genes to proteins - weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within a cell. The first step in decoding genetic messages is to copy a part of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA into RNA.
![Page 2: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
RNA has three Main Differences from DNA
Single strand
Sugar is ribose
Uracil instead of thymine. It still complements adenine.
![Page 3: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RNA is present in 3 types or forms in our cell. Each has its own function.
mRNA: messenger, copies and carries info from DNA.
rRNA : ribosomal, site for protein synthesis.
tRNA : transfer, transfers amino acids to be assembled into new proteins.
![Page 4: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Here’s the players in Protein synthesis
![Page 5: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Here’s the Big Picture…looks confusing. Its not.
![Page 6: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Protein synthesis is a two-step process.
First Transcription: when mRNA gets information from
DNA.
Second Translation: when the different RNA’s work
together to form proteins.
![Page 7: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How do we get from DNA to mRNA
How does the process begin??
mRNA goes into the nucleus and “gets” the code from DNA, then exits and finds an rRNA.
![Page 8: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
It all has to start and stop some where… Start Code: There is one (1)
(AUG) codes for the amino acid; Methionine. This is called the promoter or start code.
Stop Codes: there three (3)
These codes DO NOT code for any amino acids.
![Page 9: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Transcription RNA polymerase attaches to the start code and
begins to “unzip” the DNA.
DNA’s exposed nucleotides now serve as a template.
RNA complements the message of DNA.
RNA polymerase stops when it reaches a stop code or terminator.
RNA then moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm towards rRNA
![Page 10: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Summary what just happened by drawing a picture. Start from mRNA getting the message from DNA (in the nucleus) and moving out into the cytoplasm.
Show me what you understand
![Page 12: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
So how does mRNA language look?
The language is written in a coded message that is three bases long.
The 3 letter message is called a CODON
The codon is the message for a specific amino acid to be created into a specific protein
![Page 13: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
From DNA to mRNA This is DNA, what will the code for
mRNA be using this template?
TTAAGCGTAAGCCATTAGCATCGT
![Page 14: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
You Try It! Look at the following strand of mRNA what are the codons and how many amino acids are being coded for?
AUGUUGGCCGAAUUG
![Page 15: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The genetic message is ready to be translated from the language of RNA to the language of a protein.
![Page 16: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Translation Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. mRNA
goes to the ribosome (rRNA) to start protein synthesis.
tRNA complements mRNA’s 3 letter codon with its anticodon.
Attached to the anticodon is an amino acid.
![Page 17: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
U C A U G A U U A
mRNA
CYTOLPLASM
![Page 18: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
U C A U G A U U A
RIBOSOME
Complementary anticodon of the tRNA is attracted to the codon of the mRNA .
![Page 19: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
U C A U G A U U A
A A U
Leucine
Complementary anticodon of the tRNA is attracted to the codon of the mRNA .
![Page 20: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Amino acids are combined together by peptide bonds to form a protein or polypeptide.
Translations stop or is terminated when it reaches a stop codon. There are not amino acid to complement it.
![Page 21: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
U C A U G A U U A
A A U
Leucine
A C U
Aspartic
Acid
Peptide bond forms between the two adjacent amino acids.
![Page 22: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
U C A U G A U U A
A A U
Leucine
A C U
Aspartic
Acid
The next amino acid-tRNA attaches to the adjacent mRNA codon.
![Page 23: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
stop codon
![Page 24: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Here are some videos to help summarize what you should know Review of Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Explained
Another video on Protein Synthesis
![Page 25: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mutations Every now and then cells make mistakes in
copying their DNA. These mistakes are called mutations.
Mutations are changes that affect the genetic information.
There are gene mutations which result in a single gene being altered or they can be chromosomal mutations.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the whole chromosome.
![Page 26: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What can happen if there is a mistake?
![Page 27: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gene Mutations Point Mutations: Substitutions: change
in a base pair ie. CAT to TAT
Deletions: removes a base pair ie.CAT to CT
Insertions: adding another base pair ie. CAT-CCAT
Frameshift: insertion or deletion shifts the way the codon is read
![Page 28: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Chromosomal Mutations Number changes: changes that increase or
decrease the number of chromosomes Nondisjunction: failure to separate
Structural:
Inversion: chromosome segment rotates 180 degrees
Duplication: addition of chromosomal segment
Deletion: loss of a chromosomal segment
Translocation: shifting of segments
![Page 29: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Click on the link for great examples Examples of Mutations
![Page 30: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Examples of mutations
![Page 31: Genes To Proteins - Weeblybiologyab.weebly.com/.../7/6/4/1764005/genes_to_proteins.pdf · 2019-11-23 · Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042804/5f544d6e70886920ec0c1d05/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Video Links chromosomal mutations - YouTube
Gene mutation – YouTube
What Causes Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)? - YouTube