general- the task of the historian

8/6/2019 General- The Task of the Historian

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/general-the-task-of-the-historian 1/8

The Task of the Historian in el general en su laberinto

Author(s): Isabel Alvarez BorlandSource: Hispania, Vol. 76, No. 3 (Sep., 1993), pp. 439-445Published by: American Association of Teachers of Spanish and PortugueseStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/343799 .

Accessed: 05/05/2011 09:08

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless

you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you

may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.

Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at .http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aatsp. .

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed

page of such transmission.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of

content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms

of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve

and extend access to Hispania.

http://www.jstor.org

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aatsp

http://www.jstor.org/stable/343799?origin=JSTOR-pdf

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp



http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

http://www.jstor.org/stable/343799?origin=JSTOR-pdf




439

TheTask f the HistoriannEl general en su laberinto

IsabellvarezorlandCo//egeoftheHo/y Cross

Abstractn lgeneralenuaberinto,arciairquezffersritiquefheistoricalrocessndxaminationofhe ethodologyf istorysdisciplinen everalnterrelatedimensions.entralovisionfheovels"historiographicetafiction"reheuthor'sisclosuref iswnethodologyn ompilinghetoryfBolivarandheelationshipetweenralersionsndrittenocumentsithinheictiontself.

IRE hile /genera/n u aben>ztos n Historiographicetafictionefutesheaturalr om-manywaysconlinuationfGarcia on-senseethodsf istinguishingetweenistori-

InCienffose o/edadmanuscriptsecomeifyingystems,ndotheriveheirajorlaimo

a iteraryetaphorfwhathemythicalnd truthromhatdentity."Poetics3)the istoricalimensionsf heext avel- Hutcheon'sodelf he istoriographic

readyolds: nlyn elf-understandingan metafictionsausefuleanso xaminehe

wemeethe hallengef he atinmericanegreendhemannernwhichistoryndpredicament.ndnCrdnicae namuen'eiction

interact

with

one

another

inE/genera/

anunciadaheruthfofficialanguages en u al'erintonordero nhanceurasicchallengedy he ccountf heext'sar-understandingf hemeaningfhistorynrator.1/genera/n u aberintoiffersromGarciairquez'iction.

thesen mployingarrativetrategieshich E/genera/an e onsideredhistorio-

seeko nswernamuchorevertndi- graphicetafictionecausetdramatizeshedacticashionuestionshathe ovelosesprocessf istoricaleconstmctionymeansaboutistory:hatoleo istoricalontextsf ictionalistorianhoonfrontshe ro-playn heiteraryepresentationfhistory?essf owfficialistorys reated.heri-Howan istoricalnowledgee btained?2iquef he istoricalrocessndheaskf

Historicalruthas eenpopularopicn the istoriannhis ecreationfBolivar'sic-

Latinmericanontemporaryiteratures tonal orldakesariousimensionshichnovelistsharehe otionhat,hroughic- arenterrelated.

tion,istoryecomesumanizedndhus Originallyublishedn 989,he ovelas

morenderstandablendccessibleorhe elicitedesponsesromhe riticshichavereader.nher ecentext,

The

Poetics

of

ranged

from

outrage

to

unqualified

praise

I-'ostmodernis'm,indautcheonoinshe (Bushnell).omeeviewersespeciallyhose

termhistoriographicetafictions"

inorder

inLatin

America)

simply

have

accused

Garcia

todescribehe aturefpostmodernarra-Mirquezfbeingnpatrioticueohis n-

tives hich,ccordingo he uthor,skwo flatteringortraitfBolivar,ne fLatincentraluestionsromistory:Howan e America'sostminenteroes.nhe therknowhe ast?hatan e nowf t?"Po- hand,riticsn heUnitedtatesaveargelyetics92): celebratedarciaArquez'ortraitf his



Theeasonsorheseriticalisagreements6ricaizotmasrduosisias.271-72)

troversialndaringortraitf centralig- assuminghemolef he istoriannd,yet-urenLatinmericanistory. tinghe endernowowhe ookason-The oveleconstmctsimen he ifeoftmcted,arciairquezs n actxploiting

Sim6nolivarhatas oprecedentnhis- the ery ethodologye eekso riticize.ttory,inceheresnothingn he istoricalne ointn hisegmenthe uthorquatesrecordhichocumentsheastourteenimselfiththerolivaristorianshiletdaysfBolivar'sxistence.he ookeginsheameimecknowledginghate as oat the point n which Bolivar s rejectedas intention f givingup his identity s a writer:presidentf he ewovermenthatehim-"Esteibmoo abminidoosiblein lauxilloself elpedo reate.n n lmostejectede uienesrillaronsoserritoriosntesue

downheMngdalenaiverithhetatedn- mlisricila emeridaditerarine ontarnatentionf ailingoEurope,ut eneveruc-vidaon na ocumentnci6niffinica,in

entweather,nddverseoliticalonditionsovela"272).renderis bjectivesmpossibleo ttain.he Garciairquezppearso imultaneouslylast agesf he ookell fBolivar'sespairet imselfhe bjectivesf historianndandeathueohisnabilityo uppresshe thosef novelistn he ritingf hisovel.

stroyis ountry.3arciaimquezoesot meansy tatinghate smostratefuloattemptowriteolivar'sntireife, utn- groupfhisriendshoelpedim ithis

steadecreatesbriefegmenthereof:he greatestoubtsuchs"el ensamiento

finalwo eeks.n he ooke nowolivaroliticoea/mymphasis]eBolivarnfirsts humaneingnds n rdinaryanmedioe us ontradiccioneslagrantes"withll is efectsnd eaknesses.hiser- 272). hatoes arciairquezeany

sonalndnonymousepresentationf na- thewordea/?oeshe uthorretendo

tionaleroecomesarciaArquez'on-espouseclaimoan nlyruth?frontationfBolivar'sfficialistoryn rder Whilehenterpretationf hisassageanto question ts exclusiveclaim o tmth. only be left in ambiguity,what s of interest

Ifwehinkf he Gratitudes"s he ovel'seres he escriptionf he uthor'swn

A,yf'oetica, we anmoreasilyrasparciaescriptionfhismethodologynwritinghe

Mirquez'cknowledgementf he onstmc-ovel,he eryame ethodologywhichap-tionfhis wnale.n hisegmentf he penso e he bjectf is riticism.hehor-work,arciairquezhowsowhe isto- ughnessith hicharciaimqueze-rianothonstmctsndextualizeshe ast. cribesorhe enderis ourcesnd isThisrucialegmenteginss f twereconsultantsiveshempressionhathe u-meantobe eads eparateromhe ovel'shoret utowritehistoricalnd otfiction.ere arciairquez,uthor,d- fictionalccount:dresseshe eadershe raceshe easons

El istoriadorobiviamoinicioomeroartinezewhiched imowritenhisarticularopic: yud6esdearacas..commaevisi6nmplacableePortraarteosundamentosist6ricose reocu-os atosist6ricosmaersitninal....iiejomi-pabanoco,uesl iltimoiajeorl ios l iempooAnibabogueraendoza...escubri6ediaoce-menosocumentadoea idae olivar....inmbar-aeabaciasortalesanacronismosuicidasuego esdelprimerapitubouveueacerlgumaon- abrianembradoudasobrel igore staovela.

subtacasionalobreumodoe ida,esaonsulta273-74)

meemiti6otra,uegootrats,aotrats,as-tamtso oder.uranteosfloseui undiendoontradictionsboundn he ossiblenten-

en as renasovedizase naocumentaci6nionsf his articularegment,orf, n he

torrencialomtradictoriayuchasecesncierta....i one and,arciaimquezpeaksfhis e-



THEASKFHEISTORIANN L ENERALNUABERINTO41

sirendnterestn btaining4rorhist6no,n well as the approaches f suchphilosophersthe ther,e loseshisegmentot s his- ofhistorysNietszchend oucaultoame-torianut s novelist,heneadmitshatevaluationfhistoricalarrative.ikewise,

perhapsomennacumaciesouldaveddedDonckLaCnprainhisHis'toyandunintentionalumoro he horror"f isale.analyzeshemajorcholarlyworksn isield,Thus,n his assagearciairquezd- andoncludeshatorhe ritingndorhedresseshe eadern he onventionsndmendingf istory,ositivisticodelstilline-devicessedy ovelistsndistorianslike ail.andomehowlaceshe ctivityf he isto- Garciaimquez'nsistencen"rigorran t he ameevels he ctivityf he hist6rico"ffirmedn he Gratitudes"scon-writerf iction. tradictedy he referenceivenooralis-

Thoughiographicalharactersccurn toryinheellingfBolivar'sale. alterng,Garciairquez'reviousiction,evere- inhis ook ra/itynd iteracy,ostulates

foreidhe uthorncludenyommentaryhatveryeaderossessesubmergedon-regardingis wn ritingethodology.he nectionithn ralradition.hisonvergesimportancefhisnarrativeisclosuresre with arciairquez'reoccupationithheeven oreignificantn ermsf he bjec-elationshipetweenpokennd rittenein-

entireovelwhichhronologicallyrecedesomponentfhistorypparentlyonsistsfthe Gmatitudes")hallengesistory'slaimo themubtiple,oftenontradictory,toriesndtmth,he Gratitudes"xploithislaimy meaningsf heay-to-dayverbalnteractionsassertinghe uthor'sesireoget t he ofivingeoples.istorysa eriesf stories""meal"oliticalhinkingfBolivarndyn- createdy he eople,torieshicheeded

sistingn he istoricalccuracyf tsacts. obeheard.

By ssuminghedentityfahistorian,AccordingoWalterng,he malityf ny

GarciaMirquez eeks to undertakeis explo- given culture, esiding n the unwrittenalesrationfhistoricalnowledgeromithin,f tspeoples,ossessesspontaneityndThe Gratitudes"egmentuggestshatis- livelinesshichs ostncehisultureom-

torians,ndven oreo,heirenders,ustmitstsalesowritingOra/4)'147).nglso

leamobe elf-consciousf heirarratives,ellsshatnprimaryralulturesheralMoreover,he egmentemindss hat performerndiveudiencenteractithneclaimo ruthsnothe ropertyf nyext;anotherecausehe erformerespondsorathert s he esultfhowhistorianas theistener,hereashe riter'sudienceofrender)nterpretsheacts.heontentf his readers)salwaysbsentt hemomentfsegmentuggestshe ulnerabilityswells writing'The riter's"6).t spreciselyhethe owerf nyistorian. participatoryualityndontextualityf ral

Garciairquez'elf-consciouseditationpeechhat arciatrquez'istorianalues

on istoryn hisextessemblesheworkf inhis econstructionfBolivar'story.he

contemporaryistorians,uchsHaydenescriptionfManuelandnzsareaderWhite,horeurrentlyevisinghemeth-withinheextsacasenpoint:odologyfhistorysadiscipline.sWhiteremindss"factsre ot ivenut on-Mamuebaeey6uranteosoras... Leiala uzsca-

stmctedy he indsfquestionse sk f sa ea almatoria,entadan mill6nuennenia

ebscudoe rmaselitimoirrey,d a scuchabaevents"Tropics3). From he publication f tendidoocarriban aama.libroebamabaLec-his1973 ork etah/s'toy:he /s'torica/idne oticiasyumoresueorrieronporLiman lImaginationnNineteenthentuyEuropetoffoegraciae 926...elbaoeiaonmosfasis

his 987ollectionf ssayshe ontentfthe teatraiesueebanuyienbstiboelutor.15)

Forin.NarrativeDiscourseandHis'torica/Rep-anuela'sralenditionestoresndro-resentation,aydenhiteas eenpplyingidesn xperiential,ralimensiono hetheheoriesf ulturalndost-stmcturnlistexthe ends.hisassages mportante-

criticsevi-Strauss,arthesnd errida,s causen t heictionalistorianescribeshe



442HISPANIA6SEPTEMBER993

"theatrical"annern onsonanceithhe contextunlizendriticizehate nows

fictionalistoriann /genera/ensu/abennto, appearobeatodds ithne nother.for sManuelaivesontexto he pokenhythmsestablishedithinhe arrativen

history. powerndnderminehntwhichas ritten.Real-lifeistoriansikewiseavexhibitedoreover,hetoryfBolivarsnarratedy

adesireo etrievehepontaneousualityf meansf juxtapositionf ralersionsnheoralistory.orxample,omingoaustinone and-viahe oicesf he mniscientSarmiento,ho roteuringolivar'sime,historianswells hosefJos alaciosndwaswarehatcompleteicturefFacundohe haracterfBolivnr-andn he ther

Quirogaouldot mergentilhe tories and,rittenistory-theanyocumentsandegendsurroundinghe audi//oere hatre rittenr eadyheictionalolivarmadeartfhis rofile: throughouthe oursef heovel.

Fromhe utsetf he ovel,he arrator

meombresueboomocieronmumfancia...ueanablevents.n heirsthapter,he eaders

vistoconsusojosunoshechos,idotros.- (Facundo5)onfrontedyBolivar'sesireowriteownhismemoirsndy is ecollectionf dream

Sarmiento'sethodas asednhedeaf hewisheso ncludenhiswritings:Leidi6

...

he ecreatedheife fFacundo.o chieveammpezamescribirusmemortas.his bjectives,armientoveneproducesueriampezarporu ecuerdotisntignointerviewsithhe itizensfLaRiojan r- quera n uei'ioueuvon ahaciendaederoprovidemoreompleteicturefhis SanMateonVenezuelaocoespudsesubject:a noeosmuchosnterro-gatoriosumplirlosresiXos"30).heontradictionque edirigidoamonocerondoos heresevident.olivarishesowriteownhechosobreueundoiseorias"39).t his astndheirstubjecte hoosessnotisno oincidencehatarmiento,nhisntro- historicalncidentut,nstead,dreamductionoFacundo,riticizeshe ayiogra-boutblackulehatadavagedis os-phersadortrayedolivar: sessionsndestroyedis ouse.n ddition

Colombiaienebanos,idaastoril,idairbara,me-o ettinghe tmospherefmpendingeathricana,urade hiarti6l ramolivar;e quebhichill revailhroughouthisext,he

barroizou boriosodificio.C6mospuesueu dreamecomesprimexamplefBolivar's

biografiaosemejacualquiereneraluropeoe ownntrahistoria.olivar'snitialelectionf

escbarecidasrendas?6) adreamverealitys he ossibleubjectfAn ccurateicturefBolivar,armientoellshis wn emoirss mportant,ort etsheus,wouldot eobtainedntilis iogra-onef narrationhat illontinuallyefute

phersouldakentoccountisAmericanhe sualethodsfdistinguishingetween

side,queoraduzcanudiomaatal"7). historicalactndiction.Garciairquez'ictionalistoriann- Fromhe referencef he eneral'send-

swershe ameoncernsfSarmientoshe ingsManuelaanz ouldeadtnighto

translatesntorintheegendsndtories imromeccidnenoticiasyumoresnthat akephe rivateife fBolivar.n iv-Lima)o he alueeplacesnwhate on-

ingvoiceo heommoneople,heictionalidershe rumors"fwar,heextnsistsn

historiann /genera/en su/aberintois adopt-hemportancef reatinghistoryhiching methodologyor ritingistoryhichwouldncludehoseventshatouldot ewaselevantohistoriansfBolivar'sime. consideredacts,historyomplementednd

The arratingerspectiveshichellhe contextualizedy egend,hichallsn he



THEASKFHEISTORIANN L ENERALNU ABERINTO43

realmf rality. heresdouble,incehemenderas lreadyLegendlsoiguresithinheextn he beennformedhatalacioss lliterate.

descriptionf heictionalolivar.everthe- alacios'oralemory"ecomesssential

less,he oicef he istoriansselectiven in he ecreationfGarciairquez'olivar,hisuse f heegendshichurroundis fort s hisharacterholaceshe ventsprotagonist.orxample,e eemso ccepturroundingolivar'sastn he ontextftheegendhat olivamleptn saddle:verydayife. he pisodeoncerninghe"Desdeuempezaronas uerrase nde- xecutionfPiar,ne fBolivar'slosestl-pendencia habia cabalgado dieciocho mil lies, is a case in point.Palaciosbegins his in-leguas....Nadieesmenthinuncalaeyendae terpretationf hisventy lacingt nhis-que ommiaabalgando"51).ethe nony-oricalime,she oes anyimesuringhemousistorianefusesoaccepthe umorsarrative:SAbadoiecisdiseoctubre,ijoaboutolivar'sxtensiveomanizing:Jose alacios";Ya lgeneraliamue

denciaoloorquenostaba6ndeebiainon a aiTios"231-32).hisncident,hichbvi-

otras,uesuserralbose uerraueronnaeas the ext utsrescuedorhe eadery

.allifieamuerte.121)

Piarsagoodriend,ut olivars orcedoThushe rofilefBolivarn hisext e- executeimfterehaseamedfhis os-

fact. s eaderse reoonwaref he ficialrittenistoryid ot othero ecord:

historian'strategyf qualizinghe fficialEleneralehabiaegadopresenciara

record,Sustaturaficialra eunmetro jecuci6n.l[inicouestaban u asaraconesentacinco..."146)ithhe umorsos&alaciosdste o i6uchandoorsurroundingis rotagonist. reprimirlasAgrimasuandoy6adescarga"

Josdalacios'ediatingoleetweenpo-(234).hedeahatllwrittenistoryan ekennd rittenistorys rucialn he evel-ubjectivesarticulatedrequentlyhroughoutopmentf henovel'sral imension.he tory:Ya queeburlanemi oinquePalacios'olesBolivar'sandhe eader's)nuna ismaarta,nunmismoin,unainterpreterf he rittenordvenhoughe mismapersonaleigonaosaylacontrarmwas unab/e to readbecomesmetaphoror (206).pisodesuchs hismakelearhetheext's essageegardinghe rocessf challengefGarciaArquez'olivaro hewritingistory: absolutelaimso ruthssumedy istori-cal riting.ralistorysmuchorempor-Noabiaieer iscribire abiaesistidoapren-anthanhat hichventuallyets ritten:

deronl rgumentoimplee ueo abiaabiduria

"el orreoe ud na e us bsesiones

mayorueaeos urros.eromambioraapaz qde ecordarualquierfraseueubieraidoorasua-ominantesebeonvirti6n nmartin.En

bidadaqubbao aecordaba.65) cambioloscorreosclandestinossepr6digosyapmesurados.emodoueelgeneral

Whenolivareceivescodedetterhichenianoticiaelasnoticiasntese uellegaranhe is unable o interpret, e relieson the tmth y le sobrabaiempode madurarus determi-

of hepokenord:eraormaln sa oca naciones"205).

que eenrevesaranos ecadosqueos Notnlyoes olivaravornwritten,lan-

partesilitaresuemanmbrolladospro-destineeportsverfficialews,ut e lso

p6sitoorazonese eguridad"240).on- xhibitsngryesentmentowardshewrit-frontedy hemysteryf hisetter,olivaren ord.hroughouthe arrative,olivar'ssendsosPalacioso ownn rdero btainoices xplicitegardingis isdainor rit-informationhichightllowmoreccu- en istoryndautionsgainstheraphatratenterpretationf tsmessage.heronys hellusionf apturingacts ith ords.



444HISPANIA6EPTEMBER1993

Whenskedboutis ecisionowriteis documents.atern,he mniscientarrator

ing is wneath,olivarivesrdersode- Habl6...oltandoentenciasrof6ticas...stroyallof he ettershe hadwritten, panque muchasde las cuales stariann unaproclamano quedaranmastros e sus hornssombrias" dpicapublicadndinsespuds nunperi6dico e(228). In the same vein, he asks Santanderto Kingston, que la historiahabriade consagrar

mandestedpublicarisartasi ivoi OtheristoricalocumentsuchsGarciamuertooinquestin scritasonmuchaMirquez'982obelddresslsoigurenlibertadconmuchoesorden"228).he thisuthor'sictionaiweavingfBolivar'sale.contrastetweenheettersolivarwritesndThustis ossibleo ttributeo novel'shar-

Bolivars ullywaref he ossibilityor is- (if othewords)f he uthorimself.hetortionhats nherentna etter:Tampocoresencefbiographicalntertextsecomes

contrarioeasuyasranerfectase orma xplorationf he uestionfhowhistorygetsy de ondoseveinsimpleistaueas written.escribiaononcienciae ueldestinatariohepisodeelateshe ccasionnwhichfinalera a historia"228).Finally,he two et- Bolivar hares a dinnerwith a Frenchdipbo-ters hicholivarendsoUrdanetaffer mat hoeemsobeveryriticalfLatinnotablexamplef heensionxpressedn Americansndhe aytheywereoingboutthisarrativeetweenistoryndrality.he obtainingheirndependencerompain.hefirstne eginsithExcelentisimoeiior,"renchman,hon he ovels haracterizedwhileheecondne eginsithMiueridos"arrogant,"nsistsn ivingolivaromeGeneral".hemniscientoicef he isto- dviceegardingcualeriandefinitival

rianlaboratesnheacthat olivars ully istemae obiernodecuadoanas uevas

consciousf he bligatoryilterhatxists eptiblicas"129).ponearinguchnso-betweenfficialritingndhe raltylef lence,olivarumpsp ndespondsith

personalriting. long,ngryiradehicheflectsomef he

While he narrative oices n the text help content of Garcia MArquez'now famousthe eaderelvento olivar'snneristory, obelpeech:

theextshatnterntohe orldf he ovelNo osaganisl avore ecirnoso ueebemosalsoonstituterefutationfan asy ayf hacer...oratene nsefiamoscomoebemoser,odistinguishingetweenistoricalact nd tratene ueeamosguabesustedes,o retendanfiction.hepisodenwhichhe mniscientueagamosn einteflosouestedesamechovoicepeaksf he istoricallyamousan'aan aln os il...oravor,arajos,jennosacer

dejamaicaignalshe ssentialelationshipranquibosuestradadedia.132)

betweenistoryndralityn hiselebratedhefictionalBolivar'swordsechottext.nhisnstancehe istorian'soiceitu-appearnGarciairquezfobelddress:ateshewordsfBolivareforeheyecome

officialistory,t ecreatesorhe eaderhe Thenterpretationf urealityhroughatternsot

contextndhepiritnwhichhewordse- ourwnervesnlyomakes ver orenknowneveressree,ver oreolitary.enerableurope

cameeality.arciairqueznfusesew woulderhapsemoreerceptivef t riedo ee sn

meaningntohisamousistoricalocumentts wnastf nlyt ecalledhatondonookhree

by ttemptingo omplementndo"rectify"undredearsobuildts irstity all,ndhree

historyithrality:noonos spai'iolesinohundredearsoreo cquirebishop;hatomenuestraropiaesunidnoqueos allevadoaboredngloomf ncertaintyurwentyenturies,denuevoa sclavitud"85),ays olivamntiln truscaningnchoredt n istory....210)duringconversationhichouldventually yhavinghe ictionalolivamrguebecomene fLatinmdrica'sostamous arciairquez'wndeasegardinghe



THEASKFHEISTORIANN LENERALNU ABERINTO45

Latinmericanredicament,he uthors (Re)readingfCronicae na uedenunciada."givingistoricalesonanceohis wn ords. Symposium1984-85):78-87.Moreover, NJ'7'Booheview6 eptember1990):,30.amplefan vertidactictrategyhichs Barthes,oland.Leiscoursel'historie."Pot47ReminiscentfNietzsche'snd oucault'solivar,im6n.Cartae amaica"nCartasel

RevistaeEstudiosolombianos1989):3-36.The ocumentsnE/genera/enu/aben)ztooucault,ichel.heArchaeologyofKno

musteheardswell s ead. otnlike Discourren anguage.rans.M.heridanmith.today'sheoristsfhistory,arciairquezNework:antheon,972.

theife fBolivar,emindings La uevaovelahispanoamericana.exico:ortiz,rounding 1969.58-67.

abouthemportantelationshipetweenn- GarciaArquez,abriel.l eneralnuaberinto.formationndnterpretation.o hallengeMadrid:ondadori,989.

________

Garciairqueznviteshe eadero eflect dress982."rans.ichardardwebb.abrielGarciadrquez:eweadings.ambridge:am-T he ssumptionf he obefhistorianonzilezchevarria,oberto.'TheovelsMythndby he uthorf he ovel,swells Archive."ythAndArchive.NewYork:ambridge

Garciairquez'nterestn ewwaysCuadernosAmericanos1991):3-76.pointo Hutcheon,inda.PoeticsfPostmodernismisto'y,

of onceptualizingheLatinmericanast. Theo'y,iction.ework:outbedge,988.Thushe reatnessfGarciatrquez'a apra,ominik.isto'ynd riticism.thacandBolivarecomeshe uthor'snsistencen London:ornellP,985.thedeaf isteningo he nwrittenoicesMcMurray,eorge.Historiaicci6n."evistaethat akep istorynanalyzingheLatin Estudiosolombianos71989):9-45.

Nietzsche,riedrich.heWilloPower.rans.Americanast.he ordsf heictionalKaufmannndolbingdabe.ework:intage,

Bolivarerveo eminds f heomplexities967.ect.81.

inherentn heaskf he istorian:PuesOrtega,ulio.Electornuaberinto."lMundo,9

bien,odos iertoeroircunstancial"207). de oviembree 989:0-24._________Electornu aberinto."ispaniceview

(Spring992):65-79.

* NOTES 0mg,alter.ralityandLiteracy:heTechnologyftheWordondon:ethuen,982.79-90.

'Foriscussionf hisubjectnCienffosee__________.The riter'sudiencesAlwaysFic-Fuentesnd onzalezchevarriaTheoveV,ndn tiom."MLA01975):-21.

Crdnica,orland. Oviedo,ose iguel.GarciaArquezn baberinto

2Fordditionaltudiesf istoriographyndhis de a obedad."evistae studiosolombianosnoveln ifferentontexts,eeGonzalezchevarria's1989):8-27."Garciairquezavoze olivar,"hichies lgen-alencia-Roth,ichael.LabyrinthsfLovend is-eraltoisargerheoryboutnthropology,heaw,nd tory."orldLiteratureoday(1991):4-58.the atinmericanovel,xpoundednMythnd Pope,andolph.Lecturaiteraria."evistaeEstudios

Archive,-rticlesyBushnell,viedo,ope,nd Colombianos71989):6-39.

McMurrayn specialssuefRevistae studiosarmiento,omingoaustino.acundo.d. aimundo

Colombianos1989);ndalencia-Roth'studyLaby- azo.exico:ornia,985.

rinthsfLovend istory." White,ayden.etahistoy:heistoricalmagination3SubstantialookeviewsfEl eneraln u inNineteenthentuyurope.altimorendoin-

laberintorelentifuln othnglishndpanish, on:ohnsopkinsP,973.

amonghemssaysyOrtegandtwood. _________.ropicsfDiscoursv:ssaysnCultural

Criticism.altimore:ohnsopkinsP,978.

* WORKS CITED couyeTheontentf heorm.arrativeis-Historicalepresentation.altimore:ohns

Alvarezorland,sabel.FromysteryoParody:HopkinsP,1987.

general- the task of the historian

Documents