General osteology and arthrology

Dr. Magdolna Kovács Dept. of AnatomyFebruary, 2007.

Osteology(study of bones)

osteon - bone logos - science

Skeleton –mostly bones but cartilage also contributes

Parts: Head skullTrunc vertebral column, sternum, ribs (thorax)

shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle)hip bone (pelvis)

Limbs upper, lower

Functions: Frame of the bodyProtect organsPassive organ of movementProduce blood cells (marrow)Storage and exchange of Ca and P ions

Composition:– organic and inorganic components35% 65%elastic rigid

Calcination - decalcification

Classification of Bones 1. Long (tubular)2. Cubic (short)3. Flat4. Pneumatic

(irregular)

long

cubic

flat

cubic

cubic

pneumatic

Structure of the Long Bone

EPIPHYSIS

EPIPHYSIS

DIAPHYSIS

Nutrient a.

Cartilago articularis

Substantia spongiosa

Substantia compacta

Cavitas medullaris

(red bone marrow)

(fatty bone marrow)

Periosteum (outer fibrousinner osteogenic layer)

Proximalis

Distalis

METHAPHYSIS

Linea epiphysialis

Endosteum

Stress trajectories

Structure: Spongy and Compact substance

radiograph

Femur

vertebra

PressureTensile force

Body weight:

Force transmission in spongy bone by trabeculae

Economic structure:

Resistent to mechanicalstresses

Lightness without loss of strenght !!

Irregular, anastomosing bars and lamellae

Regular, concentric tubules - osteons

Structure of Trabecular Bonein Calcaneus

Trajectorial system – Trabecular architecture

Development of Skeleton neonatal infant

Epiphyses of long bones and carpal bones are cartilaginous

Epiphyseal discbetween epiphysis and metaphysis

Replacement of ossified cartilage – longitudinal growth!!!! Becomes ossified about 20 y – no further growth!

1 y 2 y 12 y

26 y

Scelatal

Skeletal maturity of the handradiograph

Changes of catrilaginous and membranous skeleton to fully ossified bones

ArthrologyClassification of Joints

1. Interrupted Joints / Synovial Joints 2. Continuous Joints(Diarthroses) (Synarthroses)

Arthron- joint

Synostosis(Osseus joint)

sacrum

Syndesmosis(Fibrous joint)

A. Sutura

B. C.

s. ligamentosa gomphosis

1. 2. 3.

Synchondrosis(Cartilaginous joint)

symphysis pubica intervertebral discs

(plana, serratasquamosa)

Continuous Joints Synarthroses

Synovial joint – Articulatio – DiarthrosisGeneral characteristics

Capsula fibrosaCapsula synovialis

CAVUM ARTICULARE

Cartilagoarticularis

Vagina synovialis(Tendon sheath)

CAPUThead (male)

CAVITAS articularissocket (female)

CAPSULA ARTICULARIS

General components: Additional structures:1. Joint cavity2. Art. surfaces covered by hyalin cartilage3. Capsule – synovial and fibrous layer4. Ligaments

1. Discus, meniscus2. Articular lips (labrum - fibrocartilage)3. Bursae4. Synovial tendon sheaths (vagina synovialis)

Shape No. axis Function Movementsof movement

Cylindrical (trochlea) Uniaxial A./ Hinge (Ginglymus)B./ Pivot (Trochoid)

Ellipsoidal Biaxial A./ EllipsoidSaddle B./ Saddle

Spheroidal Triaxial Freely movable(multiaxial) (ball and socket)

Irregular Fix joint

Classification of Joints

1.Flexion-extension and2. Adduction-abduction

1.Flexion-extension and2. Adduction-abduction and3. Rotation

1. Flexion-extension

1. Rotation

1. Ginglymus 2. Trochoid

Uniaxial joints

Humero-ulnar jointtransverse axis

Radio-ulnar prox. jointlongitudinal axis

MOVEMENTS at UNIAXIAL JOINTS

HINGE joint- Ginglymus

Flexion- extension

Flexion- extension

MOVEMENTS around

LONGITUDINAL axis

PIVOT - Trochoid joint

Supination PronationPalmar flexion--dorsal flexion

Plantar flexion--dorsal flexion

MOVEMENTS around

TRANSVERSE axis

MOVEMENTS at BIAXIAL JOINTS

Ellipsoid and Saddle Joints

Flexion-extension

Flexion-extension

Palmar flexion--dorsal flexion

Plantar flexion--dorsal flexion

MOVEMENTS around

axisTRANSVERSE

MOVEMENTS around

axisSAGITTAL

Abduction Adduction

Spheroidal – Ball and socket joint

Circumduction

Components:flexion-extensionadduction-abductionrotation

MOVEMENTS around the 3 main axis

and COMBINATION of BASIC MOVEMENTS