processes.
Hybrids OxG – PDR Taisha
The Taisha OxG materials - PDR are tolerant to BR, they have a growth
rate between 15 and 20 cm per year, and their leaf area depends on the
parent material used. The fruits are virescens.
Deep - cm Trunk basis 1 m 2 m 3m
0-40 cm 3267,00 1673,00 494,00 315,00
40-100 cm 564,00 452,00 186,00 116,00
Root fresh weight - grams
The PDR OxG Hybrids are more efficient in relation nutrient
uptake , their root system explores more soil.
Descriptor
OxG
Taisha x Avros
OxG
Taisha x La Mé
OxG
Taisha x Yangambi
Initiation flowering months (androgens) 17-18 22-23 21-22
Initiation of pollination in months 23-24 28-29 26-27
Initiation on vintage months 28 33 32
Female anthesis Uniform Uniform Uniform
Presence of spathes in the inflorescences Scarce Scarce Scarce
Days of ripening bunch - average 152 155 151
Stem growth rate (cm/year) 19,76 14,66 14,75
Length in the leaf petiole 25th (cm) 124 88 99
Rachis length on sheet 25th (cm) 549 437 430
25 leaf area m2 9,75 6,18 6,11
Agronomic characteristics of hybrid-PDR OxG Taisha as the male
parent Avros, La Me and Yangambi. Palmar del Rio – Ecuador.
The best results in production and oil contents were obtained with
Avros parents. These hybrids were earlier than those obtained from
Brazilian oleiferas.
The pollination, an essential task in these plants, is facilitated because
the female inflorescence at anthesis is free bracts.
Progeny % O/B % OB TM
FA * 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Lab* Industrial O/ha*
1 10,4 22,4 28,4 27,8 26,8 29,6 28,7 20,6 17,6 5,1
2 12,1 23,3 23,2 26,9 22,2 25,5 28,0 18,3 15,3 4,3
3 11,7 24,1 28,4 27,8 24,7 28,0 27,8 19,0 16,0 4,4
4 12,8 22,1 27,1 25,4 26,2 30,5 27,9 22,4 19,4 5,4
5 12,7 24,2 27 27,6 26,1 29,8 29,2 21,1 18,1 5,3
6 11,8 24,6 27,4 26,6 27,9 30,7 29,3 22,3 19,3 5,7
7 7,5 17,8 19,1 21,4 22,4 23,3 23,7 23,4 20,4 4,8
8 11,2 23,4 26,9 23,5 25,3 26,1 23,8 23,1 20,1 4,8
9 9,7 20,8 22,3 21,9 22,7 25,8 27,7 23,1 20,1 5,6
10 9,4 22,7 26,6 28,6 26,1 29,7 27,9 18,0 15,0 4,2
11 10,4 21,4 23,8 24,6 24,5 25,0 28,5 19,3 16,3 4,7
12 7,5 23,4 24,3 25,6 28 32,3 29,6 19,3 16,3 4,8
13 13,5 26,6 29,6 28,9 27 31,2 29,5 20,3 17,3 5,1
14 11,3 23,9 26,4 25,9 24,6 29,1 27,1 20,8 17,8 4,8
15 6,8 17,4 16,8 22,5 23,7 24,7 28,9 21,0 18,0 5,2
Average 10,6 22,5 25,2 25,7 25,2 28,1 27,8 17,8 4,9
FA* = Progeny artificial pollination
%O/B Lab* = Percent laboratory bunch oil
TM O/ha= Metric tons of oil hectare
TM bunches/ha/year
With the information from the best progenies, we have made crosses between
OTxOT Taisha oliferas, which in turn will produce F2 OxG hybrids. Our goals
is to get 21% extraction at the mill.
Quality Oil hybrids OxG - PDR -Taisha
The Taisha hybrid oil is high oleic when Avros, La Me and Yangambi
parents are used; and when the guineensis parents are Angola, Calabar
their oil is very similar to guineensis.
Material
saturated
fats %
unsaturated
fats%
monounsaturated
fats %
polyunsaturated
fats % Omega 3 y 6
OxG - PDR Taisha x Avros 37,81 62,19 44,93 17,25 0,70
OxG - PDR Taisha x La Mé 29,89 70,11 55,17 14,94 0,80
OxG - PDR Taisha x Yangambi 39,04 60,96 44,34 16,62 1,00
OxG - PDR Taisha x Angola 40,60 59,40 43,00 16,40 0,90
OxG - PDR Taisha x Calabar 47,59 52,41 32,80 19,42 0,91
Conclusions
The genetic diversity in OxG materials has allowed Palmar del Rio
to continue with oil palm cultivation. We solved through breeding
the problem of lethal diseases, specially But Rot disease.
The PDR-OxG hybrids are environmentally friendly as it is
possible to plant at the same sites affected by lethal
diseases with new varieties, and thus we avoid the
deforestation of new areas.
Genetic variability allowed the development of new hybrids varieties and
the backcross to ensure sustainability of the oil palm crop.
We obtained with the OxG – PDR planting materials, disease resistance, low
growth, efficiency for nutrient uptake , and oil quality.
Acknowledgment
Francisco Orellana
Galo Bejarano +
Guillermo Vallejo
Jhon Lowe +
Rajanaidu Nookia
Phillipe Amblard
People of R&D
Thank you Terima kasih Gracias
Profile
Name
Julian Barba
Company / Institution
Corporate Inc.
Palmar del Rio - Ecuador
Research and Developmen
Contact
Plantación Palmar del Río
Ecuador – South America
Experience
1987 Boss Soil and Fertility Department INIAP -EESD
1992 Manager Agronomic Department – Palmoriente S.A.
2002 Manager R&D – Palmar del Rio – Ecuador
…